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van den Brandt FAP, Khudair M, Hettinga FJ, Elferink-Gemser MT. Be Aware of the Benefits of Drafting in Sports and Take Your Advantage: A Meta-Analysis. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2023; 2023:3254847. [PMID: 38654910 PMCID: PMC11022785 DOI: 10.1155/2023/3254847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Purpose In competitive sports, optimizing performance is the key. An interesting venue to explore is to consider drafting as a pacing strategy. The purpose of this study is to identify the magnitude of drafting benefits for biomechanical, physiological, and psychobiological parameters in and between athletes in cycling, kayaking, running, skating, skiing, and swimming. Design A systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods Systematic searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases. Results In total, 205 studies were found, from which 22 were relevant (including 232 participants and 548 observations). Methodological quality was high for all the included articles. The meta-analyses for all parameters indicated strong evidence for a benefit of drafting, with moderate effects between leading and drafting athletes found for the heart rate (3.9%), VO2 (8.9%), power output (11.3%), and rating of perceived exertion (10.4%). Large effect sizes were found for blood lactate (24.2%), VE (16.2%), and EMG (56.4%). A moderator analysis showed differences between sports on the effect of drafting with most benefits in cycling. Discussion. Based on the observed effects of drafting in the biomechanical, physiological, and psychobiological parameters, it can be considered as an element of pacing, a strategy to conserve energy and optimize performance. Conclusion There is strong evidence that drafting benefits athletes, with varying levels of effect for athletes in different sports. Knowledge about the magnitude of benefits can be used to improve training sessions, race strategies, and performance in competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor A. P. van den Brandt
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mohammed Khudair
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Florentina J. Hettinga
- Department of Sport, Exercise & Rehabilitation, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Marije T. Elferink-Gemser
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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Keogh JAJ, Waddington EE, Masood Z, Mahmood S, Palanisamy AC, Ruder MC, Karsan S, Bishop C, Jordan MJ, Heisz JJ, Kobsar D. Monitoring lower limb biomechanical asymmetry and psychological measures in athletic populations-A scoping review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:2125-2148. [PMID: 37551046 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower limb biomechanics, including asymmetry, are frequently monitored to determine sport performance level and injury risk. However, contributing factors extend beyond biomechanical and asymmetry measures to include psychological, sociological, and environmental factors. Unfortunately, inadequate research has been conducted using holistic biopsychosocial models to characterize sport performance and injury risk. Therefore, this scoping review summarized the research landscape of studies concurrently assessing measures of lower limb biomechanics, asymmetry, and introspective psychological state (e.g., pain, fatigue, perceived exertion, stress, etc.) in healthy, competitive athletes. METHODS A systematic search of MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science Core Collections was designed and conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Fifty-one articles were included in this review. RESULTS Significant relationships between biomechanics (k = 22 studies) or asymmetry (k = 20 studies) and introspective state were found. Increased self-reported pain was associated with decreased range of motion, strength, and increased lower limb asymmetry. Higher ratings of perceived exertion were related to increased lower limb asymmetry, self-reported muscle soreness, and worse jump performance. Few studies (k = 4) monitored athletes longitudinally throughout one or more competitive season(s). CONCLUSION This review highlights the need for concurrent analysis of introspective, psychological state, and biomechanical asymmetry measures along with longitudinal research to understand the contributing factors to sport performance and injury risk from biopsychosocial modeling. In doing so, this framework of biopsychosocial preventive and prognostic patient-centered practices may provide an actionable means of optimizing health, well-being, and sport performance in competitive athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A J Keogh
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Emma E Waddington
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zaryan Masood
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sobia Mahmood
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anil C Palanisamy
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew C Ruder
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sameena Karsan
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sports Institute, Middlesex University, London, UK
| | - Matthew J Jordan
- Faculty of Kinesiology, Sport Medicine Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jennifer J Heisz
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dylan Kobsar
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Science, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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Ambrosini L, Presta V, Galli D, Mirandola P, Vitale M, Gobbi G, Condello G. Interlink Between Physiological and Biomechanical Changes in the Swim-to-Cycle Transition in Triathlon Events: A Narrative Review. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2022; 8:129. [PMID: 36224433 PMCID: PMC9556684 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-022-00521-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Triathlon is a multisport composed of swim, cycle, and run segments and two transition periods. The swim-to-cycle transition is considered a critical period for the change in body position and the modifications in physiological (heart rate, VO2, lactate) and biomechanical parameters (cycling power and cadence, swimming stroke rate). Therefore, the aim of this review was to summarize the current evidence regarding the physiological and biomechanical changes and their interlink during the swim-to-cycle transition hinting at practical recommendations for coaches and athletes. The influence of the swim segment on cycle one is more evident for short-distance events. Greater modifications occur in athletes of lower level. The modulation of intensity during the swim segment affects the changes in the physiological parameters (heart rate, blood lactate, core temperature), with a concomitant influence on cycling gross efficiency. However, gross efficiency could be preserved by wearing a wetsuit or by swimming in a drafting position. A higher swim leg frequency during the last meters of the segment induces a higher cadence during the cycle segment. Training should be directed to the maintenance of a swimming intensity around 80–90% of a previous maximal swim test and with the use of a positive pacing strategy. When athletes are intended to train consecutively only swim and cycle segments, for an optimal muscle activation during cycling, triathletes could adopt a lower cadence (about 60–70% of their typical cadence), although an optimal pedaling cadence depends on the level and type of athlete. Future research should be focused on the combined measurements of physiological and biomechanical parameters using an intervention study design to evaluate training adaptations on swim kick rate and their effects on cycling performance. Coaches and athletes could benefit from the understanding of the physiological and biomechanical changes occurring during the swim-to-cycle transition to optimize the overall triathlon performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ambrosini
- grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Presta
- grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Daniela Galli
- grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Prisco Mirandola
- grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Marco Vitale
- grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy ,grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Clinical Movement Analysis Laboratory, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Giuliana Gobbi
- grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Condello
- grid.10383.390000 0004 1758 0937Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci 14, 43126 Parma, Italy
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Puce L, Chamari K, Marinelli L, Mori L, Bove M, Faelli E, Fassone M, Cotellessa F, Bragazzi NL, Trompetto C. Muscle Fatigue and Swimming Efficiency in Behind and Lateral Drafting. Front Physiol 2022; 13:835766. [PMID: 35309050 PMCID: PMC8927722 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.835766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Drafting in swimming is a tactic in which an athlete (drafter) swims in the wave of another athlete (leader). Our aim was to compare the effects of this tactic on the drafter, as far as muscle fatigue, muscle activity, and swimming efficiency are concerned. Fifteen drafters performed three 200 m front crawl trials at a controlled submaximal pace in three configurations: Behind Drafting (BD), Lateral Drafting (LD), and Free Swimming (FS). Muscle fatigue, muscle activity, and swimming efficiency were obtained by surface electromyography (EMG) and video analysis from flexor carpi radialis, triceps brachii, latissimus dorsi, and rectus femoris muscles. The outcome measures were: time slope of Mean Frequency (MNF), for muscle fatigue; time slope of Root Mean Square (RMS), for muscle activity; and Stroke Index (SI) for swimming efficiency. Negative variations of MNF were 5.1 ± 1.7%, 6.6 ± 4.1%, and 11.1 ± 2.7% in BD, LD, and FS, respectively. Statistical significance was found for all cases except for the rectus femoris. Positive variations of RMS were 3.4 ± 1.2%, 4.7 ± 2.7%, and 7.8 ± 4.6% in BD, LD, and FS, respectively. Statistical significance was found only for the slopes of latissimus dorsi in FS and LD. The largest mean in SI was measured in the BD (2.01 m2/s), while the smallest was measured in the FS (1.86 m2/s). BD was found to be the best swimming configuration, in terms of lower muscle fatigue and higher swimming efficiency. Also, LD resulted to be advantageous with respect to FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Puce
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Karim Chamari
- Aspetar, Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Hospital, FIFA Medical Centre of Excellence, Doha, Qatar
- ISSEP Ksar-Said, La Manouba University, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Lucio Marinelli
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Laura Mori
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Marco Bove
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emanuela Faelli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (LIAM), Department of Mathematics and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Marco Fassone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Filippo Cotellessa
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Nicola Luigi Bragazzi
- Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- *Correspondence: Nicola Luigi Bragazzi,
| | - Carlo Trompetto
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
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Rothschild J, Sheard AC, Crocker GH. Influence of a 2-km Swim on the Cycling Power-Duration Relationship in Triathletes. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:1431-1436. [PMID: 32341246 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Rothschild, J, Sheard, AC, and Crocker, GH. Influence of a 2-km swim on the cycling power-duration relationship in triathletes. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-Triathletes must cycle after swimming, and so, it is important to understand how cycling performance may be affected by prior swimming. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a 2-km swim at a self-selected race-pace intensity on the cycling power-duration relationship. Eighteen trained triathletes (12 M, 6 F; 37.1 ± 10.6 years, V[Combining Dot Above]O2max 54.8 ± 10.1 ml·kg·min) performed two 3-minute all-out cycling tests (3MTs) on separate days with one 3 MT immediately after a 2-km swim (swim-bike [SB]) and one without prior swimming (bike-only [BO]). The power-duration relationship was expressed as the total work done (TWD) and subdivided into end-test power (EP) and work done above EP. To assess swimming intensity, heart rate (HR) was continuously monitored during the 2-km swim and blood lactate was assessed on completion of the swim. End-swim lactate was 4.2 ± 1.8 mM, and mean swimming HR was 147 ± 18 b·min. The 2-km swim decreased TWD during the 3MT by 6% (BO: 62.8 ± 12.7 kJ; SB: 58.9 ± 13.4 kJ; p = 0.001) though neither EP (BO: 281 ± 65 W; SB: 269 ± 68 W; p = 0.102) nor work done above EP (BO: 12.1 ± 3.8 kJ; SB: 10.5 ± 4.2 kJ; p = 0.096) differed between trials. In conclusion, TWD while cycling decreases after a 2-km race-pace swim. Results from this study suggest that triathletes should determine racing cycling power following a simulated race-pace swim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Rothschild
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand (SPRINZ), Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,School of Kinesiology, Nutrition & Food Science, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ailish C Sheard
- School of Kinesiology, Nutrition & Food Science, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - George H Crocker
- School of Kinesiology, Nutrition & Food Science, California State University, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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6
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Rothschild J, Crocker GH. Effects of a 2-km Swim on Markers of Cycling Performance in Elite Age-Group Triathletes. Sports (Basel) 2019; 7:sports7040082. [PMID: 30959840 PMCID: PMC6524355 DOI: 10.3390/sports7040082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a 2-km swim on markers of subsequent cycling performance in well-trained, age-group triathletes. Fifteen participants (10 males, five females, 38.3 ± 8.4 years) performed two progressive cycling tests between two and ten days apart, one of which was immediately following a 2-km swim (33.7 ± 4.1 min). Cycling power at 4-mM blood lactate concentration decreased after swimming by an average of 3.8% (p = 0.03, 95% CI −7.7, 0.2%), while heart rate during submaximal cycling (220 W for males, 150 W for females) increased by an average of 4.0% (p = 0.02, 95% CI 1.7, 9.7%), compared to cycling without prior swimming. Maximal oxygen consumption decreased by an average of 4.0% (p = 0.01, 95% CI −6.5, −1.4%), and peak power decreased by an average of 4.5% (p < 0.01, 95% CI −7.3, −2.3%) after swimming, compared to cycling without prior swimming. Results from this study suggest that markers of submaximal and maximal cycling are impaired following a 2-km swim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Rothschild
- TriFit Performance Center, Santa Monica, CA 90404, USA.
- Nutrition and Functional Medicine Program, University of Western States, Portland, OR 97230, USA.
- School of Kinesiology and Nutritional Science, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA.
| | - George H Crocker
- School of Kinesiology and Nutritional Science, California State University Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90032, USA.
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7
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Binnie MJ, Landers G, Peeling P. Effect of different warm-up procedures on subsequent swim and overall sprint distance triathlon performance. J Strength Cond Res 2011; 26:2438-46. [PMID: 22067241 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31823f29c6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of 3 warm-up procedures on subsequent swimming and overall triathlon performance. Seven moderately trained, amateur triathletes completed 4 separate testing sessions comprising 1 swimming time trial (STT) and 3 sprint distance triathlons (SDT). Before each SDT, the athletes completed 1 of three 10-minute warm-up protocols including (a) a swim-only warm-up (SWU), (b) a run-swim warm-up (RSWU), and (c) a control trial of no warm-up (NWU). Each subsequent SDT included a 750-m swim, a 500-kJ (∼20 km) ergometer cycle and a 5-km treadmill run, which the athletes performed at their perceived race intensity. Blood lactate, ratings of perceived exertion, core temperature, and heart rate were recorded over the course of each SDT, along with the measurement of swim speed, swim stroke rate, and swim stroke length. There were no significant differences in individual discipline split times or overall triathlon times between the NWU, SWU, and RSWU trials (p > 0.05). Furthermore, no difference existed between trials for any of the swimming variables measured (p > 0.05) nor did they significantly differ from the preliminary STT (p > 0.05). The findings of this study suggest that warming up before an SDT provides no additional benefit to subsequent swimming or overall triathlon performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn J Binnie
- Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mt Claremont, Australia 2School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia.
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RABITA GIUSEPPE, SLAWINSKI JEAN, GIRARD OLIVIER, BIGNET FRANK, HAUSSWIRTH CHRISTOPHE. Spring-Mass Behavior during Exhaustive Run at Constant Velocity in Elite Triathletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43:685-92. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3181fb3793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Peeling P, Landers G. Swimming intensity during triathlon: a review of current research and strategies to enhance race performance. J Sports Sci 2009; 27:1079-85. [PMID: 19847691 DOI: 10.1080/02640410903081878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The swim section of Sprint- and Olympic-distance triathlon race formats is integral to the success of subsequent cycle and running disciplines, and to overall race performance. The current body of swimming-based triathlon research suggests that the energy used, and the positioning gained among competitors during the swim, is important in determining the success of an athlete's race, especially professional athletes in draft-legal settings. Furthermore, by swimming at a reduced intensity, it has been shown that the performance of the subsequent disciplines may be enhanced. However, reductions in energy output can be obtained without compromising swimming speed. This review highlights the importance of swimming intensity during a triathlon and how it impacts on the ensuing cycle and run. Furthermore, consideration is given to current methods used to manipulate swimming performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Peeling
- School of Sport Science, Exercise and Health, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia.
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Bentley DJ, Cox GR, Green D, Laursen PB. Maximising performance in triathlon: applied physiological and nutritional aspects of elite and non-elite competitions. J Sci Med Sport 2007; 11:407-16. [PMID: 17869183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2007.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/26/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Triathlon is a sport consisting of sequential swimming, cycling and running. The main diversity within the sport of triathlon resides in the varying event distances, which creates specific technical, physiological and nutritional considerations for athlete and practitioner alike. The purpose of this article is to review physiological as well as nutritional aspects of triathlon and to make recommendations on ways to enhance performance. Aside from progressive conditioning and training, areas that have shown potential to improve triathlon performance include drafting when possible during both the swim and cycle phase, wearing a wetsuit, and selecting a lower cadence (60-80 rpm) in the final stages of the cycle phase. Adoption of a more even racing pace during cycling may optimise cycling performance and induce a "metabolic reserve" necessary for elevated running performance in longer distance triathlon events. In contrast, drafting in swimming and cycling may result a better tactical approach to increase overall performance in elite Olympic distance triathlons. Daily energy intake should be modified to reflect daily training demands to assist triathletes in achieving body weight and body composition targets. Carbohydrate loading strategies and within exercise carbohydrate intake should reflect the specific requirements of the triathlon event contested. Development of an individualised fluid plan based on previous fluid balance observations may assist to avoid both dehydration and hyponatremia during prolonged triathlon racing.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bentley
- Health and Exercise Science, University of New South Wales, Australia.
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Bentley DJ, Libicz S, Jougla A, Coste O, Manetta J, Chamari K, Millet GP. The effects of exercise intensity or drafting during swimming on subsequent cycling performance in triathletes. J Sci Med Sport 2007; 10:234-43. [PMID: 16765642 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2006.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Revised: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 05/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare the affects of drafting or a reduction of exercise intensity during swimming on the power output sustained (P(mean)) during a subsequent cycle time trial (TT). In addition the relationship between peak power output (PPO) and P(mean) generated during the cycle TT after swimming was examined. Nine well-trained triathletes performed an incremental cycling test to exhaustion for determination of PPO. In addition, each subject performed three swim-cycle (SC) trials consisting of 20 min cycle TT preceded by a 400 m swimming trial completed as (1) "all out" and in a non-drafting situation (SC(100%)); (2) at 90% of SC(100%) in a non-drafting situation (SC(90%)); (3) in a drafting position at the same controlled velocity as SC(100%) (SC(drafting)). Swimming velocity (ms(-1)) was significantly (p<0.01) lower at each time point during the 400 m swimming trial in SC(90%) compared with SC(100%) and SC(drafting). There was no significant difference in velocity between SC(100%) and SC(drafting). Blood lactate (BLA) concentration was also significantly (p<0.01) lower after swimming in SC(90%) compared to SC(100%) and SC(drafting) (3.8+/-0.9 versus 7.3+/-2.4 and 7.9+/-2.4mM). The Pmean was also significantly (p<0.05) lower in SC(100%) relative to the SC(90%) and SC(drafting) (226+/-15 versus 253+/-33 and 249+/-36W). There was no significant correlation between PPO (W) and P(mean) for SC(100%) (r=-0.32), SC(90%) (r=0.65; p=0.058) or SC(drafting) (r=0.54). This study indicates that drafting or swimming at a lower velocity did not induce any conflicting affects on power output during a subsequent cycle TT. However, this study confirms that P(mean) during a cycle TT is reduced when prior swimming is performed. Furthermore the positive relationship typically observed between PPO and P(mean) is disrupted by swimming activity performed before a cycling TT. This factor should be considered in terms of physiological analysis of triathletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bentley
- Health and Exercise, School of Medical Science, University of NSW, Sydney, Australia.
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