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Batista GDA, Beltrán SP, dos Passos MHP, Calixtre LB, Santos LRDH, de Araújo RC. Comparison of the Electromyography Activity during Exercises with Stable and Unstable Surfaces: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:111. [PMID: 38668579 PMCID: PMC11055131 DOI: 10.3390/sports12040111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The effect of electromyographic (EMG) activity on agonist muscles during exercises performed on stable and unstable surfaces remains uncertain. We aimed to review the literature regarding the comparison of the EMG activity of the agonist muscles of exercises performed on stable and unstable surfaces. Eighty-six studies that evaluated the EMG activity of 1783 individuals during exercises for the lower limbs, upper limbs, and core were included. The EMG activities of the pectoralis major (SMD = 0.28 [95% CI 0.09, 0.47]) and triceps brachii muscles (SMD = 0.45 [95% CI 0.25, 0.66]) were significantly increased when the unstable device was added to the exercise. Likewise, the EMG activity of all core muscles showed a significant increase with the unstable surface during the exercises, such as the rectus abdominis (SMD = 0.51 [95% CI 0.37, 0.66]), external oblique (SMD = 0.44 [95% CI 0.28, 0.61]), internal oblique (SMD = 1.04 [95% CI 0.02, 2.07]), erector spinae (SMD = 0.37 [95% CI 0.04, 0.71]), and lumbar multifidus (SMD = 0.35 [95% CI 0.08, 0.61]). However, the lower limb muscles did not show greater EMG activity during the exercise with unstable surfaces compared to the stable surface. In conclusion, unstable conditions increase the EMG activity of some upper limb and core muscles compared to a stable surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel de Amorim Batista
- Associated Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, University of Pernambuco, Recife 50100-130, Brazil; (S.P.B.); (M.H.P.d.P.)
| | - Sol Patricia Beltrán
- Associated Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, University of Pernambuco, Recife 50100-130, Brazil; (S.P.B.); (M.H.P.d.P.)
| | - Muana Hiandra Pereira dos Passos
- Associated Graduate Program in Physical Education UPE/UFPB, University of Pernambuco, Recife 50100-130, Brazil; (S.P.B.); (M.H.P.d.P.)
| | - Letícia Bojikian Calixtre
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance (PPGRDF), University of Pernambuco (UPE–Campus Petrolina), Petrolina 56328-900, Brazil; (L.B.C.); (L.R.d.H.S.); (R.C.d.A.)
| | - Laís Regina de Holanda Santos
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance (PPGRDF), University of Pernambuco (UPE–Campus Petrolina), Petrolina 56328-900, Brazil; (L.B.C.); (L.R.d.H.S.); (R.C.d.A.)
| | - Rodrigo Cappato de Araújo
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance (PPGRDF), University of Pernambuco (UPE–Campus Petrolina), Petrolina 56328-900, Brazil; (L.B.C.); (L.R.d.H.S.); (R.C.d.A.)
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Demir C, Harput G. Weight-Bearing Exercises on Slideboard Increase Quadriceps and Hamstring Activation Levels and Improve Hip- and Knee-Flexion Angles in Physically Active Individuals. J Sport Rehabil 2023:1-13. [PMID: 37156537 DOI: 10.1123/jsr.2022-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Slideboards are commonly used in exercise programs, but there is limited information about how they affect muscle activities during exercise. We aim to compare the activation levels of quadriceps and hamstring muscles and hip- and knee-flexion angles during lunge and single-leg squat exercises between normal ground and slideboard in physically active individuals. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Thirty healthy individuals (age: 23.83 [2.84] y, body mass index: 21.75 [1.72] kg/m2) were included in the study. Surface electromyography was used to measure vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, and semitendinosus activation levels during reaching and returning phases of the forward, lateral, and back lunges and squats that were performed on the normal ground and slideboard. Exercises were performed at a slow pace (60 beats/min). Hip- and knee-flexion angles during the exercises were evaluated by using 2-dimensional motion analysis. Repeated measures of analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Vastus medialis and vastus lateralis activation levels were greater during reaching and returning phases of the exercises on slideboard compared with normal ground (P < .05). However, semitendinosus and biceps femoris activity were greater only during the returning phase of the forward lunge (P < .001) and the returning phase of the back squat (P = .002, P = .009, respectively). Hip-to-knee flexion ratios were closer to 1 when the forward lunge (P < .001), back lunge (P = .004), and forward squat (P = .001) exercises were performed on a slideboard. CONCLUSION In exercise programs that target the quadriceps and hamstring muscles, slideboards can be effectively used in exercise progressions as they can increase muscle activity. Moreover, squat and lunge exercises on slideboard with a slow pace may also be helpful for improving the balance between hip- and knee-flexion angles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cigdem Demir
- Institute of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara,Turkey
| | - Gulcan Harput
- Faculty of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation, Hacettepe University, Ankara,Turkey
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Molinaro L, Taborri J, Pauletto D, Guerra V, Molinaro D, Sicari G, Regina A, Guerra E, Rossi S. Measuring the Immediate Effects of High-Intensity Functional Training on Motor, Cognitive and Physiological Parameters in Well-Trained Adults. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:3937. [PMID: 37112276 PMCID: PMC10142119 DOI: 10.3390/s23083937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The importance of physical activity has been widely demonstrated both in clinics and in sports. One of the new frontier training programs is high-intensity functional training (HIFT). The immediate effects of HIFT on the psychomotor and cognitive performance of well-trained people are still not clear. This paper aims to evaluate the immediate effects induced by HIFT on blood lactate levels, physical performance in terms of body stability and jump ability, and cognitive performance in terms of reaction time. Nineteen well-trained participants were enrolled in the experimental studies and asked to execute six repetitions of a circuit training. Data were gathered both in a pre-training session and after each one of the circuit repetitions. An immediate significant increase with respect to the baseline was observed during the first repetition, with a further increase after the third one. No effects on jump ability were found, whereas a deterioration in body stability was found. Positive immediate effects on cognitive performance in terms of accuracy and speed in task execution were assessed. The findings can be exploited by trainers during coaching to optimize the design of training programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Molinaro
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | - Juri Taborri
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, VT, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stefano Rossi
- Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business Organization (DEIM), University of Tuscia, 01100 Viterbo, VT, Italy
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Ivusza P, Hortobágyi T, Sebesi B, Gáspár B, Fésüs Á, Varga M, Malmos V, Váczi M. No Difference in the Acute Effects of Randomization vs. Blocking of Units of Lower-Extremity Proprioceptive Training on Balance and Postural Control in Young Healthy Male Adults. Front Physiol 2022; 13:824651. [PMID: 35557968 PMCID: PMC9086394 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.824651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Random practice is a form of differential learning and its favorable acute effects on motor performance are well described when visual tasks are practiced. However, no study to date has investigated the acute effects of differential learning using variable proprioceptive stimuli instead of the visual cues. The aim of the present study was to compare the acute effects of randomized versus blocked lower-extremity proprioceptive training stimuli on balance and postural adjustments. In two conditions, healthy young males (n = 15, age = 23 years) performed 16 one-legged landings on a board tilted in four directions: 1) tilt direction unknown and randomized and 2) tilt direction known with order of presentation blocked. Multi-segmental angular sway while balancing on an unstable surface and postural responses to perturbation stimulus by surface tilts were measured before and 4 min after training. Overall frontal-plane postural sway on the unstable surface decreased (p < 0.05, η2 = 0.022) in both conditions, while sagittal-plane postural sway remained unchanged. When the surface was toes-up tilted in the perturbation test, the sagittal-plane shank-thigh-pelvis alignment improved in both conditions (p < 0.05, η2 = 0.017), but the direction of the segmental positioning was non-uniform across participants. We conclude that randomization vs. blocking of units of lower-extremity proprioceptive training did not affect balance and postural control in our cohort of healthy young adults but the improvements were test-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Ivusza
- Institution of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Institution of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Balázs Sebesi
- Institution of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Gáspár
- Institution of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ádám Fésüs
- Institution of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Mátyás Varga
- Institution of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Vanessza Malmos
- Faculty of Humanities, Institute of English Studies, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Márk Váczi
- Institution of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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Sánchez-Barbadora M, Cuerda-Del Pino A, González-Rosalén J, Moreno-Segura N, Escriche-Escuder A, Martín-San Agustín R. Differences in lower limb muscle activation between global and selective instability devices in single-leg stance in healthy active subjects. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13317. [PMID: 35462768 PMCID: PMC9022643 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Balance and strength training are frequent strategies to address lower limb injuries, including ankle injuries, which are usually performed in single-leg stance on global instability devices, producing generalized muscular activation of the lower limb. In this context, new specific instability devices arise from the need to selectively work the ankle, specifically the peroneus longus. This study aimed to compare the EMG muscle activation of the peroneus longus, as well as other lower limbs muscles, in a single-leg stance on different balance training devices (BOSU, wobble board, power board, and Blackboard) in standing or squatting positions. Methods Twenty healthy recreationally trained subjects participated in the study. Subjects performed three repetitions of 15 s (one for familiarization and two for measurement) in standing and squatting positions on the floor, BOSU, wobble board, power board, and Blackboard. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to record activity of the peroneus longus, soleus, gastrocnemius medialis, tibialis anterior, rectus femoris, and gluteus maximus. Results The main outcome was that no differences were found for the peroneus longus normalized EMG, neither between devices (p = 0.09) nor between conditions (p = 0.11), nor in the interaction between them (p = 0.16). For the normalized EMG of the other muscles, there were multiple differences between devices and conditions. Of the devices studied, the Blackboard was the one that implied a lower activation of the lower limb muscles and a lower degree of instability, activating the peroneus longus similarly to global instability devices. The BOSU and wobble board achieved high levels of EMG muscle activation for most muscles of the lower limbs. Therefore, they should be considered as potential devices for work in highly unstable conditions or when high activation levels are sought.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Adrian Escriche-Escuder
- Physiotherapy, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain,Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Internacional de Valencia—VIU, Valencia, Spain
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