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Morgan ET, Skubic C, Lee CM, Cokan KB, Rozman D. Regulation of cytochrome P450 enzyme activity and expression by nitric oxide in the context of inflammatory disease. Drug Metab Rev 2020; 52:455-471. [PMID: 32898444 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2020.1817061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Many hepatic cytochrome P450 enzymes and their associated drug metabolizing activities are down-regulated in disease states, and much of this has been associated with inflammatory cytokines and their signaling pathways. One such pathway is the induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) and generation of nitric oxide (NO) in many tissues and cells including the liver and hepatocytes. Experiments in the 1990s demonstrated that NO could bind to and inhibit P450 enzymes, and suggested that inhibition of NOS could attenuate, and NO generation could mimic, the down-regulation by inflammatory stimuli of not only P450 catalytic activities but also of mRNA expression and protein levels of certain P450 enzymes. This review will summarize and examine the evidence that NO functionally inhibits and down-regulates P450 enzymes in vivo and in vitro, with a particular focus on the mechanisms by which these effects are achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T Morgan
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Cene Skubic
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Choon-Myung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kaja Blagotinšek Cokan
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Rozman
- Centre for Functional Genomics and Bio-Chips, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Towles JK, Clark RN, Wahlin MD, Uttamsingh V, Rettie AE, Jackson KD. Cytochrome P450 3A4 and CYP3A5-Catalyzed Bioactivation of Lapatinib. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 44:1584-97. [PMID: 27450182 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.070839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic activation of the dual-tyrosine kinase inhibitor lapatinib by cytochromes CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 has been implicated in lapatinib-induced idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity; however, the relative enzyme contributions have not been established. The objective of this study was to examine the roles of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 in lapatinib bioactivation leading to a reactive, potentially toxic quinoneimine. Reaction phenotyping experiments were performed using individual human recombinant P450 enzymes and P450-selective chemical inhibitors. Lapatinib metabolites and quinoneimine-glutathione (GSH) adducts were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A screen of cDNA-expressed P450s confirmed that CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 are the primary enzymes responsible for quinoneimine-GSH adduct formation using lapatinib or O-dealkylated lapatinib as the substrate. The mean kinetic parameters (Km and kcat) of lapatinib O-dealkylation revealed that CYP3A4 was 5.2-fold more efficient than CYP3A5 at lapatinib O-dealkylation (CYP3A4 kcat/Km = 6.8 μM(-1) min(-1) versus CYP3A5 kcat/Km = 1.3 μM(-1) min(-1)). Kinetic analysis of GSH adduct formation indicated that CYP3A4 was also 4-fold more efficient at quinoneimine-GSH adduct formation as measured by kcat (maximum relative GSH adduct levels)/Km (CYP3A4 = 0.0082 vs. CYP3A5 = 0.0021). In human liver microsomal (HLM) incubations, CYP3A4-selective inhibitors SR-9186 and CYP3cide reduced formation of GSH adducts by 78% and 72%, respectively, compared with >90% inhibition by the pan-CYP3A inhibitor ketoconazole. The 16%-22% difference between CYP3A- and CYP3A4-selective inhibition indicates the involvement of remaining CYP3A5 activity in generating reactive metabolites from lapatinib in pooled HLMs. Collectively, these findings support the conclusion that both CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 are quantitatively important contributors to lapatinib bioactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna K Towles
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences. Nashville, Tennessee (J.K.T., R.N.C., K.D.J.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington School of Pharmacy, Seattle, Washington (M.D.W., A.E.R); and CoNCERT Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts (V.U.)
| | - Rebecca N Clark
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences. Nashville, Tennessee (J.K.T., R.N.C., K.D.J.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington School of Pharmacy, Seattle, Washington (M.D.W., A.E.R); and CoNCERT Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts (V.U.)
| | - Michelle D Wahlin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences. Nashville, Tennessee (J.K.T., R.N.C., K.D.J.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington School of Pharmacy, Seattle, Washington (M.D.W., A.E.R); and CoNCERT Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts (V.U.)
| | - Vinita Uttamsingh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences. Nashville, Tennessee (J.K.T., R.N.C., K.D.J.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington School of Pharmacy, Seattle, Washington (M.D.W., A.E.R); and CoNCERT Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts (V.U.)
| | - Allan E Rettie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences. Nashville, Tennessee (J.K.T., R.N.C., K.D.J.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington School of Pharmacy, Seattle, Washington (M.D.W., A.E.R); and CoNCERT Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts (V.U.)
| | - Klarissa D Jackson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences. Nashville, Tennessee (J.K.T., R.N.C., K.D.J.); Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington School of Pharmacy, Seattle, Washington (M.D.W., A.E.R); and CoNCERT Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Lexington, Massachusetts (V.U.)
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Shaik IH, Mehvar R. Effects of Normothermic Hepatic Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury on the In Vivo, Isolated Perfused Liver, and Microsomal Disposition of Chlorzoxazone, a Cytochrome P450 2E1 Probe, in Rats. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:5281-92. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
In low nanomolar concentrations, NO (nitric oxide) functions as a transmitter in brain and other tissues, whereas near-micromolar NO concentrations are associated with toxicity and cell death. Control of the NO concentration, therefore, is critical for proper brain function, but, although its synthesis pathway is well-characterized, the major route of breakdown of NO in brain is unclear. Previous observations indicate that brain cells actively consume NO at a high rate. The mechanism of this consumption was pursued in the present study. NO consumption by a preparation of central glial cells was abolished by cell lysis and recovered by addition of NADPH. NADPH-dependent consumption of NO localized to cell membranes and was inhibited by proteinase K, indicating the involvement of a membrane-bound protein. Purification of this activity yielded CYPOR (cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase). Antibodies against CYPOR inhibited NO consumption by brain membranes and the amount of CYPOR in several cell types correlated with their rate of NO consumption. NO was also consumed by purified CYPOR but this activity was found to depend on the presence of the vitamin E analogue Trolox (6-hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid), included in the buffer as a precaution against inadvertent NO consumption by lipid peroxidation. In contrast, NO consumption by brain membranes was independent of Trolox. Hence, it appears that, during the purification process, CYPOR becomes separated from a partner needed for NO consumption. Cytochrome P450 inhibitors inhibited NO consumption by brain membranes, making these proteins likely candidates.
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Shayeganpour A, Korashy H, Patel JP, El-Kadi AO, Brocks DR. The impact of experimental hyperlipidemia on the distribution and metabolism of amiodarone in rat. Int J Pharm 2008; 361:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Mehvar R, Vuppugalla R. Hepatic Disposition of the Cytochrome P450 2E1 Marker Chlorzoxazone and its Hydroxylated Metabolite in Isolated Perfused Rat Livers. J Pharm Sci 2006; 95:1414-24. [PMID: 16724323 DOI: 10.1002/jps.20503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The steady-state disposition of chlorzoxazone (CZX) and its hydroxylated metabolite 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone (HCZX) was determined in a single-pass isolated perfused rat liver (IPRL) model using constant CZX concentrations of 10-200 microM. The concentrations of CZX, HCZX, and/or HCZX glucuronide in the perfusate, bile, and liver tissues were measured and kinetic parameters calculated. Upon an increase in CZX inlet concentrations from 10 to 200 microM, its extraction ratio sharply declined from 0.681 to 0.087. This was associated with a saturable formation of HCZX, which was rapidly and completely metabolized to its glucuronide conjugate. Whereas the biliary excretion of CZX was negligible, that of HCZX was substantial (up to 40% of the generated metabolite). Overall, 79-93% of the CZX dose (10-200 microM) was recovered in our model as CZX and HCZX. Additionally, HCZX accounted for 56% (200 microM) to 71% (10 microM) of the extracted CZX dose. Further, a preliminary study using the preformed HCZX showed a complete (100%) recovery of the metabolite as its conjugate. Therefore, the unrecovered portion of CZX dose in our study (7-21% of the administered dose or 29-44% of the extracted dose at inlet CZX concentrations of 10-200 microM) is most likely due to parallel metabolism of CZX to other metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Mehvar
- School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter, Amarillo, USA.
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Yohe HC, O'Hara KA, Hunt JA, Kitzmiller TJ, Wood SG, Bement JL, Bement WJ, Szakacs JG, Wrighton SA, Jacobs JM, Kostrubsky V, Sinclair PR, Sinclair JF. Involvement of Toll-like receptor 4 in acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2006; 290:G1269-79. [PMID: 16439473 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00239.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine whether Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has a role in alcohol-mediated acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity. TLR4 is involved in the inflammatory response to endotoxin. Others have found that ethanol-mediated liver disease is decreased in C3H/HeJ mice, which have a mutated TLR4 resulting in a decreased response to endotoxin compared with endotoxin-responsive mice. In the present study, short-term (1 wk) pretreatment with ethanol plus isopentanol, the predominant alcohols in alcoholic beverages, caused no histologically observed liver damage in either C3H/HeJ mice or endotoxin-responsive C3H/HeN mice, despite an increase in nitrotyrosine levels in the livers of C3H/HeN mice. In C3H/HeN mice pretreated with the alcohols, subsequent exposure to APAP caused a transient decrease in liver nitrotyrosine formation, possibly due to competitive interaction of peroxynitrite with APAP producing 3-nitroacetaminophen. Treatment with APAP alone resulted in steatosis in addition to congestion and necrosis in both C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ mice, but the effects were more severe in endotoxin-responsive C3H/HeN mice. In alcohol-pretreated endotoxin-responsive C3H/HeN mice, subsequent exposure to APAP resulted in further increases in liver damage, including severe steatosis, associated with elevated plasma levels of TNF-alpha. In contrast, alcohol pretreatment of C3H/HeJ mice caused little to no increase in APAP hepatotoxicity and no increase in plasma TNF-alpha. Portal blood endotoxin levels were very low and were not detectably elevated by any of the treatments. In conclusion, this study implicates a role of TLR4 in APAP-mediated hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert C Yohe
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, White River Junction, VT 05009, USA.
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Vuppugalla R, Mehvar R. Selective effects of nitric oxide on the disposition of chlorzoxazone and dextromethorphan in isolated perfused rat livers. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 34:1160-6. [PMID: 16621933 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.105.009050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid and direct effects of nitric oxide (NO) donors sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN) on the hepatic and biliary disposition of chlorzoxazone (CZX), a marker of CYP2E1, and dextromethorphan (DEM), a marker of CYP2D1, were studied in a single-pass isolated perfused rat liver model. Livers (n = 30) were perfused with constant concentrations of NO donors (0-120 min) in addition to infusion of CZX or DEM (60-120 min), and periodical outlet and bile samples were collected. Both ISDN and SNP significantly reduced (30 and 60%, respectively) the hepatic extraction ratio of CZX and decreased (50 and 70%, respectively) the recovery of the CYP2E1-mediated metabolite, 6-hydroxychlorzoxazone, in the outlet perfusate and bile. As for DEM, both NO donors increased (up to 3.5-fold) the recovery of the CYP2D1-mediated metabolite dextrorphan (DOR) in the outlet perfusate. However, this was associated with a simultaneous decrease (50-75%) in the excretion of the metabolite into the bile, thus resulting in no change in the overall recovery of DOR as a result of NO donor treatment. The decrease in the biliary excretion of DOR was caused by NO-induced simultaneous reductions in both the conjugation of DOR and biliary clearance of DOR conjugate. Additionally, both SNP and ISDN significantly reduced the metabolism of DEM to 3-hydroxymorphinan, which is mostly regulated by CYP3A2. These studies in an intact liver model confirm the selectivity of the inhibitory effects of NO donors on cytochrome P450 enzymes, which was recently reported in microsomal studies, and expand these inhibitory effects to conjugation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ragini Vuppugalla
- School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
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