1
|
Bouvet A, Pla R, Delhaye E, Nicolas G, Bideau N. Profiles of stroke regulations discriminate between finishing positions during international open water races. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:1309-1316. [PMID: 37824415 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2268902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to identify stroke regulation profiles and tipping-points in stroke regulation timing during international open water races according to performance level. Twelve elite or world-class swimmers were analysed during 18 international races. Stroke rate and jerk cost were computed cycle-to-cycle using an Inertial Measurement Unit and regulations profiles fitted using polynomials. We performed two-ways mixed-ANOVA to compare stroke kinematics among race segments and performance groups (G1 -fastest- to G3 -slowest-). Swimmers displayed specific regulation profiles (i.e., J-shape with end-spurt, J-shape without end-spurt and reverse L-shape for stroke rate and U-shape, reverse J-shape and reverse L-shape for jerk cost, for respectively G1, G2 and G3) with significant effect of race segment on stroke kinematics for G1 and G2. We highlighted tipping-points in stroke regulations profiles (TP1 and TP2) at respectively 30% and 75% of the race with greater magnitude in G1 than G2. TP1 reflects the end of a stroke economy period (0-30%) and TP2 the end of a progressive increase in stroke kinematics (30-75%) towards end-spurt (75-100%). Open water races follow a high-grading dynamics requiring biomechanical regulations along the race. Targeting stroke rate reserve and management of stroke smoothness should be considered during training of open water swimmers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Bouvet
- M2S laboratory (Movement, Sport & Health), University Rennes 2, ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
- MIMETIC-Analysis-Synthesis Approach for Virtual Human Simulation, INRIA Rennes Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
- CREST (Center for Research in Economics and Statistics), ENSAI, Bruz, France
| | - Robin Pla
- French Swimming Federation, Clichy, France
- IRMES-URP 7329, Institut de Recherche Médicale et d'Epidémiologie du Sport, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Erwan Delhaye
- M2S laboratory (Movement, Sport & Health), University Rennes 2, ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
- MIMETIC-Analysis-Synthesis Approach for Virtual Human Simulation, INRIA Rennes Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
| | - Guillaume Nicolas
- M2S laboratory (Movement, Sport & Health), University Rennes 2, ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
- MIMETIC-Analysis-Synthesis Approach for Virtual Human Simulation, INRIA Rennes Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
| | - Nicolas Bideau
- M2S laboratory (Movement, Sport & Health), University Rennes 2, ENS Rennes, Bruz, France
- MIMETIC-Analysis-Synthesis Approach for Virtual Human Simulation, INRIA Rennes Bretagne Atlantique, Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Correia RDA, Feitosa WG, Castro FADS. Kinematic, arm-stroke efficiency, coordination, and energetic parameters of the 400-m front-crawl test: A meta-analysis. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:977739. [PMID: 36778096 PMCID: PMC9909090 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.977739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have investigated biomechanical and energetic parameters in competitive swimming. Among these studies, it is possible to identify the 400-m front crawl as a useful test to assess these parameters. The present study provided a meta-analysis assessing representative variables for the kinematic, arm-stroke efficiency, coordination, and energetic parameters of the 400-m front crawl test. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and SPORTDiscus were the databases used to select the studies published between January 1970 and December 2022. Forty studies (n = 651 swimmers) were selected according to the eligibility and inclusion criteria. The variables chosen to represent each parameter were: clean swim speed (kinematics); index of coordination (coordination); arm-stroke efficiency (efficiency); and oxygen consumption (energetic). Swimming speed was moderate (1.34 m s-1) compared to the world's records performers. Thus, this speed contributed for the swimmers in remaining at high efficiency (35%), imposing a capture coordination model (index of coordination: -11%) with high oxygen consumption (58.8 ml·kg-1 min-1). High heterogeneity (>75%) was found among the outcome parameters in the studies. The different average speeds that represented the kinematic parameters seem to be the most responsible and influential in the arm-stroke efficiency, coordination, and energetic parameters for high 400-m freestyle (front crawl) performance. This meta-analysis can help researchers, coaches, and swimmers improving competitive performance, and developing further research in the sports sciences area, specifically in the swimming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo de Assis Correia
- Aquatic Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of the Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil,Correspondence: Ricardo de Assis Correia
| | - Wellington Gomes Feitosa
- Aquatic Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of the Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil,Faculty of Physical Education, Ceará State University, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Flávio Antônio de Souza Castro
- Aquatic Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Dance, Federal University of the Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Silva AF, Seifert L, Fernandes RJ, Vilas Boas JP, Figueiredo P. Front crawl swimming coordination: a systematic review. Sports Biomech 2022:1-20. [PMID: 36223481 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2022.2125428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Several constraints, including environmental (e.g., aquatic resistance, temperature and viscosity), organismic (e.g., anthropometry, buoyancy) and task-related (e.g., imposed swim speed or stroke rate) impact motor coordination and swimming performance. As motor coordination requires structurally organising intra- and inter-limb coupling, the purpose of this review was to update the literature concerning coordination between the upper-limbs in front crawl swimming. We focused on the effects of biomechanical, physiological, and personal (gender, skill level, and age) factors on coordination and performance. In fact, it could be highlighted that upper-limbs coordination varies with organismic, task and environmental constraints, resulting in several available motor solutions that should be adopted according to how each swimmer deals with occurring constraints. As such, there is no ideal or optimal coordination pattern that youth, learners and less-skilled swimmers should imitate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana F Silva
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ludovic Seifert
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, CETAPS EA3832, University of Rouen Normandy, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Ricardo J Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, LABIOMEP (Porto Biomechanics Laboratory), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Vilas Boas
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, LABIOMEP (Porto Biomechanics Laboratory), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Figueiredo
- Physical Education Department, College of Education, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Monteiro ASM, Carvalho DD, Elói A, Silva F, Vilas-Boas JP, Buzzachera CF, Fernandes RJ. Repeatability of ventilatory, metabolic and biomechanical responses to an intermittent incremental swimming protocol. Physiol Meas 2022; 43. [PMID: 35760067 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6579/ac7c51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the repeatability of ventilatory, metabolic and biomechanical variables assessed at a large spectrum of front crawl swimming intensities. We hypothesized a strong agreement (combined with a small range of variation) between a typical step protocol performed in two experimental moments. APPROACH Forty competitive swimmers performed a 7 x 200 m front crawl intermittent incremental protocol (0.05 m∙s-1 velocity rises and 30 s intervals) on two different occasions (48-72 h apart). Pulmonary gas exchange and ventilation were continuously measured breath-by-breath, metabolic variables were assessed during the intervals and biomechanical analysis was done at every protocol step. MAIN RESULTS Concomitantly with the velocity increment, oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, ventilation, respiratory frequency, respiratory exchange ratio, averaged expiratory concentrations, end tidal oxygen and ventilatory equivalents for oxygen and carbon dioxide and blood lactate concentrations rose (p < 0.001), averaged expiratory concentrations and end tidal carbon dioxide and duration of inspiration, expiration and total breathing cycle decreased (p < 0.001), while tidal volume and volumes of oxygen and carbon dioxide expired maintained constant. Stroke frequency and stroke length increased and decreased (respectively) with the swimming velocity raise. No differences between experimental moments were observed in most of the assessed variables (p > 0.05), with a low dispersion (0.49-9.94%) except for lactate concentrations and inspiration and expiration durations (11.00-17.16%). Moderate-nearly perfect direct relationships and a good-excellent degree of reliability between moments were verified for all the assessed variables (r = 0.50-1.00, ICC = 0.76-1.00, p < 0.001), except for respiratory exchange ratio. SIGNIFICANCE The reliability analysis confirmed the repeatability of the assessed ventilatory, metabolic and biomechanical variables, with the obtained data well representing swimmers physiological condition when monitoring performance through a commonly used step protocol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Sofia Mottini Monteiro
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 91, Porto, 4200-450, PORTUGAL
| | - Diogo Duarte Carvalho
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 91, Porto, 4200-450, PORTUGAL
| | - Ana Elói
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 91, Porto, 4200-450, PORTUGAL
| | - Francisco Silva
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 91, Porto, 4200-450, PORTUGAL
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 91, Porto, 4200-450, PORTUGAL
| | - Cosme Franklim Buzzachera
- University of Pavia Department of Public Health Experimental and Forensic Medicine, Via Forlanini, 2, Pavia, 27100, ITALY
| | - Ricardo J Fernandes
- Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Plácido da Costa, 91, Porto, 4200-450, PORTUGAL
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rodríguez L, Veiga S, García I, González-Ravé JM. Stroking Rates of Open Water Swimmers during the 2019 FINA World Swimming Championships. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18136850. [PMID: 34202341 PMCID: PMC8296886 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present research was to examine the stroking rate (SR) values of successful and non-successful swimmers in the 10 km and 25 km races of the FINA 2019 World Swimming Championships. Data from 175 participants (95 men and 80 female) were classified according to their finishing positions. There were no meaningful differences in the overall SR values displayed by successful or non-successful participants during the 10 km and 25 km open water races of the FINA 2019 World Swimming Championships. However, there were changes in the SR throughout the races that depended on the swimmer’s performance group and gender. Successful swimmers in the 10 km event typically displayed even SR in the first 5 km but, unlike the remaining performance groups, increased their SR at some point in the second 5 km of the race. In the 25 km race, successful female swimmers presented an even SR profile for most of the race, whereas successful males presented a more variable profile. Nevertheless, no relationships between partial or average SR and finishing positions occurred, either in the 10 km or in the 25 km race. Changes in the SR values should be included in the race plan of open water swimmers according to tactical and pacing strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Rodríguez
- Catalonian Swimming Federation, Diputació St., 237, 08007 Barcelona, Spain;
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Carlos III Avenue, 45008 Toledo, Spain
| | - Santiago Veiga
- Health and Human Performance Department, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Martin Fierro St., 28024 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-616001963
| | - Iker García
- Physiology Section, Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain;
- High Performance Center, Alcalde Barnils, Av. 3-5, Sant Cugat del Vallès, 08174 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José M González-Ravé
- Sports Training Laboratory, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Carlos III Avenue, 45008 Toledo, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nugent F, Comyns T, Kearney P, Warrington G. Ultra-Short Race-Pace Training (USRPT) In Swimming: Current Perspectives. Open Access J Sports Med 2019; 10:133-144. [PMID: 31632163 PMCID: PMC6789176 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s180598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The last decade has seen a dramatic rise in sports science research due to the ever-increasing professionalization of sport. As a result, many alternative training methodologies that challenge traditional training philosophies have emerged. In the sport of swimming, ultra-short race-pace training (USRPT) was recently proposed. The aim of this article was to provide current perspectives on USRPT in competitive swimming. A systematic review was conducted to determine the effects of USRPT on performance in competitive swimmers. Of the 1347 studies retrieved, 1332 were excluded. The full-texts of 15 studies were assessed for eligibility. However, all 15 studies were excluded as the intervention did not consist of USRPT. Consequently, there are concerns surrounding USRPT as it is not currently based on peer-reviewed published literature. In addition, the recommendations within USRPT to avoid resistance training, cross-training activities, training intensities less than race-pace velocity and part practice swimming drills are highly controversial and lack scientific evidence. There is evidence to suggest that USRPT is a derivative of high-intensity training (HIT) and there is peer-reviewed published literature available to support the effects of HIT on performance in competitive swimmers. Swimming coaches and sports scientists are advised to consider the applications of USRPT with caution. The authors suggest that USRPT is a training method, which may be incorporated within a holistic periodized training program that includes a variety of training methods and stimuli. Future research should involve a randomized controlled intervention of USRPT in competitive swimmers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Nugent
- Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Tom Comyns
- Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Philip Kearney
- Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Giles Warrington
- Physical Education and Sport Sciences Department, Faculty of Education and Health Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
de Jesus K, de Jesus K, Ayala HVH, Dos Santos Coelho L, Vilas-Boas JP, Fernandes RJP. Predicting centre of mass horizontal speed in low to severe swimming intensities with linear and non-linear models. J Sports Sci 2019; 37:1512-1520. [PMID: 30724700 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2019.1574949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to compare multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural networks, radial basis function neural networks (RBF) and linear models (LM) accuracy to predict the centre of mass (CM) horizontal speed at low-moderate, heavy and severe swimming intensities using physiological and biomechanical dataset. Ten trained male swimmers completed a 7 × 200 m front crawl protocol (0.05 m.s-1 increments and 30 s intervals) to assess expiratory gases and blood lactate concentrations. Two surface and four underwater cameras recorded independent images subsequently processed focusing a three-dimensional reconstruction of two upper limb cycles at 25 and 175 m laps. Eight physiological and 13 biomechanical variables were inputted to predict CM horizontal speed. MLP, RBF and LM were implemented with the Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm (feed forward with a six-neuron hidden layer), orthogonal least squares algorithm and decomposition of matrices. MLP revealed higher prediction error than LM at low-moderate intensity (2.43 ± 1.44 and 1.67 ± 0.60%), MLP and RBF depicted lower mean absolute percentage errors than LM at heavy intensity (2.45 ± 1.61, 1.82 ± 0.92 and 3.72 ± 1.67%) and RBF neural networks registered lower errors than MLP and LM at severe intensity (2.78 ± 0.96, 3.89 ± 1.78 and 4.47 ± 2.36%). Artificial neural networks are suitable for speed model-fit at heavy and severe swimming intensities when considering physiological and biomechanical background.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly de Jesus
- a Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport , University of Porto (FADE-UP) , Porto , Portugal.,b Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP) , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.,c Human Performance Laboratory (LEDEHU), Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy , Federal University of Amazonas , Manaus , Brazil.,d Human Motor Behaviour Laboratory (LECOHM), Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy , Federal University of Amazonas , Manaus , Brazil
| | - Karla de Jesus
- a Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport , University of Porto (FADE-UP) , Porto , Portugal.,b Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP) , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal.,c Human Performance Laboratory (LEDEHU), Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy , Federal University of Amazonas , Manaus , Brazil.,d Human Motor Behaviour Laboratory (LECOHM), Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy , Federal University of Amazonas , Manaus , Brazil
| | - Helon Vicente Hultmann Ayala
- e Department of Mechanical Engineering , Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil.,f Industrial and Systems Engineering Graduate Program (PPGEPS) , Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná , Curitiba , Brazil
| | - Leandro Dos Santos Coelho
- f Industrial and Systems Engineering Graduate Program (PPGEPS) , Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná , Curitiba , Brazil.,g Electrical Engineering Graduate Program (PGEE) , Federal University of Paraná , Curitiba , Brazil
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- a Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport , University of Porto (FADE-UP) , Porto , Portugal.,b Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP) , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Ricardo Jorge Pinto Fernandes
- a Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport , University of Porto (FADE-UP) , Porto , Portugal.,b Porto Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP) , University of Porto , Porto , Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
de Jesus K, de Jesus K, Abraldes JA, Mourão L, Borgonovo-Santos M, Medeiros AIA, Gonçalves P, Chainok P, Fernandes RJ, Vaz MAP, Vilas-Boas JP. The effect of different foot and hand set-up positions on backstroke start performance. Sports Biomech 2016; 15:481-96. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2016.1182580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
9
|
de Jesus K, de Jesus K, Abraldes JA, Medeiros AIA, Fernandes RJ, Vilas-Boas JP. Are the new starting block facilities beneficial for backstroke start performance? J Sports Sci 2015; 34:871-7. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2015.1076166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
10
|
de Jesus K, Sousa A, de Jesus K, Ribeiro J, Machado L, Rodríguez F, Keskinen K, Vilas-Boas JP, Fernandes RJ. The effects of intensity on V̇O2 kinetics during incremental free swimming. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2015; 40:918-23. [PMID: 26300011 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Swimming and training are carried out with wide variability in distances and intensities. However, oxygen uptake kinetics for the intensities seen in swimming has not been reported. The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the oxygen uptake kinetics throughout low-moderate to severe intensities during incremental swimming exercise. We hypothesized that the oxygen uptake kinetic parameters would be affected by swimming intensity. Twenty male trained swimmers completed an incremental protocol of seven 200-m crawl swims to exhaustion (0.05 m·s(-1) increments and 30-s intervals). Oxygen uptake was continuously measured by a portable gas analyzer connected to a respiratory snorkel and valve system. Oxygen uptake kinetics was assessed using a double exponential regression model that yielded both fast and slow components of the response of oxygen uptake to exercise. From low-moderate to severe swimming intensities changes occurred for the first and second oxygen uptake amplitudes (P ≤ 0.04), time constants (P = 0.01), and time delays (P ≤ 0.02). At the heavy and severe intensities, a notable oxygen uptake slow component (>255 mL·min(-1)) occurred in all swimmers. Oxygen uptake kinetics whilst swimming at different intensities offers relevant information regarding cardiorespiratory and metabolic stress that might be useful for appropriate performance diagnosis and training prescription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly de Jesus
- a Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Sousa
- a Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Karla de Jesus
- a Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Ribeiro
- a Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Leandro Machado
- a Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,b Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ferran Rodríguez
- c National Institute for Physical Education of Catalonia, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kari Keskinen
- d Finnish Society of Sport Sciences, Helsinki, Finland
| | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- a Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,b Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo J Fernandes
- a Centre of Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,b Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|