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Werkhausen A, Lund-Hansen M, Wiedenbruch L, Peikenkamp K, Rice H. Technologically advanced running shoes reduce oxygen cost and cumulative tibial loading per kilometer in recreational female and male runners. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11903. [PMID: 38789519 PMCID: PMC11126714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Technologically advanced running shoes (TARS) improve performance compared to classical running shoes (CRS). Improved race performance has been attributed to metabolic savings in male runners, but it remains unclear if these same benefits are experienced among females and in recreational runners. The mechanisms behind these benefits are still not fully understood despite the need for optimisation, and their influence on injury mechanisms has not been explored. Here we combined biomechanical, physiological, and modelling approaches to analyse joint mechanics, oxygen uptake, and tibial load in nineteen male and female recreational runners running with CRS and TARS at their individual lactate threshold speed (12.4 ± 1.9 km/h). Oxygen uptake was 3.0 ± 1.5% lower in TARS than in CRS. Ankle dorsiflexion, joint moment and joint power were reduced in TARS compared to CRS at various phases of stance including midstance, while knee joint mechanics were mostly similar throughout. There were no significant differences for tibial bending moment during the stance phase but cumulative tibial damage per kilometre was 12 ± 9% lower in TARS compared to CRS. Our results suggest that running with TARS reduces oxygen cost in recreational female and male runners, which may partly be explained by differences in lower limb joint mechanics. The lower cumulative tibial bone load with TARS may allow runners to run longer distances in this type of shoe compared to CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Werkhausen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Sognsveien, 220, 0863, Oslo, Norway.
- Section for Pharmacy, Intelligent Health Initiative, Department of Life Sciences and Health, Oslo Metropolitan University, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Magne Lund-Hansen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Sognsveien, 220, 0863, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lucas Wiedenbruch
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Sognsveien, 220, 0863, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Engineering Physics, FH Münster University of Applied Sciences, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Peikenkamp
- Department of Engineering Physics, FH Münster University of Applied Sciences, Münster, Germany
| | - Hannah Rice
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Sognsveien, 220, 0863, Oslo, Norway
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Lund-Hansen M, Gløersen Ø, Rud B, Losnegard T. What is the optimal classical style sub-technique during uphill roller skiing in elite male cross-country skiers? Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2833-2842. [PMID: 37395762 PMCID: PMC10638140 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05261-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare performance, physiological and biomechanical responses between double poling (DP) and diagonal stride (DIA) during treadmill roller skiing in elite male cross-country skiers. METHOD Twelve skiers (VO2peak DIAup; 74.7 ± 3.7 ml kg-1 min-1) performed two DP conditions at 1° (DPflat) and 8° (DPup) incline, and one DIA condition, 8° (DIAup). Submaximal gross efficiency (GE) and maximal 3.5 min time-trial (TT) performance, including measurements of VO2peak and maximal accumulated O2-deficit (MAOD), were determined. Temporal patterns and kinematics were assessed using 2D video, while pole kinetics were obtained from pole force. RESULTS DIAup induced (mean, [95% confidence interval]) 13% [4, 22] better 3.5-min TT performance, 7%, [5, 10]) higher VO2peak and 3% points [1, 5] higher GE compared to DPup (all P < 0.05). DPup induced 120% higher MAOD compared to DPflat, while no significant differences were observed for VO2peak or GE between DPflat and DPup. There was a large correlation between performance and GE in DP and a large correlation between performance and VO2peak for DIAup (all r = 0.7-0.8, P < 0.05). No correlations were found between performance and VO2peak for any of the DP conditions, nor between performance and GE for DIAup (r = 0.0-0.2, P > 0.1). CONCLUSION At 8º uphill roller skiing, DIAup induce higher VO2peak, GE, and superior time-trial performance than DPup in elite male skiers. There was no difference between VO2peak or GE between DPflat and DPup. A large correlation was observed between DIAup performance and DIAup VO2peak, while DP performance was best correlated to submaximal GE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magne Lund-Hansen
- Department of Physical Performance, The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ullevål Stadion, Post Box 4014, 0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Øyvind Gløersen
- Department of Physical Performance, The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ullevål Stadion, Post Box 4014, 0806, Oslo, Norway
- Smart Sensors and Microsystems, SINTEF Digital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjarne Rud
- Department of Physical Performance, The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ullevål Stadion, Post Box 4014, 0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Losnegard
- Department of Physical Performance, The Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Ullevål Stadion, Post Box 4014, 0806, Oslo, Norway.
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Pillitteri G, Clemente FM, Petrucci M, Rossi A, Bellafiore M, Bianco A, Palma A, Battaglia G. Toward a New Conceptual Approach to "Intensity" in Soccer Player's Monitoring: A Narrative Review. J Strength Cond Res 2023; 37:1896-1911. [PMID: 37616540 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Pillitteri, G, Clemente, FM, Petrucci, M, Rossi, A, Bellafiore, M, Bianco, A, Palma, A, and Battaglia, G. Toward a new conceptual approach to "intensity" in soccer player's monitoring: A narrative review. J Strength Cond Res 37(9): 1896-1911, 2023-In the last decade, monitoring physiological and match-related demands in soccer has become an increasingly common practice in sports sciences. One of the great challenges during monitoring process is the identification of key indicators that permit to generalize evidence and sustain decision-making process during training prescription. Actually, one of the major debates in the scientific community and among practitioners is the identification of the "intensity" concept. Defining a given training session or exercise based on "intensity" is difficult due to the fact that a huge amount of indicators are available (related both to the performed activities and to the athletes' psychophysiological responses). These indicators can lead to specific outcomes with different interpretations. The current narrative review aims to discuss the different measures approaches used in soccer to describe the intensity for both internal and external demands. In addition, a second purpose of this review is to propose general recommendations for combining intensity indicators with the aim of defining an overall intensity score of a training session or drill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guglielmo Pillitteri
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- PhD Program in Health Promotion and Cognitive Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
- Palermo FC, Italy
| | - Filipe M Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Rua Escola Industrial e Comercial de Nun'Álvares, Portugal
- Research Center in Sports Performance, Recreation, Innovation and Technology (SPRINT), Melgaço, Portugal
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Delegação da Covilhã, Lisboa, Portugal; and
| | | | - Alessio Rossi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marianna Bellafiore
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonino Bianco
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Palma
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Unit, Department of Psychology, Educational Science and Human Movement, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
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Bok D, Rakovac M, Foster C. An Examination and Critique of Subjective Methods to Determine Exercise Intensity: The Talk Test, Feeling Scale, and Rating of Perceived Exertion. Sports Med 2022; 52:2085-2109. [PMID: 35507232 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01690-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Prescribing exercise intensity is crucial in achieving an adequate training stimulus. While numerous objective methods exist and are used in practical settings for exercise intensity prescription, they all require anchor measurements that are derived from a maximal or submaximal graded exercise test or a series of submaximal or supramaximal exercise bouts. Conversely, self-reported subjective methods such as the Talk Test (TT), Feeling Scale (FS) affect rating, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) do not require exercise testing prior to commencement of the exercise training and therefore appear as more practical tools for exercise intensity prescription. This review is intended to provide basic information on reliability and construct validity of the TT, FS, and RPE measurements to delineate intensity domains. The TT and RPE appear to be valid measures of both the ventilatory threshold and the respiratory compensation threshold. Although not specifically examined, the FS showed tendency to demarcate ventilatory threshold, but its validity to demarcate the respiratory compensation threshold is limited. Equivocal stage of the TT, RPE of 10-11, and FS ratings between fairly good (+ 1) and good (+ 3) are reflective of the ventilatory threshold, while negative stage of the TT, RPE of 13-15, and FS ratings around neutral (0) are reflective of the respiratory compensation threshold. The TT and RPE can effectively be used to elicit homeostatic disturbances consistent with the moderate, heavy, and severe intensity domains, while physiological responses to constant FS ratings show extensive variability around ventilatory threshold to be considered effective in demarcating transition between moderate and heavy intensity domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bok
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Marija Rakovac
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Carl Foster
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA
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