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Miyake T, Mochizuki T, Nakagawa T, Nakamura M, Emoto C, Komiyama N, Hirabayashi M, Tsuruta S, Shimojo T, Terao K, Tachibana T. Quantitative prediction of CYP3A-mediated drug-drug interactions by correctly estimating fraction metabolized using human liver chimeric mice. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:1091-1106. [PMID: 37872109 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Fraction metabolized (fm ) and fraction transported (ft ) are important for understanding drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in drug discovery and development. However, current in vitro systems cannot accurately estimate in vivo fm due to inability to reflect the ft by efflux transporters (ft,efflux ). This study demonstrates how CYP3A-mediated DDI for CYP3A/P-gp substrates can be predicted using Hu-PXB mice as human liver chimeric mice. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH For estimating human in vitro fm by CYP3A enzyme (fm,CYP3A,in vitro ), six drugs, including CYP3A/P-gp substrates (alprazolam, cyclosporine, docetaxel, midazolam, prednisolone, and theophylline) and human hepatocytes were incubated with or without ketoconazole as a CYP3A inhibitor. We calculated fm,CYP3A,in vitro based on hepatic intrinsic clearance. To estimate human in vivo fm,CYP3A (fm,CYP3A,in vivo ), we collected information on clinical DDI caused by ketoconazole for these six drugs. We calculated fm,CYP3A,in vivo using the change of total clearance (CLtotal ). For evaluating the human DDI predictability, the six drugs were administered intravenously to Hu-PXB and SCID mice with or without ketoconazole. We calculated the change of CLtotal caused by ketoconazole. We compared the CLtotal change in humans with that in Hu-PXB and SCID mice. KEY RESULTS The fm,CYP3A,in vitro was overestimated compared to the fm,CYP3A,in vivo . Hu-PXB mice showed much better correlation in the change of CLtotal with humans (R2 = 0.95) compared to SCID mice (R2 = 0.0058). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS CYP3A-mediated DDI can be predicted by correctly estimating human fm,CYP3A,in vivo using Hu-PXB mice. These mice could be useful predicting hepatic fm and ft,efflux .
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Miyake
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Translational Research Div., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Mochizuki
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Translational Research Div., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toshito Nakagawa
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Translational Research Div., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mikiko Nakamura
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Translational Research Div., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Chie Emoto
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Translational Research Div., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Natsuko Komiyama
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Manabu Hirabayashi
- Chugai Research Institute for Medical Science Inc., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi Tsuruta
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Translational Research Div., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomofumi Shimojo
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Translational Research Div., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kimio Terao
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Translational Research Div., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Tachibana
- Pharmaceutical Science Department, Translational Research Div., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Fujino C, Sanoh S, Katsura T. Variation in Expression of Cytochrome P450 3A Isoforms and Toxicological Effects: Endo- and Exogenous Substances as Regulatory Factors and Substrates. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1617-1634. [PMID: 34719640 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The CYP3A subfamily, which includes isoforms CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7 in humans, plays important roles in the metabolism of various endogenous and exogenous substances. Gene and protein expression of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7 show large inter-individual differences, which are caused by many endogenous and exogenous factors. Inter-individual differences can cause negative outcomes, such as adverse drug events and disease development. Therefore, it is important to understand the variations in CYP3A expression caused by endo- and exogenous factors, as well as the variation in the metabolism and kinetics of endo- and exogenous substrates. In this review, we summarize the factors regulating CYP3A expression, such as bile acids, hormones, microRNA, inflammatory cytokines, drugs, environmental chemicals, and dietary factors. In addition, variations in CYP3A expression under pathological conditions, such as coronavirus disease 2019 and liver diseases, are described as examples of the physiological effects of endogenous factors. We also summarize endogenous and exogenous substrates metabolized by CYP3A isoforms, such as cholesterol, bile acids, hormones, arachidonic acid, vitamin D, and drugs. The relationship between the changes in the kinetics of these substrates and the toxicological effects in our bodies are discussed. The usefulness of these substrates and metabolites as endogenous biomarkers for CYP3A activity is also discussed. Notably, we focused on discrimination between CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP3A7 to understand inter-individual differences in CYP3A expression and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chieri Fujino
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Seigo Sanoh
- Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wakayama Medical University
| | - Toshiya Katsura
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics and Therapeutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
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Nakano N, Sakata N, Katsu Y, Nochise D, Sato E, Takahashi Y, Yamaguchi S, Haga Y, Ikeno S, Motizuki M, Sano K, Yamasaki K, Miyazawa K, Itoh S. Dissociation of the AhR/ARNT complex by TGF-β/Smad signaling represses CYP1A1 gene expression and inhibits benze[a]pyrene-mediated cytotoxicity. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9033-9051. [PMID: 32409577 PMCID: PMC7335805 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.013596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1) catalyzes the metabolic activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and is transcriptionally regulated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)/AhR nuclear translocator (ARNT) complex upon exposure to PAHs. Accordingly, inhibition of CYP1A1 expression reduces production of carcinogens from PAHs. Although transcription of the CYP1A1 gene is known to be repressed by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), how TGF-β signaling is involved in the suppression of CYP1A1 gene expression has yet to be clarified. In this study, using mammalian cell lines, along with shRNA-mediated gene silencing, CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing, and reporter gene and quantitative RT-PCR assays, we found that TGF-β signaling dissociates the B[a]P-mediated AhR/ARNT heteromeric complex. Among the examined Smads, Smad family member 3 (Smad3) strongly interacted with both AhR and ARNT via its MH2 domain. Moreover, hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α), which is stabilized upon TGF-β stimulation, also inhibited AhR/ARNT complex formation in the presence of B[a]P. Thus, TGF-β signaling negatively regulated the transcription of the CYP1A1 gene in at least two different ways. Of note, TGF-β abrogated DNA damage in B[a]P-exposed cells. We therefore conclude that TGF-β may protect cells against carcinogenesis because it inhibits CYP1A1-mediated metabolic activation of PAHs as part of its anti-tumorigenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Nakano
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuo Sakata
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Katsu
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daiki Nochise
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erika Sato
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Takahashi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saori Yamaguchi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Haga
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Souichi Ikeno
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuyoshi Motizuki
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Keigo Sano
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kohei Yamasaki
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keiji Miyazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Yamanashi, Yamanashi, Japan
| | - Susumu Itoh
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Showa Pharmaceutical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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Sato Y, Kaneko Y, Cho T, Goto K, Otsuka T, Yamamoto S, Goto S, Maruyama H, Narita I. Prolactin Upregulates Female-Predominant P450 Gene Expressions and Downregulates Male-Predominant Gene Expressions in Mouse Liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:586-592. [PMID: 28330858 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.074658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolactin is a polypeptide hormone with over 300 separate biologic activities. Its serum level is increased during pregnancy and lactation, and it has been reported that pregnancy and lactation affect drug and steroid metabolism in mice and humans. Several studies reported that pregnancy or lactation influences liver cytochrome P450 (P450) expression and its activity, affecting the biosynthesis of steroids and xenobiotics through growth hormone or sex hormones; however, the role of prolactin as the regulator of liver P450 expression has not been elucidated so far. In the present study, we focused on prolactin as the regulator of expression of liver sex-predominant genes, including P450s. To investigate the role of prolactin in the hepatic gene expressions, pCAGGS expression vector containing mouse prolactin cDNA was transfected by hydrodynamic injection into both male and female mice. Hyperprolactinemia phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 in the liver and augmented female mouse liver mRNA expression of Cyp3a16, Cyp3a41, Cyp3a44, Cyp2b9, and prolactin receptor genes, whose expressions were female-predominant in hepatocytes. Moreover, liver expression of male-predominant genes such as Cyp2d9, Cyp7b1, Mup1, and Alas2 were reduced in male mice with hyperprolactinemia. The serum levels of conventional regulators of hepatic gene expressions, growth hormone, and testosterone were not affected by hyperprolactinemia. We demonstrated that prolactin upregulated female-predominant genes in female mice and downregulated male-predominant genes in male mice. We conjecture that higher concentration of prolactin would alter steroid and xenobiotic metabolisms by modulating hepatic P450 gene expressions during pregnancy and lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Sato
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology (Y.S., Y.K., T.C., K.G., T.O., S.Y., S.G., I.N.) and Department of Clinical Nephroscience (H.M.), Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi-dori, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshikatsu Kaneko
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology (Y.S., Y.K., T.C., K.G., T.O., S.Y., S.G., I.N.) and Department of Clinical Nephroscience (H.M.), Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi-dori, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takamasa Cho
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology (Y.S., Y.K., T.C., K.G., T.O., S.Y., S.G., I.N.) and Department of Clinical Nephroscience (H.M.), Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi-dori, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kei Goto
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology (Y.S., Y.K., T.C., K.G., T.O., S.Y., S.G., I.N.) and Department of Clinical Nephroscience (H.M.), Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi-dori, Niigata, Japan
| | - Tadashi Otsuka
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology (Y.S., Y.K., T.C., K.G., T.O., S.Y., S.G., I.N.) and Department of Clinical Nephroscience (H.M.), Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi-dori, Niigata, Japan
| | - Suguru Yamamoto
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology (Y.S., Y.K., T.C., K.G., T.O., S.Y., S.G., I.N.) and Department of Clinical Nephroscience (H.M.), Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi-dori, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shin Goto
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology (Y.S., Y.K., T.C., K.G., T.O., S.Y., S.G., I.N.) and Department of Clinical Nephroscience (H.M.), Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi-dori, Niigata, Japan
| | - Hiroki Maruyama
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology (Y.S., Y.K., T.C., K.G., T.O., S.Y., S.G., I.N.) and Department of Clinical Nephroscience (H.M.), Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi-dori, Niigata, Japan
| | - Ichiei Narita
- Division of Clinical Nephrology and Rheumatology (Y.S., Y.K., T.C., K.G., T.O., S.Y., S.G., I.N.) and Department of Clinical Nephroscience (H.M.), Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi-dori, Niigata, Japan
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Ramirez MC, Ornstein AM, Luque GM, Perez Millan MI, Garcia-Tornadu I, Rubinstein M, Becu-Villalobos D. Pituitary and brain dopamine D2 receptors regulate liver gene sexual dimorphism. Endocrinology 2015; 156:1040-51. [PMID: 25545383 PMCID: PMC4330309 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Liver sexual gene dimorphism, which depends mainly on specific patterns of GH secretion, may underlie differential susceptibility to some liver diseases. Because GH and prolactin secretion are regulated by dopaminergic pathways, we studied the participation of brain and lactotrope dopamine 2 receptors (D2Rs) on liver gene sexual dimorphism, to explore a link between the brain and liver gene expression. We used global D2R knockout mice (Drd2(-/-)) and conducted a functional dissection strategy based on cell-specific Drd2 inactivation in neurons (neuroDrd2KO) or pituitary lactotropes. Disruption of neuronal D2Rs (which impaired the GH axis) decreased most of male or female-predominant class I liver genes and increased female-predominant class II genes in males, consistent with the positive (class I) or negative (class II) regulation of these genes by GH. Notably, sexual dimorphism was lost for class I and II genes in neuroDrd2KO mice. Disruption of lactotrope D2Rs did not modify class I or II genes in either sex, because GH axis was preserved. But surprisingly, 1 class II gene (Prlr) and female-predominant class I genes were markedly up-regulated in lacDrd2KO females, pointing to direct or indirect effects of prolactin in the regulation of selected female-predominant liver genes. This suggestion was strengthened in the hyperprolactinemic Drd2(-/-) female mouse, in which increased expression of the same 4 liver genes was observed, despite a decreased GH axis. We hereby demonstrate endocrine-mediated D2R actions on sexual dimorphic liver gene expression, which may be relevant during chronic dopaminergic medications in psychiatric disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cecilia Ramirez
- Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (M.C.R., A.M.O., G.M.L., M.I.P.M., I.G.T., D.B.-V.), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina; and Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (M.R.), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, and Departamento de Fisiología y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, University of Buenos Aires, 1428 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Fortin MC, Aleksunes LM, Richardson JR. Alteration of the expression of pesticide-metabolizing enzymes in pregnant mice: potential role in the increased vulnerability of the developing brain. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 41:326-31. [PMID: 23223497 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.049395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on therapeutic drug disposition in humans have shown significant alterations as the result of pregnancy. However, it is not known whether pesticide metabolic capacity changes throughout pregnancy, which could affect exposure of the developing brain. We sought to determine the effect of pregnancy on the expression of hepatic enzymes involved in the metabolism of pesticides. Livers were collected from virgin and pregnant C57BL/6 mice at gestational days (GD)7, GD11, GD14, GD17, and postpartum days (PD)1, PD15, and PD30. Relative mRNA expression of several enzymes involved in the metabolism of pesticides, including hepatic cytochromes (Cyp) P450s, carboxylesterases (Ces), and paraoxonase 1 (Pon1), were assessed in mice during gestation and the postpartum period. Compared with virgin mice, alterations in the expression occurred at multiple time points, with the largest changes observed on GD14. At this time point, the expression of most of the Cyps involved in pesticide metabolism in the liver (Cyp1a2, Cyp2d22, Cyp2c37, Cyp2c50, Cyp2c54, and Cyp3a11) were downregulated by 30% or more. Expression of various Ces isoforms and Pon1 were also decreased along with Pon1 activity. These data demonstrate significant alterations in the expression of key enzymes that detoxify pesticides during pregnancy, which could alter exposure of developing animals to these chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie C Fortin
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Bhadhprasit W, Sakuma T, Kawasaki Y, Nemoto N. Hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α regulates expression of the mouse female-specific Cyp3a41 gene in the liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 39:490-7. [PMID: 21088200 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.035980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
CYP3A41 is a female-specific cytochrome P450 in mouse liver. A putative hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α)-binding site was found at -99/-87 in the promoter of Cyp3a41 by reporter assays performed in the hepatocytes of female mice. Cotransfection of an HNF4α expression plasmid significantly increased transcription of the reporter gene. Although electrophoretic mobility shift assays with liver nuclear extracts did not show a sex-related difference, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays showed that larger amounts of HNF4α bound to Cyp3a41 in female than in male mice. A relation between the amount of HNF4α on the Cyp3a41 gene and mRNA expression was observed in hepatic tissue sets, which differ in mRNA expression depending on the sex, age, or endocrine status of mice. The degree of histone-3-lysine-4 dimethylation and histone-3-lysine-27 trimethylation around the HNF4α-binding site was higher in females and males, respectively. Moreover, the ChIP assay indicated greater acetylation of histone-4-lysine-8 of the Cyp3a41 chromatin in females than in males. HNF4α plays an important role in the transcriptional activation of the Cyp3a41 gene, and a sex difference in chromatin structure may contribute to the female-specific expression of Cyp3a41 in the livers of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wattanaporn Bhadhprasit
- Department of Toxicology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Frijters R, Fleuren W, Toonen EJM, Tuckermann JP, Reichardt HM, van der Maaden H, van Elsas A, van Lierop MJ, Dokter W, de Vlieg J, Alkema W. Prednisolone-induced differential gene expression in mouse liver carrying wild type or a dimerization-defective glucocorticoid receptor. BMC Genomics 2010; 11:359. [PMID: 20525385 PMCID: PMC2895630 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-11-359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2010] [Accepted: 06/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoids (GCs) control expression of a large number of genes via binding to the GC receptor (GR). Transcription may be regulated either by binding of the GR dimer to DNA regulatory elements or by protein-protein interactions of GR monomers with other transcription factors. Although the type of regulation for a number of individual target genes is known, the relative contribution of both mechanisms to the regulation of the entire transcriptional program remains elusive. To study the importance of GR dimerization in the regulation of gene expression, we performed gene expression profiling of livers of prednisolone-treated wild type (WT) and mice that have lost the ability to form GR dimers (GRdim). RESULTS The GR target genes identified in WT mice were predominantly related to glucose metabolism, the cell cycle, apoptosis and inflammation. In GRdim mice, the level of prednisolone-induced gene expression was significantly reduced compared to WT, but not completely absent. Interestingly, for a set of genes, involved in cell cycle and apoptosis processes and strongly related to Foxo3a and p53, induction by prednisolone was completely abolished in GRdim mice. In contrast, glucose metabolism-related genes were still modestly upregulated in GRdim mice upon prednisolone treatment. Finally, we identified several novel GC-inducible genes from which Fam107a, a putative histone acetyltransferase complex interacting protein, was most strongly dependent on GR dimerization. CONCLUSIONS This study on prednisolone-induced effects in livers of WT and GRdim mice identified a number of interesting candidate genes and pathways regulated by GR dimers and sheds new light onto the complex transcriptional regulation of liver function by GCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raoul Frijters
- Computational Drug Discovery (CDD), Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Wilco Fleuren
- Computational Drug Discovery (CDD), Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Erik JM Toonen
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Schering-Plough, Molenstraat 110, 5342 CC Oss, the Netherlands
| | - Jan P Tuckermann
- Tuckermann Lab, Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstraße 11, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Holger M Reichardt
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University of Göttingen Medical School, Humboldtallee 34, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans van der Maaden
- Molecular Pharmacology Department, Schering-Plough, Molenstraat 110, 5342 CC Oss, the Netherlands
| | - Andrea van Elsas
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Schering-Plough, Molenstraat 110, 5342 CC Oss, the Netherlands
| | - Marie-Jose van Lierop
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Schering-Plough, Molenstraat 110, 5342 CC Oss, the Netherlands
| | - Wim Dokter
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Schering-Plough, Molenstraat 110, 5342 CC Oss, the Netherlands
| | - Jacob de Vlieg
- Computational Drug Discovery (CDD), Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Molecular Design & Informatics, Schering-Plough, Molenstraat 110, 5342 CC Oss, the Netherlands
| | - Wynand Alkema
- Department of Molecular Design & Informatics, Schering-Plough, Molenstraat 110, 5342 CC Oss, the Netherlands
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Sakuma T, Kawasaki Y, Jarukamjorn K, Nemoto N. Sex Differences of Drug-metabolizing Enzyme: Female Predominant Expression of Human and Mouse Cytochrome P450 3A Isoforms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.55.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Sakuma
- Department of Toxicology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Yuki Kawasaki
- Department of Toxicology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
| | - Kanokwan Jarukamjorn
- Department of Toxicology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
- Academic Office of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University
| | - Nobuo Nemoto
- Department of Toxicology, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama
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