What can we learn from physical capacity about biological age? A systematic review

OBJECTIVE

To systematically investigate the relationship between objective measures of physical capacity (e.g., cardio-respiratory fitness or daily step count) and biological age, measured in different ways.

DATA SOURCE

PubMed; SCOPUS - Elsevier API; and Web of Science - ISI 1984-present, as well as contextual search engines used to identify additional relevant publications.

STUDY SELECTION

Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies that assessed the association between objectively measured physical capacity and biological aging in adult individuals (age>18).

RESULTS

Analysis of 28 studies demonstrated that physical capacity is positively associated with biological aging; the most dominant measures of physical capacity are muscular strength or gait speed. The majority of the studies estimated biological aging by a single methodology - either Leukocyte Telomere Length or DNA methylation levels.

CONCLUSIONS

This systematic review of the objective physical capacity measures used to estimate aging finds that the current literature is limited insofar as it overlooks the potential contribution of many feasible markers. We recommend measuring physical capacity in the context of aging using a wide range of modifiable behavioral markers, beyond simple muscle strength or simple gait speed. Forming a feasible and diversified method for estimating physical capacity through which it will also be possible to estimate biological aging in wide population studies is essential for the development of interventions that may alleviate the burden of age-related disease.

Older Korean adults have lower physical function despite longer exercise times compared to their Japanese counterparts: A Japan-Korea comparative study

AIM

We aimed to compare the level of physical function (PF) and habitual exercise between older Japanese and Korean adults.

METHODS

A comparative study was carried out on 1069 community-dwelling older Japanese and Korean adults (mean age 73.9 ± 5.2 years). The participants were asked to complete a self-reported questionnaire regarding habitual exercise and covariates. PF age, a composite measure of PF, was derived from the 12 items, using principal component analysis. PF age and habitual exercise were compared between the Japanese and Korean adults, using analysis of covariance (ancova) and multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusted for all covariates using propensity scores.

RESULTS

ancova showed that PF age in older Japanese adults was significantly younger than in their Korean counterparts. Older Japanese adults exercised significantly less frequently than their Korean counterparts. Furthermore, older Japanese adults practiced significantly less walking, mountain climbing and bicycling, but more calisthenics, resistance training, ball games and dances than their Korean counterparts.

CONCLUSIONS

We found that older Korean adults had lower PF (3.7 years older in PF age) than their Japanese counterparts. Although the overall frequency and amount of habitual exercise in older Korean adults were higher than those in their Japanese counterparts, particular types of exercise might have contributed to the higher PF levels among older Japanese adults. Thus, older Korean adults might need to engage more in habitual exercises that are specifically effective in maintaining PF. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2018; 18: 576-583.

Effect of exercise performance by elderly women on balance ability and muscle function

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of an exercise intervention on the balance ability and muscle function of elderly women. [Subjects] The subjects were randomly divided into a control group (n=10) and an exercise group (n=10). [Methods] The subjects participated in an elastic band exercise program lasting for 8 weeks, exercising for 40 minutes, four days a week with resting terms of 60 sec. Subjects used a band corresponding to 60% of the strength of the color band with which repetitive exercise was possible up to twelve times. The subjects performed elastic band exercises, with variations to the number of band exercises according to the improvement of their physical fitness levels. When fifteen repetitive elastic band exercises could be performed with no damage of the body, we changed the band for one which was one level up from the former one and subjects used the same band for the upper body and lower body. [Results] Leg muscular strength measured as sit-stand repetitions in 30 s significantly increased in the exercise group after the intervention compared to before the intervention. Leg muscular endurance measured as the number of knee ups in 2 minutes significantly increased in the exercise group after the intervention compared to before the intervention. Balance measured by one-leg standing time with the eyes open significantly improved in the exercise group after the intervention compared to before the intervention. [Conclusion] Balance ability and muscle function significantly improved in the exercise group and showing that the intervention is effective at improving balance, muscle strength, and muscle endurance of elderly women.

Activity groupings reflecting functional characteristics required in daily life in institutionalized dependent females in the old old elderly group

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to determine the activity groupings reflecting functional characteristics required in daily life for the institutionalized dependent females in the old-old elderly group, by examining the interrelationships of activities based on actual achievement characteristics.

METHODS

The participants were 697 dependent elderly living at welfare institutions in Japan and 344 old-old females were used for analysis. Factor analysis, based on Promax with the Kaiser Normalization method, was conducted using 74 activities of daily living (ADL) items to determine activity groups. Furthermore, whether each activity group could be classified into sub-groups was confirmed by applying factor analysis to the activities consisting of each activity group.

RESULTS

Four activity groups of lower extremity activities, manual activities, changing and holding posture activities, and upper extremity and dexterous manual activities were interpreted. Except for the manual activity group, these activity groups were classified into two sub-groups.

CONCLUSIONS

These activity groupings were characterized by similarities of the body parts used in achievement and the difficulty of activity. The activity groupings obtained in this study are considered to be useful in ADL assessment focusing on evaluating functional characteristics of the dependent elderly.

Desenvolvimento e validação de um novo sistema de seleção de talentos para a ginástica olímpica feminina: a Bateria PDGO

A ginástica olímpica (GO) envolve atividades motoras que exigem capacidades específicas. Todavia, há carência de testes para detectar o potencial para o desempenho na GO em idades precoces. Este estudo descreve e apresenta evidências da validade de uma bateria de testes para a seleção de talentos para GO feminina. Inicialmente, foram levantadas as atividades que vêm sendo aplicadas por especialistas em GO, na literatura e por consulta através de questionários. A partir das 30 atividades mencionadas, foi delineada uma bateria de testes com 22 atividades, aplicada em 55 crianças de cinco a nove anos de idade. Com uso de técnicas de análise fatorial, os escores fatoriais individuais foram calculados para o primeiro fator, sendo adotados como variável independente representativa do potencial das crianças para o desempenho em GO (PDGO). Uma regressão múltipla passo a passo gerou uma equação por meio da qual o PDGO era estimado a partir de apenas oito atividades. A validade cruzada da bateria e do índice PDGO foi verificada em 16 ginastas experientes e 19 crianças de escolinha. As primeiras obtiveram médias significativamente maiores (PDGO = 85,1) que as últimas (PDGO = 54,8), indicando que a bateria discriminou bem o potencial geral para o desempenho. Confirmou-se a validade construto com base na estrutura da análise fatorial, já que as atividades agruparam-se em torno de uma única dimensão do desempenho motor. Para a fidedignidade inter e intra-observadores, obtiveram-se correlações de 0,83 a 1,00, sem diferenças entre as médias nas situações observadas. Conclui-se que a bateria de testes, além de ser de aplicação rápida, simples, de baixo custo e fácil entendimento, reveste-se de validade e reprodutibilidade, podendo ser aplicada na seleção inicial de talentos para a GO. Estudos adicionais, porém, deveriam ser conduzidos para confirmação dos presentes resultados, envolvendo amostras maiores e abordagem longitudinal para estabelecimento da validade preditiva do método.

Effects of exercise frequency on functional fitness in older adult women

This study evaluated the effects of exercise frequency on functional fitness in older women participating in a 12-week exercise program. Participants (67.8+/-4.6 years) were divided into three different exercise groups (I, II, and III; n=34) and a control group (Group C; n=11). Group I participated in a 90-min exercise program once a week, for 12 weeks, while Group II attended it twice a week, and Group III attended three times a week. The exercise program consisted of a 10-min warm-up, 20 min of walking, 30 min of recreational activities, 20 min of resistance training, and a 10-min cool-down. The following items were measured before and after the program: muscular strength, muscular endurance, dynamic balance, coordination, and cardiorespiratory fitness (6-min walking distance). Comparisons of baseline and post-intervention measures showed significantly greater improvements in body weight, coordination, and cardiorespiratory fitness for Group III compared to the other groups (p<0.05). In addition, the greatest improvements in body fat, muscular endurance, and dynamic balance were also observed in Group III (p<0.05). However, no significant differences were found in muscular strength. Older women who participate in an exercise program three times a week gain greater functional fitness benefits than those who exercise less frequently. In order to improve functional fitness in older women, an exercise frequency of at least three times each week should be recommended.

Amplitude e cadência do passo e componentes da aptidão muscular em idosos: um estudo correlacional multivariado

O estudo teve por objetivo verificar a associação de amplitude e cadência do passo com componentes da aptidão muscular (CAM) (flexibilidade, força e resistência muscular de membros inferiores), em 25 mulheres de 60 a 86 anos de idade (média = 79 ± 7 anos), fisicamente independentes e cujas condições clínicas não contra-indicassem a realização dos testes propostos. As seguintes variáveis foram estudadas: a) amplitude e cadência do passo (AMP e CAP); b) peso, estatura e altura sentada em um banco com medida padronizada (44cm); c) marcha estacionária de dois minutos (número de repetições) (RESISR); d) força máxima relativa de extensão de joelhos (carga/peso corporal) (FORCAR); e) flexibilidade de tornozelo e quadril (graus) (FLEXT e FLEXQ). A AMP e CAP foram comparadas com as variáveis dos CAM por meio de técnicas de correlação simples e multivariada. Os resultados indicaram que: a) AMP e CAP associaram-se significativamente com o conjunto das variáveis de força e flexibilidade, conforme sugerido pela boa correlação canônica (r can = 0,79; p < 0,05); b) A AMP teve correlação mais forte com a força máxima e endurance de força que com a flexibilidade de membros inferiores; c) a associação conjunta das variáveis dos CAM (FLEXT, FLEXQ, FORCAR e RESISR) com as do passo (AMP e CAP) foi mais forte do que as correlações identificadas para cada variável tomada isoladamente. Com base nos resultados, foi possível propor uma equação para prever a eficiência da marcha a partir dos CAM: EMB = 7,53 - 0,26 (FLEXQ) + 0,29 (FLEXT) - 1,87 (FORCAR) - 0,05 (RESISR) e EMF = 7 (EMB) + 76, onde EMB = Escore de Marcha Bruto, EMF = Escore de Marcha Final (r² = 0,90; SEE = 0,35; p < 0,0001).

Determinants of cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, focusing on activities parallel to daily living

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to examine whether activities parallel to daily living (APDL) constitute a determinant index of cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).

METHODOLOGY

Four functional physical fitness parameters were investigated in 38 male patients (mean age 69.8 +/- 6.7 years) with moderate to severe COPD. The parameters measured were muscular strength (grip strength), muscular endurance strength (arm curl, keeping a half-squat position) and regulation (walking around two cones). In addition, cardiorespiratory fitness was measured using a 6-min walking distance test (6MWD) and peak oxygen uptake (VO(2peak)) was measured during bicycle ergometer testing. Maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) and maximal expiratory pressure were measured so as to quantify respiratory muscle strength.

RESULTS

There were significant correlations (P < 0.05) between the VO(2peak), muscular endurance, pulmonary function and respiratory muscle strength. There were also significant correlations of VO(2peak) to muscular endurance, muscular strength, muscular endurance strength and regulation. In stepwise multiple regression analysis, per cent predicted forced expiratory volume in 1 s and MIP appeared to be significant determinants of VO(2peak), showing a total variance of 56% (P < 0.05). For the 6MWD, the significant determinants were forced vital capacity, MIP and performance in the half-squat test, showing a variance of 59% (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

The results suggest that cardiorespiratory fitness is strongly affected by MIP, pulmonary function and muscular endurance strength, as APDL depend on lower-limb use.

Physical-Fitness Declines in Older Japanese Adults

This cross-sectional study determined physical-fitness levels of more than 1,000 Japanese older men and women, including 338 participants who were 75 years of age and older. Each participant performed 11 tests representing 4 domains of functioning (muscular, joint, neural, and respiratory). Two-way ANOVA was used to examine gender and age differences for each variable. Performance on every test decreased with advancing age, but the declines did not occur at a uniform rate. In addition, men and women did not decline at the same rate for each variable. Although leg strength, balance ability, and reaction time did not decline until after the age of 65, they exhibited the steepest decline of all the variables after age 75. These findings suggest that significant declines in physical fitness occur with advancing age, especially those that are related to mobility and risk for falls.

Functional and locomotive characteristics of stroke survivors in Japanese community-based rehabilitation

OBJECTIVE

The purposes of this study were as follows: (1) to compare the characteristics of functional fitness of Japanese stroke survivors with those of control subjects of a similar age; and (2) to relate these characteristics to the extent of physical impairment and the period after stroke onset to better design community-based rehabilitation programs for stroke survivors.

DESIGN

One hundred fifty-three stroke survivors who participated in community-based rehabilitation and 119 control subjects were measured. Twelve performance test items were designed to assess functional fitness.

RESULTS

The average functional fitness score for the stroke survivors was significantly lower than that of the control group. However, some survivors had higher performance scores than the control group. Significant correlations were shown between some functional fitness items and Brunnstrom recovery stage in the stroke survivors.

CONCLUSION

The large variability in functional fitness scores for stroke survivors indicates a need to design variable rehabilitation programs so that survivors can be grouped according to their specific levels of functional fitness.

Functional fitness may be related to life satisfaction in older Japanese adults

The relationship between functional fitness status and life satisfaction was assessed in older Japanese people from the perspective of quality of life (QOL). A total of 123 older men and women (M = 74.3 years, SD = 5.4) participated in the study. The questionnaire contained 21 questions covering eight structural factors pertaining to the feelings of life satisfaction in older people. The functional fitness test consisted of nine items representing the following five areas of fitness: muscular strength, agility, coordination, balance, and flexibility. The analysis revealed no overall correlation between the total fitness and the total life satisfaction scores, but some of the life satisfaction factors were significantly related to some functional fitness items (P < .01). The results suggest it is important for older people to maintain their functional fitness in order to manage a high quality of life.

Validation of the functional fitness age (FFA) index in older Japanese women

Functional fitness age (FFA), which we previously described, is a measure of functional age that reflects a person's overall physical ability to complete daily tasks such as preparing meals and performing various household chores. The purpose of this study was to validate FFA in two elderly populations: 1) older subjects from different communities, and 2) older subjects participating in an exercise intervention program. FFA was calculated from 4 performance tests: performing arm curls; moving beans with chopsticks; demonstrating functional reach; and sitting and walking around two cones. The first study group was selected from 4 different communities (N=127), and was subdivided into a less active group (N=87) and an active group (N=40). The results of the 4 tests for the less active group were not significantly different from those for the original validation group used in developing the FFA equation. The FFA of the less active group (71.1+/-7.7 yrs) was not different from their chronological age (70.4+/-6.6 yrs). In the active group, except for the arm curls, test scores were significantly higher than those of the original validation group. The FFA of the active group (66.2+/-5.1 yrs) was significantly younger than their chronological age (70.9+/-4.2 yrs). Another group of 14 older women (79.5+/-3.9 yrs) was recruited for pre- and post-training testing. After the 3-month exercise program, they showed significant improvements in sitting and walking around two cones and functional reach; their FFA decreased significantly from 81.5+/-5.0 yrs to 78.3+/-4.5 yrs. The control group selected from the same community (N=16, 79.8+/-5.3 yrs) showed no significant changes in the 4 performance tests, and their FFA remained unchanged. These results indicate that our FFA is highly cross-validated for different Japanese communities, and is sensitive to changes associated with participation in an exercise intervention program.

Functional testing of elderly subjects after lower limb amputation

The aim of the present study was to find out if it is possible to use the same functional tests for elderly subjects after lower limb amputation who live independently at their homes as for healthy ones. Will these tests discriminate among different problems in subjects with different levels and different causes of amputation and will they discriminate between active and sedentary subjects? The study examined 83 volunteers who lived independently at their homes (55 healthy sedentary, 17 after trans-tibial amputation, 11 after trans-femoral amputation). All subjects were aged 60 or older. All subjects after lower limb amputation were found to have significantly worse results in almost all tests in comparison with the healthy sedentary men. The subjects after transfemoral amputation needed significantly more time at the "up and go" test, walked a shorter distance in 9 minutes. and performed fewer stand-ups from a chair and fewer steps in two minutes than the subjects after trans-tibial amputation. The active subjects after lower limb amputation had better balance, were quicker at the "up and go" test and walked longer in a minute than the sedentary subjects after lower limb amputation. It can be concluded that this test battery can also be used to test subjects after lower limb amputation because it discriminates among different severity of problems in subjects with different level and cause of amputation as well as between active and sedentary ones.

Accuracy of two simple methods for the assessment of health-related physical fitness

We have developed a useful equation for estimating health-related physical fitness age. This version of health-related fitness age was developed as an extension of the biological age index and is useful for evaluation of individual differences in functional abilities of middle-aged and older adults. This measure consists of 4 independent variables fitness (VO2 max, standing trunk flexibility, %fat, and grip strength). However, direct measurement of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) is an invasive clinical procedure and not practical for large scale work. In the current study, we attempted to assess the fitness age more feasibly. We selected a questionnaire method and a 12-min. submaximal treadmill walk test as substitutes for the VO2 max test. The three fitness ages were computed for 23 Japanese men (M(age) 54.7 +/- 10.7 yr.), using actual VO2 max (actual fitness age), questionnaire VO2 max (predicted questionnaire fitness age), and treadmill VO2 max (predicted treadmill fitness age). Predicted questionnaire fitness age (61.0 +/- 10.5 yr.) and predicted treadmill fitness age (60.0 +/- 12.4 yr.) were significantly correlated with actual fitness age (60.1 +/- 12.4 yr.) (r= .96 and .97, respectively). There were no significant differences among the three indices, but there was a significant difference between actual fitness age and chronological age (p<.05). For VO+/-2 max substituting the questionnaire for the treadmill estimate is acceptable in assessing fitness age and reducing the clinical risk for middle-aged and older Japanese men.

Proposta de um instrumento para avaliação da autonomia do idoso: o Sistema Sênior de Avaliação da Autonomia de Ação (SysSen)

O texto descreve uma nova técnica de avaliação da autonomia do idoso, o Sistema Sênior de Avaliação da Autonomia de Ação(SysSen), bem como as estratégias adotadas para sua validação. O sistema é formado por um questionário de atividades físicas (Questionário Sênior de Atividades Físicas - QSAP) e de um teste de campo (Teste Sênior de 'Caminhar e Transportar' - TSMP). O QSAP visa quantificar as necessidades dos idosos para uma vida autônoma, em termos de força de membros superiores (FO) e de capacidade cardiorrespiratória (PA), através de uma entrevista em quatro partes. A primeira considera as atividades cotidianas no domicílio, profissionais e de tempo livre. A segunda avalia o contexto ambiental. A terceira aprecia as dificuldades para tarefas cotidianas e os sentimentos quanto às atividades que se gostaria de fazer e/ou retomar. A quarta considera o ponto de vista do entrevistador sobre as informações recolhidas. Obtém-se um índice para o conjunto das necessidades reveladas pelas partes do questionário (Índice de Autonomia Exprimida - IAE). No TSMP o indivíduo marcha 800m de forma acelerada, transportando pesos específicos segundo o sexo. Calcula-se um índice representativo do potencial de realização das tarefas que dependem da interação funcional da FO e PA (Índice de Autonomia Potencial - IAP). Cruzando as informações obtidas, estabelece-se uma razão autonomia potencial/exprimida (IAP/IAE) - Índice Sênior da Autonomia de Ação (ISAC). A pertinência do SysSen foi verificada por meio da comparação com outros instrumentos de avaliação e pela observação da coerência interna e estrutural dos índices obtidos (validade de estrutura, conteúdo e critério). A fidedignidade inter e intraclasse foi investigada através de teste-reteste. A estabilidade das equações de regressão dos índices IAE e IAP foi testada por validação cruzada. Os resultados indicam que os instrumentos que compõem o SysSen são válidos e suas equações, estáveis. A comparação com outras técnicas de avaliação revela que o SysSen pode ser útil no estudo da autonomia funcional sob uma perspectiva positiva, fato raro quando se trata de instrumentos de avaliação gerontológica.

Age scale for assessing functional fitness in older Japanese ambulatory women

Our aim was to develop an age scale for the assessment of functional fitness in older women. The subjects were 430 older Japanese ambulatory women. They were divided into three groups: (a) less active (N=373, age 72.5+/-6.7 years); (b) active (N=23, age 71.0+/-5.4 years); and (c) sedentary (N=34, age 72.9+/-4.7 years). The less active group was used for the development of the instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) age equation, while data from active and sedentary groups were utilized for the assessment of the criterion-related validity. Seventeen functional fitness variables were selected as test items related to IADL. IADL were defined as extra activities people engaged in during daily living, such as preparing meals, housecleaning activities, and washing. After applying the first principal component analysis to the correlation matrix among the 17 items, the following IADL age equation was obtained: IADL age = - 0.43X1 - 0.57X2 - 0.32X3 + 0.37X4 + 0.37CA + 61.88, where X1 = arm curl (n / 30 s), X2 = moving beans with chopsticks (n / 30 s), X3 = functional reach (cm), X4 = walking around two cones (s), and CA = chronological age (years). The mean IADL age of the less active group (72.2+/-8.4 years) obtained from this equation was matched with their mean CA. The mean IADL age of the active group (66.0+/-3.2 years) was significantly lower than their mean CA (71.0+/-5.4 years, p<0.05), and the mean IADL age of the sedentary group (79.1+/-6.0 years) was significantly higher than their mean CA (72.9+/-4.7 years, p<0.05). In conclusion, the criterion-related validity of the IADL age equation was clearly demonstrated as a means to assess the functional fitness required for IADL in older Japanese women.

Descrição e construção do questionário senior de atividades físicas para idosos (QSAP)

A avaliação da autonomia do idoso focaliza-se habitualmente nas atividades desempenhadas ou na aptitude funcional. Raros são os instrumentos que levam em conta ambos os aspectos. Este estudo descreve o desenvolvimento de uma das partes de um sistema de avaliação que tenta cobrir esta lacuna _ o Questionário Senior de Atividades Físicas (QSAP). Trata-se de uma entrevista em quatro partes, quantificando as necessidades para uma vida autônoma em termos de força (FO) e de produção de energia para o trabalho (PA). A Parte I considera as atividades cotidianas no domicílio, profissionais e de tempo livre. A Parte II avalia o contexto de vida do entrevistado. A Parte III aprecia as dificuldades para tarefas cotidianas e os sentimentos quanto às atividades que se gostaria de fazer. A Parte IV considera o ponto de vista do entrevistador. Obtêm-se para cada parte dois índices parciais _ TOT (FO) e TOT (PA). Os índices gerais são três: ITOT (FO), ITOT (PA) e IAE. Aplicaram-se 164 questionários a belgas de 60 a 90 anos (X = 69,9 ± 7,12). Determinou-se o IAE por: a) análise de componentes principais para os índices TOT; b) cálculo dos escores fatoriais referentes ao primeiro fator; c) regressão múltipla entre os escores fatoriais e os ITOT; d) transformação dos resultados da regressão em unidades correspondentes à idade cronológica. Testaram-se a representatividade e a estabilidade do IAE por: a) comparação aos resultados parciais do questionário; b) comparação com a idade cronológica; c) validação cruzada para 20 indivíduos (X = 67,40 ± 5,39 anos). Resultados: a) o IAE representa bem o conjunto das questões do QSAP; b) as necessidades para uma vida autônoma, traduzidas pelo IAE, guardam correlação inversa moderada com a idade; c) a equação de regressão parece ser estável. Conclui-se que o QSAP como um todo _ e o IAE especificamente _ têm boa validade de conteúdo. Recomenda-se, contudo, a verificação posterior da pertinência e da reprodutibilidade do método, antes da generalização de sua aplicação.

Significance of health fitness appraisal in an aging society

There is no doubt that the older population in Japan is rapidly increasing. The over-65 age group is the fastest growing age group in Japanese society. The quality of life for this rapidly growing segment of the population can no longer be ignored without disastrous consequences. The advent of an increased life expectancy has focused attention on the issue of functionality versus disability. We are all faced with the inevitable consequences of aging, yet each of us has the capacity to modify the aging process physiologically through appropriate physical activity and other preventive health measures. Therefore, with the aid of a physically healthy lifestyle, an exercise participant can be physically capable, energetic, and live actively beyond the ages of 50, 60, or even 70 years. Consequently, a key issue for successful or healthy aging would appear to be the improvement in perception of physical ability through education, as well as improvement in health-related physical fitness through a change in lifestyle involving regular exercise. In addition, it is a major responsibility of the physical education profession and related health fields to clarify and publicize the benefits, risks, and specific parameters of physical activity, and to develop an effective prescription for physical activity in programs that are age adjusted. This review discusses from this perspective the significance of health fitness appraisal in the aged society. Much more research is needed to clarify these issues in Japanese society.

The relative utility of health-related fitness tests and skilled motor performance tests as measures of biological age in Japanese men

In the present paper we report the results of a study in which we compared 2 different approaches to the computation of biological age (BA) in a sample of 322 Japanese men (age range 20 to 79 years). In the first approach, 4 commonly used measures of health-related fitness (VO2peak, trunk flexion from a standing position, body fat, and grip strength) were reduced to a single BA score (HRF Age) using principal component analysis. In contrast, in the second approach, 3 commonly used measures of skilled motor performance and agility (vertical jump, stepping side-to-side, and balancing on one leg with eyes closed) were reduced to a single BA score (SMP Age) using similar multivariate procedures. The criterion-related validity of both of the BA measures was examined by assessing each measure's ability to discriminate between healthy and active groups of subjects. This was achieved by classifying the original subject pool into regularly active (ACT; n = 108) and healthy (HLTH; n = 169) subgroups on the basis of self-reported activity levels. Analyses revealed that HRF Age was a more powerful discriminator between the two activity groups than SMP Age. While HRF Age of HLTH subjects was very close to their chronological age (CA), in the ACT group, HRF Age was on average 15 years less than their CA (P < 0.05). In a separate analysis, we assessed the HRF Age of patients with ischemic heart disease, hypertension, obesity, or diabetes (PAT; n = 45). The HRF Age of these subjects averaged 10 years above their CA. Our data suggest that commonly used measures of health-related fitness can be usefully employed as indices of BA which differentiate between individuals of similar ages but differing health and physical activity status. In contrast, measures of skilled motor performance were found to be less valuable measures of BA. The implication of our findings for future experimental design in exercise and aging research is discussed.