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Song Q, Ma M, Liu H, Wei X, Chen X. Effects of step lengths on biomechanical characteristics of lower extremity during split squat movement. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1277493. [PMID: 38026855 PMCID: PMC10667687 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1277493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To quantify the effects of increasing the step length of the split squat on changes in kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activation of the lower extremity. Methods: Twenty male college students participated in the test (age: 23.9 ± 3.7, height: 175.1 ± 4.9). Data on kinematics, kinetics, and EMG were collected during split squat exercise at four different step lengths in a non-systematic manner. One-way repeated measurements ANOVA were used to compare characteristic variables of peak angle, moment, and RMS among the four step length conditions. Results: The step length significantly changes the peak angles of the hip (p = 0.011), knee (p = 0.001), ankle (p < 0.001) joint, and the peak extension moment of the hip (p < 0.001), knee (p = 0.002) joint, but does not affect the ankle peak extension moment (p = 0.357) during a split squat. Moreover, a significant difference was observed in the EMG of gluteus maximus (p < 0.001), vastus medialis (p = 0.013), vastus lateralis (p = 0.020), biceps femoris (p = 0.003), Semitendinosus (p < 0.001), medialis gastrocnemius (p = 0.035) and lateralis gastrocnemius (p = 0.005) during four step lengths, but no difference in rectus femoris (p = 0.16). Conclusion: Increases in step length of split squat had a greater activation on the hip extensor muscles while having a limited impact on the knee extensor muscles. The ROM, joint moment, and muscle activation of the lead limb in the split squat all should be considered in cases of individual preventative or rehabilitative prescription of the exercise. Moreover, the optimal step length for strength training in healthy adults appears to be more suitable when it is equal to the length of the individual lower extremity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingquan Song
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Mujia Ma
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobin Wei
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Centre for Sports Research, China Institute of Sport Science science, Beijing, China
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Tuyà Viñas S, Fernández-Valdés Villa B, Pérez-Chirinos Buxadé C, Morral-Yepes M, Del Campo Montoliu L, Moras Feliu G. Adding mechanical vibration to a half squat with different ballasts and rhythms increases movement variability. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284863. [PMID: 37498880 PMCID: PMC10374075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether whole body vibration increases movement variability while performing a half squat with different ballasts and rhythms through entropy. A total of 12 male athletes (age: 21.24 ± 2.35 years, height: 176.83 ± 5.80 cm, body mass: 70.63 ± 8.58 kg) performed a half squat with weighted vest, dumbbells and bar with weights suspended with elastic bands, with and without vibration at the squat rhythm of 40 and 60 bpm. Each ballast corresponded to 15% of the body mass. The movement variability was analysed by calculating the sample entropy of the acceleration signal, recorded at the waist using an accelerometer. With vibration, differences were found between weighted vest and dumbbells (t(121) = -8.81, p < 0.001 at 40 bpm; t(121) = -8.18, p < 0.001 at 60 bpm) and between weighted vest and bar at both rhythms (t(121) = -8.96, p < 0.001 at 40 bpm; t(121) = -8.83, p < 0.001 at 60 bpm). Furthermore, a higher sample entropy was obtained at 40 bpm with all ballasts (t(121) = 5.65, p < 0.001 with weighted vest; t(121) = 6.27, p < 0.001 with dumbbells; t(121) = 5.78, p < 0.001 with bar). No differences were found without vibration. These findings reveal that adding mechanical vibration to a half squat produces a non-proportional increase in movement variability, being larger when the ballast is placed on the upper limbs and when performed at a slow rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia Tuyà Viñas
- Department of Sports Performance, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bruno Fernández-Valdés Villa
- Department of Health Sciences, Research Group in Technology Applied to High Performance and Health, TecnoCampus, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Pérez-Chirinos Buxadé
- Department of Health Sciences, Research Group in Technology Applied to High Performance and Health, TecnoCampus, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mónica Morral-Yepes
- Department of Sports Performance, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Health Sciences, Research Group in Technology Applied to High Performance and Health, TecnoCampus, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucas Del Campo Montoliu
- Department of Sports Performance, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Strength and Conditioning, Futbol Club Barcelona, Sant Joan Despí, Spain
| | - Gerard Moras Feliu
- Department of Sports Performance, Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
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Orantes-Gonzalez E, Heredia-Jimenez J, Lindley SB, Richards JD, Chapman GJ. An exploration of the motor unit behaviour during the concentric and eccentric phases of a squat task performed at different speeds. Sports Biomech 2023:1-12. [PMID: 37339268 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2023.2221682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Despite squatting being important in strength training and rehabilitation, few studies have investigated motor unit (MU) behaviour. This study explored the MU behaviour of vastus medialis (VM) and vastus lateralis (VL) during the concentric and eccentric phases of a squat exercise performed at two speeds. Twenty-two participants had surface dEMG sensors attached over VM and VL, and IMUs recorded thigh and shank angular velocities. Participants performed squats at 15 and 25 repetitions per minute in a randomised order, and EMG signals were decomposed into their MU action potential trains. A four factor (muscle × speed × contraction phase × sexes) mixed methods ANOVA revealed significant main effects for MU firing rates between speeds, between muscles and between sexes, but not contraction phases. Post hoc analysis showed significantly greater MU firing rates and amplitudes in VM. A significant interaction was seen between speed and the contraction phases. Further analysis revealed significantly greater firing rates during the concentric compared to the eccentric phases, and between speeds during the eccentric phase only. VM and VL respond differently during squatting depending on speed and contraction phase. These new insights in VM and VL MU behvaviour may be useful when designing training and rehabilitation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Orantes-Gonzalez
- Department of Sports and Computer Science, Faculty of Sports, University of Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose Heredia-Jimenez
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, Economy and Technology, University of Granada, Ceuta, Spain
| | | | - Jim D Richards
- Allied Health Research Unit, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Graham J Chapman
- Allied Health Research Unit, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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López-de-Celis C, Labata-Lezaun N, Romaní-Sánchez S, Gassó-Villarejo S, Garcia-Ribell E, Rodríguez-Sanz J, Pérez-Bellmunt A. Effect of Load Distribution on Trunk Muscle Activity with Lunge Exercises in Amateur Athletes: Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11060916. [PMID: 36981573 PMCID: PMC10048665 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11060916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of load distribution applied to the trunk musculature with lunge exercises has yet to be determined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of load placement using dumbbells on the activation of the latissimus dorsi, erector spinae, external oblique, and rectus abdominis muscles during the lunge. METHODS Forty-two amateur athletes (21 men and 21 women) were recruited. Three lunge exercises were performed with different loading arrangements (ipsilateral, contralateral, and bilateral). The principal variable recorded for muscle activity was mean "root mean square" expressed as the percentage of the maximal voluntary isometric contraction. RESULTS There are statistically significant differences in the erector spinae (p < 0.001; p < 0.003) and external oblique muscles (p < 0.009; p < 0.001) compared with the contralateral side. The muscle on the opposite side of the load achieved higher activation for these muscles. The erector spinae and latissimus dorsi muscle did not reach a statistically significant difference with the contralateral side in any exercise (p > 0.05). The higher activation of the latissimus dorsi occurred on the same side on which the load was placed. CONCLUSIONS There was higher activation of the erector spinae, external oblique, and rectus abdominis muscles contralateral to the side of load placement during lunge exercise by amateur athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos López-de-Celis
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat International de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noé Labata-Lezaun
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat International de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sergi Gassó-Villarejo
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat International de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erik Garcia-Ribell
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat International de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacobo Rodríguez-Sanz
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat International de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Pérez-Bellmunt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat International de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
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Influence of Different Load Conditions on Lower Extremity Biomechanics during the Lunge Squat in Novice Men. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9070272. [PMID: 35877323 PMCID: PMC9311947 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9070272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The lunge squat is one of the exercises to strengthen the lower limbs, however, there is little evidence of the effects of different equipment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the biomechanical effects of different types of equipment and loads on the lunge squat’s effect on the lower limbs. Methods: Fourteen male fitness novices participated in the experiment. Kinematics and kinetics in the sagittal plane using dumbbells, barbells, and weighted vests were measured using OpenSim. Two-way repeated measures ANOVA and one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping were used in the statistical analysis (SPM1D). Results: Range of motion (ROM) change in the knee joint was more obvious when using a barbell, whereas ROM when using a dumbbell was minimal. Compared to other joints, the joint moment at the hip joint was the largest and changed more significantly with increasing weight-bearing intensity, and the change was more pronounced with the dumbbell. For the center of pressure (COP) overall displacement, the dumbbell produced a smaller range of displacement. Conclusions: Dumbbells are suggested for male beginners to improve stability, barbells for the more experienced, and a low-weighted vest may be more appropriate for those with knee pain.
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Changes in Amplitude of Hamstring Electromyographic Activity and Its Peak Location During Nordic Hamstring Exercise by Adding External Load. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ATHLETIC THERAPY AND TRAINING 2022. [DOI: 10.1123/ijatt.2021-0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This crossover trial aimed to investigate whether additional loading of unilateral Nordic hamstring exercise on a sloped platform would increase the biceps femoris long head electromyographic activity. Participants were randomly allocated to unilateral Nordic hamstring exercise under three conditions: bodyweight only (BW) or BW with an added weighted ball of 3 kg (BW + 3 kg) or 6 kg (BW + 6 kg), respectively. The biceps femoris long head electromyographic activity was significantly higher for BW + 6 kg (p < .001) than for BW and BW + 3 kg (p < .01). Therefore, adding a load to unilateral Nordic hamstring exercise on a sloped platform might be effective for rehabilitation and prevention of hamstring strain injury recurrence.
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Martín-Fuentes I, Oliva-Lozano JM, Muyor JM. Electromyographic activity in deadlift exercise and its variants. A systematic review. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229507. [PMID: 32107499 PMCID: PMC7046193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this review was to systematically analyze the literature concerning studies which have investigated muscle activation when performing the Deadlift exercise and its variants. This study was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Statement (PRISMA). Original studies from inception until March 2019 were sourced from four electronic databases including PubMed, OVID, Scopus and Web of Science. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (a) a cross-sectional or longitudinal study design; (b) evaluation of neuromuscular activation during Deadlift exercise or variants; (c) inclusion of healthy and trained participants, with no injury issues at least for six months before measurements; and (d) analyzed "sEMG amplitude", "muscle activation" or "muscular activity" with surface electromyography (sEMG) devices. Major findings indicate that the biceps femoris is the most studied muscle, followed by gluteus maximus, vastus lateralis and erector spinae. Erector spinae and quadriceps muscles reported greater activation than gluteus maximus and biceps femoris muscles during Deadlift exercise and its variants. However, the Romanian Deadlift is associated with lower activation for erector spinae than for biceps femoris and semitendinosus. Deadlift also showed greater activation of the quadriceps muscles than the gluteus maximus and hamstring muscles. In general, semitendinosus muscle activation predominates over that of biceps femoris within hamstring muscles complex. In conclusion 1) Biceps femoris is the most evaluated muscle, followed by gluteus maximus, vastus lateralis and erector spinae during Deadlift exercises; 2) Erector spinae and quadriceps muscles are more activated than gluteus maximus and biceps femoris muscles within Deadlift exercises; 3) Within the hamstring muscles complex, semitendinosus elicits slightly greater muscle activation than biceps femoris during Deadlift exercises; and 4) A unified criterion upon methodology is necessary in order to report reliable outcomes when using surface electromyography recordings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José M. Muyor
- Health Research Centre, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- Laboratory of Kinesiology, Biomechanics and Ergonomics (KIBIOMER Lab.), Research Central Services, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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