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Varela-Sanz A, Sánchez-Otero T, Tuimil JL, Boullosa D, Iglesias-Soler E. Influence of Recovery Mode on the Maximum Number of Intervals Until Exhaustion During an Aerobic Interval Training Session. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:e510-e520. [PMID: 36723090 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Varela-Sanz, A, Sánchez-Otero, T, Tuimil, JL, Boullosa, D, and Iglesias-Soler, E. Influence of recovery mode on the maximum number of intervals until exhaustion during an aerobic interval training session. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): e510-e520, 2023-We analyzed work capacity, cardiometabolic, perceptual, and neuromuscular responses to an aerobic interval training (AIT) running session until exhaustion, with active (AR) vs. passive recovery (PR). Eight well-trained male endurance runners (36.88 ± 7.14 years, 58.22 ± 3.39 ml·kg -1 ·minute -1 ) randomly completed, after familiarizations and the University of Montreal Track Test (UMTT), 2 AIT track running sessions until exhaustion consisting in 2-minute bouts at 100% of maximum aerobic speed (MAS), with 2 minutes of recovery at 80% of the velocity associated to the second ventilatory threshold (vVT 2 ) (i.e., AR), or no exercise (i.e., PR). Oxygen consumption (V̇O 2 ), heart rate (HR), blood lactate [La], rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and countermovement jump (CMJ) were continuously monitored during sessions. The level of statistical significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. PR resulted in longer time to exhaustion during sessions (13.9 vs. 11.6 bouts, p = 0.045), but lower HR ( p < 0.01) when compared with AR. Time spent over 90% of maximum oxygen consumption (V̇O 2max ), blood lactate concentrations, neuromuscular performance, and RPE did not differ between AR and PR ( p > 0.05). Thus, PR allowed runners to perform more work intervals and, therefore, to accumulate a greater volume. On the other hand, when training goals are focused on reaching a higher chronotropic stress (i.e., higher HR) during the training session, athletes would obtain more benefits from AR. This study also demonstrates that the current volume recommendations for AIT are far below (54-64.5%) the maximum training capacity of well-trained runners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Varela-Sanz
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, Spain
| | - Tania Sánchez-Otero
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, Spain
| | - José Luis Tuimil
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, Spain
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports Sciences, Universidad de León, León, Spain
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia; and
- Research and Development Department, iLOAD Solutions, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Eliseo Iglesias-Soler
- Performance and Health Group, Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, University of A Coruna, Spain
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Guilkey JP, Culver M, Wolfe M, Johnson KE, Lauver JD, Thompson J. Acute Physiological Responses to Moderate-Intensity Continuous, High-Intensity Interval, and Variable-Intensity Intermittent Exercise. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023; 94:82-91. [PMID: 34904914 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2021.1939845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This study examined acute physiological responses to moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MICE), variable-intensity intermittent exercise (VIIE), and high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) protocol, matched for total work output in healthy adults (n = 8, age = 25.1 ± 6.0 yrs). Methods: Three experimental trials were completed in a random order. MICE was continuous exercise at 40% of peak work rate (WRpeak). VIIE consisted of sixteen 10-sec bursts at 120% WRpeak, sixteen 20-sec bursts at 60% WRpeak and recovery at 20% WRpeak interspersed throughout the protocol. HIIE consisted of eight intervals of 2 minutes at 70% WRpeak and 1 minute at 20% WRpeak. Oxygen consumption during work-intervals and time within moderate and vigorous-intensity zones determined the magnitude and duration of physiological stresses. Perceptual responses were measured by affective response and post-exercise enjoyment (PACES). Repeated-measure ANOVAs analyzed differences between trials. Statistical significance was established if p ≤ 0.05. Results: Oxygen consumption during work-intervals in VIIE was greater than MICE, but less than HIIE. VIIE and HIIE had similar duration within vigorous-intensity zone (11.1 ± 3.5 min vs. 13.5 ± 1.3 min); both were greater than MICE (4.9 ± 1.1 min). The time spent in the moderate-intensity zone was different between all trials (VIIE = 11.1 ± 2.0 min; MICE = 17.4 ± 5.2 min; HIIE = 4.9 ± 0.4 min). Affective responses were similar among all trials. Post-exercise enjoyment was greater in VIIE than HIIE; both were not different from MICE. Conclusion: These results suggests the VIIE paradigm could be a viable alternative to HIIE and MICE protocols.
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Acute Neuromuscular, Physiological and Performance Responses After Strength Training in Runners: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:105. [PMID: 35976540 PMCID: PMC9385928 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00497-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Strength training (ST) is commonly used to improve muscle strength, power, and neuromuscular adaptations and is recommended combined with runner training. It is possible that the acute effects of the strength training session lead to deleterious effects in the subsequent running. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to verify the acute effects of ST session on the neuromuscular, physiological and performance variables of runners.
Methods Studies evaluating running performance after resistance exercise in runners in the PubMed and Scopus databases were selected. From 6532 initial references, 19 were selected for qualitative analysis and 13 for meta-analysis. The variables of peak torque (PT), creatine kinase (CK), delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), countermovement jump (CMJ), ventilation (VE), oxygen consumption (VO2), lactate (La) and heart rate (HR) were evaluated.
Results The methodological quality of the included studies was considered reasonable; the meta-analysis indicated that the variables PT (p = 0.003), DOMS (p < 0.0001), CK (p < 0.0001), RPE (p < 0.0001) had a deleterious effect for the experimental group; for CMJ, VE, VO2, La, FC there was no difference. By qualitative synthesis, running performance showed a reduction in speed for the experimental group in two studies and in all that assessed time to exhaustion.
Conclusion The evidence indicated that acute strength training was associated with a decrease in PT, increases in DOMS, CK, RPE and had a low impact on the acute responses of CMJ, VE, VO2, La, HR and submaximal running sessions.
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Hoffmann SM, Di Domenico I, Collins PK. The assessment of a novel lower body resistance garment as a mechanism to increase the training stimulus during running: a randomised cross-over study. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:63. [PMID: 35395815 PMCID: PMC8994245 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00455-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the physiological and perceived impact of wearing a novel lower body resistance garment during exercise and recovery. METHODS Using a randomised cross-over design, 15 recreationally-active males performed 2 × 10-min steady-state runs followed by a 10-min passive recovery with concomitant monitoring of oxygen consumption (V̇O2), heart rate (HR) and rating of perceived exertion (RPE; exercise portion only), wearing either the resistance garment (experimental) or running shorts (control). RESULTS During exercise, there was a trend for V̇O2 and RPE to be higher (4.5% and 7.7% respectively) in experimental than control (V̇O2: r = 0.24, p > 0.05; RPE: r = 0.32, p > 0.05) and for HR to be lower (- 0.4%, r = - 0.05, p > 0.05). During recovery, V̇O2 and HR tended to be lower (4.7% and 4.3% respectively) in experimental than control (V̇O2: r = - 0.32, p > 0.05; HR: r = - 0.27, p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Though effects were trivial to small, and not statistically significant, these findings provide proof of concept and suggest that this garment design may increase the training stimulus during running and aid post-exercise recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M Hoffmann
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia.
| | - Isaiah Di Domenico
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul K Collins
- Centre for Sport Research (CSR), School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Sánchez-Otero T, Tuimil JL, Boullosa D, Varela-Sanz A, Iglesias-Soler E. Active vs. passive recovery during an aerobic interval training session in well-trained runners. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1281-1291. [PMID: 35262762 PMCID: PMC9012711 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04926-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To compare cardio-metabolic, perceptual and neuromuscular responses to an aerobic interval training (AIT) running session, with active (AR) vs. passive recovery (PR). Methods Eleven well-trained male distance runners (36.63 ± 6.93 years, 59.26 ± 5.27 mL·kg−1·min−1, ⁓ 35 min in 10 km) completed the University of Montréal Track Test (UMTT) and 2 AIT sessions on track in random order, which consisted of 4 × 2 min at 100% of the maximum aerobic speed (MAS), with 2 min of AR at 80% of the velocity associated to the second ventilatory threshold (vVT2), or no exercise (i.e., PR). During sessions, oxygen consumption (V̇O2), heart rate (HR), blood lactate [La], rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and countermovement jump (CMJ) were continuously monitored. Results There were no differences in time spent in the “red zone” (i.e. > 90% V̇O2max) between sessions (222 ± 73 s AR vs. 230 ± 104 s PR, p = 0.588), although the PR exhibited a greater time spent at peak V̇O2 close to significance (117 ± 114 vs. 158 ± 109 s, p = 0.056). However, the AR elicited a higher mean V̇O2 (49.62 ± 5.91 vs. 47.46 ± 4.20 mL·kg−1·min−1, p = 0.021). The AR favored a lower [La] after sessions (6.93 ± 2.22 vs. 6.24 ± 1.93 mmol·L−1, p = 0.016) and a higher RPE during sessions (15 ± 0.45 vs. 14 ± 0.47, p = 0.045). Meanwhile, the CMJ was significantly potentiated during both sessions. Conclusion Considering that PR elicited lower perceptual loading for a similar cardiorespiratory response, its use would be preferable, at least, for this type of AIT running sessions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Sánchez-Otero
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of A Coruna, Performance and Health Group, A Coruña, Spain
| | - José Luis Tuimil
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of A Coruna, Performance and Health Group, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Daniel Boullosa
- Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil.,College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Australia.,Research and Development Department, iLOAD Solutions, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Adrián Varela-Sanz
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of A Coruna, Performance and Health Group, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Eliseo Iglesias-Soler
- Faculty of Sports Sciences and Physical Education, Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of A Coruna, Performance and Health Group, A Coruña, Spain.
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Boden BP, Ahmed AE, Fine KM, Craven MJ, Deuster PA. Baseline Aerobic Fitness in High School and College Football Players: Critical for Prescribing Safe Exercise Regimens. Sports Health 2021; 14:490-499. [PMID: 34806472 DOI: 10.1177/19417381211058458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nontraumatic fatalities occur on a regular basis in high school (HS) and college football athletes, primarily in obese linemen performing high-intensity exercise. One contributing factor to these deaths may be a mismatch between baseline aerobic (cardiorespiratory) fitness and exercise regimens. HYPOTHESIS There is a wide range of aerobic fitness in HS and college football players. Body mass index (BMI) is a safe and simple method for estimating baseline aerobic fitness. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. METHODS A retrospective review was performed on 79 HS football athletes who had VO2Peak (mL·kg-1·min-1) measured during the offseason. Multivariate regression analysis was used to determine if BMI (obese, overweight, and normal; kg/m2), position played (linemen vs other), year in school (freshmen vs other), and/or race (African American vs White) were risk factors for poor aerobic fitness. A separate cohort of 135 (48 HS; 87 college) football athletes performed a 6-minute run test to determine speed (miles/min), extrapolate VO2Max, and calculate reference values for suggested upper threshold safe starting speeds (85% of maximum) for aerobic training based on BMI. The relationship between BMI and VO2Peak was assessed. The exercise regimens (speeds) of 2 collegiate football fatalities from the public domain were used to predict their VO2Max values. RESULTS Mean VO2Peak (mL·kg-1·min-1) was 38.5 ± 8.6 (range 19.1-60.6); when grouped by BMI, low scores (<40) were found in 87.5% of obese (32.4 ± 7.7), 47.8% of overweight (40.8 ± 7.6), and 45.2% of normal (41.4 ± 7.8) athletes. VO2Peak was significantly lower in linemen (32.8 ± 6.4; P = 0.007) compared with nonlineman (41.8 ± 7.9), and in obese players (by BMI; 32.4; P = 0.019) compared with nonobese players (41.4 ± 7.6), but did not differ by age, year in school, or race. Means for speed (min/mile) and extrapolated VO2Max (mL·kg-1·min-1) for the 6-minute run test by BMI groups were both significantly different (P = 0.001) for normal (7.0 ± 0.6; 51.1 ± 2.6), overweight (7.6 ± 0.8; 46.5 ± 3.2), and obese (8.9 ± 1.5; 36.8 ± 5.9) athletes. There was a significant negative correlation (r = -0.551; P = 0.001; R2 = 0.304) between VO2Peak and BMI. Safe starting speed recommendations for running 1 mile range from 7.3 to 12.1 min/mile for BMIs 20 to 40 kg/m2 for HS and college athletes. For the 2 fatalities (mean, BMI of 36.5 kg/m2) repetitive sprint speeds were 49 and 89% higher than our safe starting speeds for their BMI. CONCLUSION A large spectrum of baseline aerobic fitness was noted in HS and college football players. Obese players and linemen had statistically lower baseline aerobic fitness, a major risk factor for possible heat illness. BMI is an acceptable surrogate for VO2Peak and can be employed to develop safe training regimens without the need for a maximum fitness test, which can place the athlete at risk for a medical event. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Knowledge of BMI provides an estimate of baseline aerobic fitness and a foundation for prescribing safe, individualized exercise regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry P Boden
- The Orthopaedic Center, a Division of CAO, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Anwar E Ahmed
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kenneth M Fine
- The Orthopaedic Center, a Division of CAO, Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Patricia A Deuster
- Consortium for Health and Military Performance, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
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Effects of Self-Selected Passive Recovery Time in Interval Exercise on Perceptual and Heart Rate Responses in Older Women: A Promissory Approach. J Aging Phys Act 2021; 30:434-444. [PMID: 34510027 DOI: 10.1123/japa.2021-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the effects of passive recovery with self-selected time on affect, ratings of perceived exertion, and heart rate in self-selected interval exercises (SSIE). Fifteen older women (68.1 ± 3.8 years), weekly practitioners of functional activities participated in three SSIE with self-selected recovery time (SSRT) and one self-selected continuous exercise session, all at 24 min approximately. The SSIE had the following configurations: 1'/SSRT, 1.5'/SSRT, and 2'/SSRT. The results showed that at the beginning of stimulus heart rate in 1.5'/SSRT (107.9 ± 16.5) and 2'/SSRT (114.6 ± 17.1) were significantly greater (p < .05) compared with self-selected continuous exercise (102.8 ± 14.5). The ratings of perceived exertion in self-selected continuous exercise (2.4 ± 0.4; p < .05) were higher compared with SSIE in recovery. No significant differences were found in affect. The SSIE provided similar responses based on recoveries manipulations.
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Rosenblat MA, Lin E, da Costa BR, Thomas SG. Programming Interval Training to Optimize Time-Trial Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2021; 51:1687-1714. [PMID: 33826121 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01457-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interval training has become an essential component of endurance training programs because it can facilitate a substantial improvement in endurance sport performance. Two forms of interval training that are commonly used to improve endurance sport performance are high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and sprint interval training (SIT). Despite extensive research, there is no consensus concerning the optimal method to manipulate the interval training programming variables to maximize endurance performance for differing individuals. OBJECTIVE The objective of this manuscript was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of interval training studies to determine the influence that individual characteristics and training variables have on time-trial (TT) performance. DATA SOURCES SPORTDiscus and Medline with Full Text were explored to conduct a systematic literature search. STUDY SELECTION The following criteria were used to select studies appropriate for the review: 1. the studies were prospective in nature; 2. included individuals between the ages of 18 and 65 years; 3. included an interval training (HIIT or SIT) program at least 2 weeks in duration; 4. included a TT test that required participants to complete a set distance; 5. and programmed HIIT by power or velocity. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria for the quantitative analysis with a total of 67 separate groups. The participants included males (n = 400) and females (n = 91) with a mean group age of 25 (range 19-45) years and mean [Formula: see text] of 52 (range 32-70) mL·kg-1·min-1. The training status of the participants comprised of inactive (n = 75), active (n = 146) and trained (n = 258) individuals. Training status played a significant role in improvements in TT performance with trained individuals only seeing improvements of approximately 2% whereas individuals of lower training status demonstrated improvements as high as 6%. The change in TT performance with HIIT depended on the duration but not the intensity of the interval work-bout. There was a dose-response relationship with the number of HIIT sessions, training weeks and total work with changes in TT performance. However, the dose-response was not present with SIT. CONCLUSION Optimization of interval training programs to produce TT performance improvements should be done according to training status. Our analysis suggests that increasing interval training dose beyond minimal requirements may not augment the training response. In addition, optimal dosing differs between high intensity and sprint interval programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Rosenblat
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada.
| | - Edward Lin
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Bruno R da Costa
- Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Applied Health Research Center (AHRC), Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Primary Health Care (BIHAM), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Scott G Thomas
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Taylor JL, Holland DJ, Keating SE, Bonikowske AR, Coombes JS. Adherence to High-Intensity Interval Training in Cardiac Rehabilitation: A REVIEW AND RECOMMENDATIONS. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2021; 41:61-77. [PMID: 33647920 DOI: 10.1097/hcr.0000000000000565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is gaining popularity as a training approach for patients attending cardiac rehabilitation (CR). While the literature has focused on the efficacy of HIIT for improving cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), particularly when compared with moderate intensity exercise, less emphasis has been placed on adherence to HIIT. The aim of this review was to summarize the current literature regarding adherence to HIIT in CR patients with coronary artery disease. REVIEW METHODS A review identified 36 studies investigating HIIT in CR patients with coronary artery disease. Methods and data were extracted for exercise or training adherence (to attendance, intensity, and duration), feasibility of protocols, and CRF. The review summarizes reporting of adherence; adherence to HIIT and comparator/s; the influence of adherence on changes in CRF; and feasibility of HIIT. SUMMARY Adherence to the attendance of HIIT sessions was high and comparable with moderate-intensity exercise. However, adherence to the intensity and duration of HIIT was variable and underreported, which has implications for determining the treatment effect of the exercise interventions being compared. Furthermore, additional research is needed to investigate the utility of home-based HIIT and long-term adherence to HIIT following supervised programs. This review provides recommendations for researchers in the measurement and reporting of adherence to HIIT and other exercise interventions to facilitate a sufficient and consistent approach for future studies. This article also highlights strategies for clinicians to improve adherence, feasibility, and enjoyment of HIIT for their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L Taylor
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota (Drs Taylor and Bonikowske); Centre for Research on Exercise, Physical activity, and Health, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (Drs Taylor, Holland, Keating, and Coombes); and Department of Cardiology, Sunshine Coast University Hospital, Birtinya, Australia (Dr Holland)
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Brandão LHA, Chagas TPN, Vasconcelos ABS, de Oliveira VC, Fortes LDS, de Almeida MB, Mendes Netto RS, Del-Vecchio FB, Neto EP, Chaves LMS, Jimenez-Pavón D, Da Silva-Grigoletto ME. Physiological and Performance Impacts After Field Supramaximal High-Intensity Interval Training With Different Work-Recovery Duration. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1075. [PMID: 33162893 PMCID: PMC7580678 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) has numerous external load control variables. The management of these variables makes the physiological responses and performance presented by athletes also modify. The present study aimed to assess the activity of CK and LDH enzymes, performance and metabolic responses caused by two HIIT protocols above the maximum in male recreational runners. Fifteen recreational male runners performed two HIIT protocols in randomized order with multiple conditions: 1) H15 (n = 15), with a HIIT protocol of 15:15 work-recovery duration, and 2) H30 (n = 15) with a HIIT protocol of 30:30 work-recovery duration. Both protocols were performed at similar intensity (130% vV̇O2max), one set until voluntary exhaustion. Blood samples were collected and used to capture the levels and activities of blood lactate (BLac: mmol⋅L–1), glucose (GLU: mg⋅dL–1), creatine kinase (CK: U⋅L–1), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH: U⋅L–1). BLac and GLU were collected at pre, five, and ten minutes after the H15 and H30 protocols were performed. Blood samples were used to measure the activities of CK and LDH enzymes, which were verified 24 h before and 48 h after the protocols. The distance traveled (m), total time (s), and bouts performed (rep) were also registered. Significant differences between conditions H15 and H30 were observed in the bouts performed (p = 0.001; ES = 1.19). Several statistical differences were found over time for BLac [pre vs. post 5 (both conditions: p = 0.001), pre vs. post 10 (both conditions: p = 0.001), and post 5 vs. post 10 (H30: p = 0.004)], CK [pre vs. post 24 (H15: p < 0.001; ES = 0.97 and H30: p = 0.001; ES = 0.74) post 24 vs. post 48 (H30: p = 0.03; ES = 0.56)], and LDH [pre vs. post24 (H15: p = 0.008; ES = 1.07 and H30: p = 0.022; ES = 0.85). No statistical differences between conditions were observed for any blood parameter. Thus, the volunteers exhibited equal performance in both protocols, which resulted in a similar physiological response. Despite this similarity, in comparison to H15, the H30 protocol presented lower CK activity post 48 and lactate levels after 10 min post protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Henrique Albuquerque Brandão
- Post-Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil.,Functional Training Group, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | | | - Alan Bruno Silva Vasconcelos
- Functional Training Group, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program of Physiology Science, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ezequias Pereira Neto
- Post-Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil.,Functional Training Group, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - Leury Max Silva Chaves
- Post-Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil.,Functional Training Group, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - David Jimenez-Pavón
- MOVE-IT Research Group, Department of Physical Education, Faculty of Education Sciences, University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain.,Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cádiz (INiBICA) Research Unit, Puerta del Mar, University Hospital University of Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Marzo Edir Da Silva-Grigoletto
- Post-Graduate Program of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil.,Functional Training Group, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil.,Post-Graduate Program of Physiology Science, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
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Fennell CRJ, Hopker JG. The acute physiological and perceptual effects of recovery interval intensity during cycling-based high-intensity interval training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 121:425-434. [PMID: 33098020 PMCID: PMC7862540 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04535-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The current study sought to investigate the role of recovery intensity on the physiological and perceptual responses during cycling-based aerobic high-intensity interval training. Methods Fourteen well-trained cyclists (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{{\text{2peak}}}}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak: 62 ± 9 mL kg−1 min−1) completed seven laboratory visits. At visit 1, the participants’ peak oxygen consumption (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{{\text{2peak}}}}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak) and lactate thresholds were determined. At visits 2–7, participants completed either a 6 × 4 min or 3 × 8 min high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocol with one of three recovery intensity prescriptions: passive (PA) recovery, active recovery at 80% of lactate threshold (80A) or active recovery at 110% of lactate threshold (110A). Results The time spent at > 80%, > 90% and > 95% of maximal minute power during the work intervals was significantly increased with PA recovery, when compared to both 80A and 110A, during both HIIT protocols (all P ≤ 0.001). However, recovery intensity had no effect on the time spent at > 90% \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{{\text{2peak}}}}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak (P = 0.11) or > 95% \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{{{\text{2peak}}}}$$\end{document}V˙O2peak (P = 0.50) during the work intervals of both HIIT protocols. Session RPE was significantly higher following the 110A recovery, when compared to the PA and 80A recovery during both HIIT protocols (P < 0.001). Conclusion Passive recovery facilitates a higher work interval PO and similar internal stress for a lower sRPE when compared to active recovery and therefore may be the efficacious recovery intensity prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R J Fennell
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent at Medway, Medway Building, Kent, Chatham, ME4 4AG, England, UK
| | - James G Hopker
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent at Medway, Medway Building, Kent, Chatham, ME4 4AG, England, UK.
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Response of Blood Biomarkers to Sprint Interval Swimming. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1442-1447. [PMID: 32963121 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate and compare the effects of 2 sprint interval training (SIT) sets of different distances on biochemical markers indicative of metabolism, stress, and antioxidant capacity in competitive swimmers and, to investigate the potential influence of gender on these markers. METHODS Twenty-four adolescent, well-trained swimmers (12 men and 12 women) participated in the study. In a random and counterbalanced order, the swimmers completed 2 SIT sets (8 × 50 m and 8 × 25 m) in freestyle with maximal intensity on different days. Work-to-rest ratio was 1:1 in both sets. Blood samples were drawn preexercise, immediately postexercise, and 1 hour postexercise to evaluate the effects of the SIT sets on a number of biochemical parameters. RESULTS Swimming speed was higher at 8 × 25 m. The 2 SIT sets induced significant increases in lactate, glucose, insulin, glucagon, cortisol, and uric acid (P ≤ .001). No differences in these parameters were found between sets, except for irisin (higher in 8 × 50 m; P = .02). Male swimmers were faster and had higher lactate and uric acid concentrations, as well as lower reduced glutathione concentration, than female swimmers (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS The 2 swimming SIT sets induced increases in most of the biochemical markers studied. The 2-fold difference between sets in distance did not differentiate the effects of sprint interval exercise on most biochemical parameters. Thus, low-volume SIT sets seem to be effective stimuli for competitive swimmers.
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Roloff ZA, Dicks ND, Krynski LM, Hartman ME, Ekkekakis P, Pettitt RW. Ratings of affective valence closely track changes in oxygen uptake: Application to high-intensity interval exercise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.peh.2020.100158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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