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John OD, Mushunje AT, Surugau N, Mac Guad R. The metabolic and molecular mechanisms of α‑mangostin in cardiometabolic disorders (Review). Int J Mol Med 2022; 50:120. [PMID: 35904170 PMCID: PMC9354700 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
α‑mangostin is a xanthone predominantly encountered in Garcinia mangostana. Extensive research has been carried out concerning the effects of this compound on various diseases, including obesity, cancer and metabolic disorders. The present review suggests that α‑mangostin exerts promising anti‑obesity, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, antioxidant and anti‑inflammatory effects on various pathways in cardiometabolic diseases. The anti‑obesity effects of α‑mangostin include the reduction of body weight and adipose tissue size, the increase in fatty acid oxidation, the activation of hepatic AMP‑activated protein kinase and Sirtuin‑1, and the reduction of peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor γ expression. Hepatoprotective effects have been revealed, due to reduced fibrosis through transforming growth factor‑β 1 pathways, reduced apoptosis and steatosis through reduced sterol regulatory‑element binding proteins expression. The antidiabetic effects include decreased fasting blood glucose levels, improved insulin sensitivity and the increased expression of GLUT transporters in various tissues. Cardioprotection is exhibited through the restoration of cardiac functions and structure, improved mitochondrial functions, the promotion of M2 macrophage populations, reduced endothelial and cardiomyocyte apoptosis and fibrosis, and reduced acid sphingomyelinase activity and ceramide depositions. The antioxidant effects of α‑mangostin are mainly related to the modulation of antioxidant enzymes, the reduction of oxidative stress markers, the reduction of oxidative damage through a reduction in Sirtuin 3 expression mediated by phosphoinositide 3‑kinase/protein kinase B/peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor‑γ coactivator‑1α signaling pathways, and to the increase in Nuclear factor‑erythroid factor 2‑related factor 2 and heme oxygenase‑1 expression levels. The anti‑inflammatory effects of α‑mangostin include its modulation of nuclear factor‑κB related pathways, the suppression of mitogen‑activated protein kinase activation, increased macrophage polarization to M2, reduced inflammasome occurrence, increased Sirtuin 1 and 3 expression, the reduced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, the production of nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2, the reduced expression of Toll‑like receptors and reduced proinflammatory cytokine levels. These effects demonstrate that α‑mangostin may possess the properties required for a suitable candidate compound for the management of cardiometabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Dean John
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
- Faculty of Science, Asia-Pacific International University, Muak Lek, Saraburi 18180, Thailand
| | - Annals Tatenda Mushunje
- Faculty of Science, Asia-Pacific International University, Muak Lek, Saraburi 18180, Thailand
| | - Noumie Surugau
- Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Rhanye Mac Guad
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
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Tao J, Ai H. Metabolism of gartanin in liver microsomes and its modulating effects on cytochrome P450s. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:335-345. [PMID: 35607983 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2076631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Gartanin, a compound found in mangosteen, has various pharmacological activities, including anticancer, anti-inflammation, and antioxidation.In the present study, we reported differences of gartanin metabolism among species and the effect of gartanin on cytochrome P450 (CYP) activities and protein expression.We found significant difference in gartanin metabolism among species, where rabbits and humans had similar metabolic characteristics. Five CYP-catalysed metabolites and three glucuronosyltransferase (UGT)-catalysed metabolites were identified by LC-MS/MS. Hydroxylation was the major metabolic pathway. Gartanin exhibited mixed inhibition on CYP1A2 activity with IC50 and Ki values of 1.48 and 3.71 μM, respectively. In addition, gartanin down-regulated the protein expressions of CYP2C9 and CYP2D6 and up-regulated the protein expression of CYP2D6. The present study supports the pharmacological and toxicological research of gartanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Tao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Ai
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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Nopwinyoowong N, Chatuphonprasert W, Tatiya-Aphiradee N, Jarukamjorn K. Garcinia mangostana and α-Mangostin Revive Ulcerative Colitis-Modified Hepatic Cytochrome P450 Profiles in Mice. Pak J Biol Sci 2022; 25:843-851. [PMID: 36098087 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2022.843.851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> Ulcerative colitis (UC) is inflammation of the large intestine with ulceration but can also cause extraintestinal manifestations (EIM) by damaging surrounding organs such as the liver. <i>Garcinia mangostana</i> (GM) pericarp and α-mangostin (MGS) have been reported to have anti-inflammatory activity. This study evaluated the effects of GM pericarp extract and MGS on the expression of hepatic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes as an EIM of UC. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Male ICR mice were orally administered GM pericarp extract (40, 200 and 1000 mg/kg/day), MGS (30 mg/kg/day) or sulfasalazine (SUL) (100 mg/kg/day) daily for 7 days. On days 4-7, UC was induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS 40 kDa, 6 g/kg/day). Profiles of CYP mRNA expression were determined by RT/qPCR. Alkoxyresorufin <i>O</i>-dealkylation (including ethoxy-, methoxy-, pentoxy- and benzyloxy-resorufin), aniline hydroxylation and erythromycin <i>N</i>-demethylation CYP responsive activities were also examined. <b>Results:</b> The DSS-induced UC mice showed suppressed expression<i> </i>of <i>Cyp1a1</i>, <i>Cyp1a2</i>, <i>Cyp2b9/10</i>, <i>Cyp2e1</i>, <i>Cyp2c29</i>, <i>Cyp2d9</i>, <i>Cyp3a11</i> and <i>Cyp3a13</i> mRNAs. The GM pericarp extract and MGS restored expression of all investigated CYPs and their responsive enzyme activities in DSS-induced UC mice to levels comparable to the control and parallel to the effects of the anti-inflammatory control SUL. <b>Conclusion:</b> The GM is a promising therapy to restore UC-modified hepatic CYP profiles.
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Muniroh M, Nindita Y, Karlowee V, Purwoko Y, Rahmah ND, Widyowati R, Suryono S. Effect of Garcinia mangostana pericarp extract on glial NF-κB levels and expression of serum inflammation markers in an obese-type 2 diabetes mellitus animal model. Biomed Rep 2021; 15:63. [PMID: 34113445 PMCID: PMC8188163 DOI: 10.3892/br.2021.1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an age-related disease associated with cerebral inflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Garcinia mangostana pericarp (GMP) possesses antihyperglycemic, antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of GMP extract on cerebral inflammation in Wistar rats with T2DM by examining the expression levels of glial nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). A total of 36 8-10-week-old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into six groups and provided a standard diet (normal control; C1), high-fat diet (HFD) with 200 g/kg GMP extract BW/day (GMP control; C2), HFD with streptozotocin-nicotinamide (diabetic control; C3), and HFD with 100 (M1), 200 (M2) or 400 g/kg body weight (BW)/day (M3) GMP extract for Wistar rats with diabetes. GMP extract was administered for 8 weeks after induction of T2DM was confirmed. Glial NF-κB activity was assessed by immunohistochemical staining, and by measuring IL-6 levels, TNF-α levels and SOD activity in the serum using ELISA. BW significantly increased following HFD treatment. After 7 weeks, the BW remained significantly higher compared with the normal control and GMP extract-treated groups, but decreased continuously in the T2DM groups. Glial NF-κB immunoreaction in the hippocampal region was significantly higher in the diabetic Wistar rats compared with the normal control Wistar rats, and 200 g/kg BW/day GMP significantly reduced its activity. The T2DM Wistar rats showed significantly higher expression levels of serum IL-6 and TNF-α and lower activity of SOD compared with the normal control Wistar rats. Meanwhile, rats in GMP groups M1, M2 and M3 exhibited significant reductions in the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α expression, and increases in SOD activity. GMP extract treatment effectively reduced hippocampal NF-κB, IL-6 and TNF-α levels and increased antioxidant SOD activity. These results suggest that GMP extract prevents cerebral inflammation in T2DM Wistar rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muflihatul Muniroh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University, Semarang, Java 50275, Indonesia
| | - Yora Nindita
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University, Semarang, Java 50275, Indonesia
| | - Vega Karlowee
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University, Semarang, Java 50275, Indonesia
| | - Yosef Purwoko
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University, Semarang, Java 50275, Indonesia.,Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University, Semarang, Java 50275, Indonesia
| | - Nadya Diena Rahmah
- Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Medicine Diponegoro University, Semarang, Java 50275, Indonesia
| | - Retno Widyowati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java 60115, Indonesia
| | - Suryono Suryono
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Mathematics Diponegoro University, Semarang, Java 50275, Indonesia
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Gougis P, Hilmi M, Geraud A, Mir O, Funck-Brentano C. Potential Cytochrome P450-mediated pharmacokinetic interactions between herbs, food, and dietary supplements and cancer treatments. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 166:103342. [PMID: 33930533 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbs, food and dietary supplements (HFDS), can interact significantly with anticancer drug treatments via cytochrome p450 isoforms (CYP) CYP3A4, CYP2D6, CYP1A2, and CYP2C8. The objective of this review was to assess the influence of HFDS compounds on these cytochromes. Interactions with CYP activities were searched for 189 herbs and food products, 72 dietary supplements in Web of Knowledge® databases. Analyses were made from 140 of 3,125 clinical trials and 236 of 3,374 in vitro, animal model studies or case reports. 18 trials were found to report direct interactions between 9 HFDS with 8 anticancer drugs. 21 HFDS were found to interact with CYP3A4, a major metabolic pathway for many anticancer drugs. All 261 HFDS were classified for their interaction with the main cytochromes P450 involved in the metabolism of anticancer drugs. We provided an easy-to-use colour-coded table to easily match potential interactions between 261 HFDS and 117 anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Gougis
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM CIC Paris-Est, AP-HP, ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, F-75013, Paris, France; CLIP² Galilée, Department of Medical Oncology Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, F-75013, Paris, France.
| | - Marc Hilmi
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM CIC Paris-Est, AP-HP, ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Arthur Geraud
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM CIC Paris-Est, AP-HP, ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, F-75013, Paris, France; Early Drug Development Department (DITEP), Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Olivier Mir
- Department of Ambulatory Care, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Christian Funck-Brentano
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM CIC Paris-Est, AP-HP, ICAN, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Department of Pharmacology, F-75013, Paris, France
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Tangphokhanon W, Pradidarcheep W, Lametschwandtner A. α-mangostin preserves hepatic microvascular architecture in fibrotic rats as shown by scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. Biomed Rep 2021; 14:48. [PMID: 33859819 PMCID: PMC8042669 DOI: 10.3892/br.2021.1424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a dynamic condition caused by wound-healing in which scar tissue replaces the liver parenchyma following repetitive injuries. It is hypothesized that α-mangostin (AM), the major constituent of the xanthone fraction in extracts of Garcinia mangostana L., may protect the hepatic microvascular bed from thioacetamide (TAA)-induced fibrosis. In the present study, rats were divided into 4 groups: Control rats received no treatment; TAA-treated rats received 150 mg/kg TAA 3 times per week intraperitoneally; AM-treated rats received 75 mg/kg AM twice per week intraperitoneally; and TAA+AM-treated rats received both TAA and AM as described above. Rat livers were processed either for light microscopy or for vascular corrosion casting after 30 and 60 days of treatment. Vascular parameters were measured by 3D morphometry analysis of scanning electron micrographs. AM attenuated hepatocellular injuries and delayed both periportal and pericentral fibrosis in the TAA-treated rats. The comparison of findings at day 30 and 60 showed that TAA-induced fibrotic changes were progressive in time, and that the beneficial effects of AM only became apparent after prolonged treatment. The livers of rats treated with both TAA and AM had less space surrounding the portal vessels, improved preservation of the hepatic microvascular pattern, and minimally altered sinusoidal patterns with few signs of terminal portal venule remodeling. AM therefore partially protected the liver against hepatotoxin-induced fibrosis and the associated microvascular changes. The mechanism of the protective effect of AM on the liver remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wasan Tangphokhanon
- Center of Excellence in Veterinary Biosciences, Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50100, Thailand
| | - Wisuit Pradidarcheep
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand
| | - Alois Lametschwandtner
- Department of Biosciences, Vascular and Exercise Biology Unit, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria
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A review on α-mangostin as a potential multi-target-directed ligand for Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 897:173950. [PMID: 33607107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.173950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive memory loss, declining language skills and other cognitive disorders. AD has brought great mental and economic burden to patients, families and society. However due to the complexity of AD's pathology, drugs developed for the treatment of AD often fail in clinical or experimental trials. The main problems of current anti-AD drugs are low efficacy due to mono-target method or side effects, especially high hepatotoxicity. To tackle these two main problems, multi-target-directed ligand (MTDL) based on "one molecule, multiple targets" has been studied. MTDLs can regulate multiple biological targets at the same time, so it has shown higher efficacy, better safety. As a natural active small molecule, α-mangostin (α-M) has shown potential multi-factor anti-AD activities in a series of studies, furthermore it also has a certain hepatoprotective effect. The good availability of α-M also provides support for its application in clinical research. In this work, multiple activities of α-M related to AD therapy were reviewed, which included anti-cholinesterase, anti-amyloid-cascade, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidative stress, low toxicity, hepatoprotective effects and drug formulation. It shows that α-M is a promising candidate for the treatment of AD.
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Tocmo R, Le B, Heun A, van Pijkeren JP, Parkin K, Johnson JJ. Prenylated xanthones from mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) activate the AhR and Nrf2 pathways and protect intestinal barrier integrity in HT-29 cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 163:102-115. [PMID: 33310139 PMCID: PMC8647718 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Xanthones from the tropical fruit mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) display anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. Here, we isolate and identify potential inducers of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathways from mangosteen using a bioassay-guided strategy. Mangosteen fruit pericarp extracts were subjected to sequential solvent extractions, followed by chromatography coupled with NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometric analyses for identification and isolation of pure compounds. Isolation of active fractions led to seven prenylated xanthones that were identified and subsequently evaluated for bioactivity. In vitro luciferase reporter cellular assays using H1L6.1c3 (AhR induction) and HepG2-ARE (Nrf2 induction) were used to identify AhR and Nrf2 activators. All seven prenylated xanthones displayed AhR inducing activity, whereas only five xanthones activated Nrf2. Garcinone D (GarD) significantly upregulated AhR/Cyp1a1 and Nrf2/HO-1 protein expression and enhanced zonula occludens-1 and occludin protein levels in HT-29 cells. In addition, GarD inhibited oxidative stress-induced intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction by enhancing tight junction (TJ) proteins and inhibition of reactive oxygen species production. Inhibition of AhR by pretreating cells with an AhR antagonist revealed that the AhR pathway is required for the improved epithelial barrier functions of GarD. These results highlight a dual mechanism by GarD that confers protection against intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Restituto Tocmo
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois-Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Bryan Le
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Babcock Hall, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Amber Heun
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Babcock Hall, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jan Peter van Pijkeren
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Babcock Hall, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Kirk Parkin
- Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Babcock Hall, 1605 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jeremy James Johnson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Illinois-Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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In vitro investigation of metabolic fate of α-mangostin and gartanin via skin permeation by LC-MS/MS and in silico evaluation of the metabolites by ADMET predictor™. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:359. [PMID: 33228689 PMCID: PMC7685627 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-03144-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mangosteen, Garciniam angostana L., is a juicy fruit commonly found in Thailand. The rinds of Garciniam angostana L.have been used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of trauma, diarrhea and skin infection. It is also used in dermatological product such as in cosmetics. The mangosteen pericarp can be used to extract valuable bioactive xanthone compounds such as α-mangostin and gartanin. This study is aimed to predict the metabolism of α-mangostin and gartanin using in silico and in vitro skin permeation strategies. METHODS Based on their 2D molecular structures, metabolites of those compounds were predicted in silico using ADMET Predictor™. The Km and Vmax, for 5 important recombinant CYP isozymes 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4 were predicted. Moreover, the in vitro investigation of metabolites produced during skin permeation using human epidermal keratinocyte cells, neonatal (HEKn cells) was performed by LC-MS/MS. RESULTS It was found that the results derived from in silico were in excellent alignment with those obtained from in vitro studies for both compounds. The prediction referred that gartanin and α-mangostin were the substrate of CYP1A2, 2C9, 2C19 and 3A. In the investigation of α-mangostin metabolites by LC-MS/MS system, the MW of the parent compound was increased from 411.200 to 459.185 Da. Therefore, α-mangostin might be metabolized via tri-oxidation process. The increased molecular weight of parent compound (397.200 to 477.157 Da) illustrated that gartanin might be conjugated to sulfated derivatives. CONCLUSIONS In all the studies, α-mangostin and gartanin were predicted to be. metabolized via phase I and phase II metabolism (sulfation), respectively.
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Do HTT, Cho J. Mangosteen Pericarp and Its Bioactive Xanthones: Potential Therapeutic Value in Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and Depression with Pharmacokinetic and Safety Profiles. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6211. [PMID: 32867357 PMCID: PMC7504283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and depression are growing burdens for society globally, partly due to a lack of effective treatments. Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.,) pericarp (MP) and its xanthones may provide therapeutic advantages for these disorders. In this review, we discuss potential therapeutic value of MP-derived agents in AD, PD, and depression with their pharmacokinetic and safety profiles. MP-derived agents have shown multifunctional effects including neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-neuroinflammatory actions. In addition, they target specific disease pathologies, such as amyloid beta production and deposition as well as cholinergic dysfunction in AD; α-synuclein aggregation in PD; and modulation of monoamine disturbance in depression. Particularly, the xanthone derivatives, including α-mangostin and γ-mangostin, exhibit potent pharmacological actions. However, low oral bioavailability and poor brain penetration may limit their therapeutic applications. These challenges can be overcome in part by administering as a form of MP extract (MPE) or using specific carrier systems. MPE and α-mangostin are generally safe and well-tolerated in animals. Furthermore, mangosteen-based products are safe for humans. Therefore, MPE and its bioactive xanthones are promising candidates for the treatment of AD, PD, and depression. Further studies including clinical trials are essential to decipher their efficacy, and pharmacokinetic and safety profiles in these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jungsook Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Dongguk University-Seoul, Dongguk-ro 32, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi 10326, Korea;
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Wang K, Gao Q, Zhang T, Rao J, Ding L, Qiu F. Inhibition of CYP2C9 by natural products: insight into the potential risk of herb-drug interactions. Drug Metab Rev 2020; 52:235-257. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2020.1758714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Qing Gao
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Jinqiu Rao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Liqin Ding
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Feng Qiu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
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Miladiyah I, Yuanita E, Nuryadi S, Jumina J, Haryana SM, Mustofa M. Synergistic Effect of 1,3,6-Trihydroxy-4,5,7-Trichloroxanthone in Combination with Doxorubicin on B-Cell Lymphoma Cells and Its Mechanism of Action Through Molecular Docking. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2020; 92:100576. [PMID: 32123546 PMCID: PMC7037593 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2020.100576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The increasing rate of cancer chemoresistance and adverse side effects of therapy have led to the wide use of various chemotherapeutic combinations in cancer management, including lymphoid malignancy. Objective We investigated the effects of a combination of 1,3,6-trihydroxy-4,5,7-trichloroxanthone (TTX) and doxorubicin on the Raji lymphoma cell line. Methods Raji cells were treated with different concentrations of TTX, doxorubicin, or combinations thereof. Cancer cell growth inhibition was evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethyltiazol-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide/MTT assay to determine the half-maximal inhibitory concentration. Combination index values were calculated using CompuSyn (ComboSyn, Inc, Paramus, NJ). Molecular docking was conducted using a Protein-Ligand ANT System. Results The mean (SD) half-maximal inhibitory concentration values of TTX and doxorubicin were 15.948 (3.101) µM and 25.432 (1.417) µM, respectively. The combination index values of the different combinations ranged from 0.057 to 0.285, indicating strong to very strong synergistic effects. The docking study results reveal that TTX docks at the active site of Raf-1 and c-Jun N-kinase receptors with predicted free energies of binding of -79.37 and -75.42 kcal/mol, respectively. Conclusions The xanthone-doxorubicin combination showed promising in vitro activity against lymphoma cells. The results also indicate that the TTX and doxorubicin combination's effect was due to the interaction between TTX with Raf-1 and c-Jun N-kinase receptors, 2 determinants of doxorubicin resistance progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isnatin Miladiyah
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Islam Indonesia, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Emmy Yuanita
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Mataram University, Mataram, Indonesia
| | - Satyo Nuryadi
- Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical, Technology University of Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Jumina Jumina
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Sofia Mubarika Haryana
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Mustofa Mustofa
- Pharmacology and Therapeutic Department, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health, and Nursing, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
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Karim N, Rahman MA, Changlek S, Tangpong J. Short-Time Administration of Xanthone From Garcinia mangostana Fruit Pericarp Attenuates the Hepatotoxicity and Renotoxicity of Type II Diabetes Mice. J Am Coll Nutr 2019; 39:501-510. [PMID: 31846399 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2019.1696251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Our previous studies reported that xanthone can protect from hyperglycemia-induced diabetes mellitus (DM) via possessing antioxidant activity. An attempt has been made to evaluate the protective effect of xanthone against hepatotoxicity and renotoxicity of high-fat-diet and single-dose-streptozotocin-induced DM mice.Method: In this research, in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic assays were performed. In vivo oral glucose and maltose tolerance test, metabolic parameters, plasma biochemical markers, oxidative status, etc. were evaluated in experimental mice. In addition, liver/kidney tissue histology and kidney apoptosis were observed using hematoxylin and eosin staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays, respectively.Results: Xanthone exhibited potent in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity. Xanthone treatments to diabetic mice significantly (p < 0.05) improved the biochemical and antioxidant parameters compared to that of the control group. Moreover, xanthone treatments also significantly (p < 0.05) reformed the liver and kidney histological alterations as well as reduced the cellular apoptosis of kidney tissue.Conclusions: All findings together concluded that xanthone could be a dietary supplement for the patient with diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naymul Karim
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Md Atiar Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Suksan Changlek
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.,Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
| | - Jitbanjong Tangpong
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand.,Research Excellence Center for Innovation and Health Products (RECIHP), Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, Thailand
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Hepatotoxicity of Herbal Supplements Mediated by Modulation of Cytochrome P450. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112353. [PMID: 29117101 PMCID: PMC5713322 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal supplements are a significant source of drug-drug interactions (DDIs), herb-drug interactions, and hepatotoxicity. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes metabolize a large number of FDA-approved pharmaceuticals and herbal supplements. This metabolism of pharmaceuticals and supplements can be augmented by concomitant use of either pharmaceuticals or supplements. The xenobiotic receptors constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) and the pregnane X receptor (PXR) can respond to xenobiotics by increasing the expression of a large number of genes that are involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics, including CYP450s. Conversely, but not exclusively, many xenobiotics can inhibit the activity of CYP450s. Induction of the expression or inhibition of the activity of CYP450s can result in DDIs and toxicity. Currently, the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration does not require the investigation of the interactions of herbal supplements and CYP450s. This review provides a summary of herbal supplements that inhibit CYP450s, induce the expression of CYP450s, and/or whose toxicity is mediated by CYP450s.
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Backman JT, Filppula AM, Niemi M, Neuvonen PJ. Role of Cytochrome P450 2C8 in Drug Metabolism and Interactions. Pharmacol Rev 2016; 68:168-241. [PMID: 26721703 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last 10-15 years, cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C8 has emerged as an important drug-metabolizing enzyme. CYP2C8 is highly expressed in human liver and is known to metabolize more than 100 drugs. CYP2C8 substrate drugs include amodiaquine, cerivastatin, dasabuvir, enzalutamide, imatinib, loperamide, montelukast, paclitaxel, pioglitazone, repaglinide, and rosiglitazone, and the number is increasing. Similarly, many drugs have been identified as CYP2C8 inhibitors or inducers. In vivo, already a small dose of gemfibrozil, i.e., 10% of its therapeutic dose, is a strong, irreversible inhibitor of CYP2C8. Interestingly, recent findings indicate that the acyl-β-glucuronides of gemfibrozil and clopidogrel cause metabolism-dependent inactivation of CYP2C8, leading to a strong potential for drug interactions. Also several other glucuronide metabolites interact with CYP2C8 as substrates or inhibitors, suggesting that an interplay between CYP2C8 and glucuronides is common. Lack of fully selective and safe probe substrates, inhibitors, and inducers challenges execution and interpretation of drug-drug interaction studies in humans. Apart from drug-drug interactions, some CYP2C8 genetic variants are associated with altered CYP2C8 activity and exhibit significant interethnic frequency differences. Herein, we review the current knowledge on substrates, inhibitors, inducers, and pharmacogenetics of CYP2C8, as well as its role in clinically relevant drug interactions. In addition, implications for selection of CYP2C8 marker and perpetrator drugs to investigate CYP2C8-mediated drug metabolism and interactions in preclinical and clinical studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne T Backman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki (J.T.B., A.M.F., M.N., P.J.N.), and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (J.T.B., M.N., P.J.N.)
| | - Anne M Filppula
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki (J.T.B., A.M.F., M.N., P.J.N.), and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (J.T.B., M.N., P.J.N.)
| | - Mikko Niemi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki (J.T.B., A.M.F., M.N., P.J.N.), and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (J.T.B., M.N., P.J.N.)
| | - Pertti J Neuvonen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Helsinki (J.T.B., A.M.F., M.N., P.J.N.), and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland (J.T.B., M.N., P.J.N.)
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Feng R, Tan XS, Wen BY, Shou JW, Fu J, He CY, Zhao ZX, Li XY, Zhu HX, Zhu P, Shi JG, Che CT, Yeung JHK, Zhang XF, Wang Y. Interaction effects on cytochrome P450 both in vitro and in vivo studies by two major bioactive xanthones from Halenia elliptica D. Don. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:1953-1962. [PMID: 27228199 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The major components, 1-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethoxy-xanthone (HM-1) and 1,5-dihydroxy-2,3-dimethoxy-xanthone (HM-5) isolated from Halenia elliptica D. Don (Gentianaceae), could cause vasodilatation in rat coronary artery with different mechanisms. In this work, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to ion trap time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LCMS-IT-TOF) was used to clarify the metabolic pathways, and CYP450 isoform involvement of HM-1 and HM-5 were also studied in rat. At the same time, in vivo inhibition effects of HM-1 and ethyl acetate extracts from origin herb were studied. Three metabolites of HM-5 were found in rat liver microsomes (RLMs); demethylation and hydroxylation were the major phase I metabolic reactions for HM-5. Multiple CYP450s were involved in metabolism of HM-1 and HM-5. The inhibition study showed that HM-5 inhibited Cyp1a2, 2c6 and 2d2 in RLMs. HM-1 inhibited activities of Cyp1a2, Cyp2c6 and Cyp3a2. In vivo experiment demonstrated that both HM-1 and ethyl acetate extracts could inhibit Cyp3a2 in rats. In conclusion, the metabolism of xanthones from the origin herb involved multiple CYP450 isoforms; in vitro, metabolism of HM-5 was similar to that of its parent drug HM-1, but their inhibition effects upon CYP450s were different; in vivo, Cyp3a2 could be inhibited by HM-1 and ethyl acetate extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang-Shan Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bao-Ying Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Wen Shou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chi-Yu He
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen-Xiong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Xin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jian-Gong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Tao Che
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy (MC 781) UIC College of Pharmacy, Chicago, USA
| | - John H K Yeung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xian-Feng Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Sumsakul W, Mahavorasirikul W, Na-Bangchang K. Inhibitory Activities of Thai Medicinal Plants with Promising Activities Against Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma on Human Cytochrome P450. Phytother Res 2015; 29:1926-33. [PMID: 26490449 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Malaria and cholangiocarcinoma remain important public health problems in tropical countries including Southeast Asian nations. Newly developed chemotherapeutic and plant-derived drugs are urgently required for the control of both diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the propensity to inhibit cytochrome P450-mediated hepatic metabolism (CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4) of the crude ethanolic extract of eight Thai medicinal plants with promising activities against malaria and cholangiocarcinoma, using human liver microsomes in vitro. Piper chaba Linn. (PC) and Atractylodes lancea (thung.) DC. (AL) exhibited the most potent inhibitory activities on CYP1A2-mediated phenacetin O-deethylation with mean IC50 of 0.04 and 0.36 µg/mL, respectively. Plumbago indica Linn. (PI) and Dioscorea membranacea Pierre. (DM) potently inhibited CYP2C19-mediated omeprazole 5-hydroxylation (mean IC50 4.71 and 6.92 µg/mL, respectively). DM, Dracaena loureiri Gagnep. (DL) and PI showed the highest inhibitory activities on dextromethorphan O-demethylation (mean IC50 2.93-9.57 µg/mL). PC, DM, DL and PI exhibited the most potent inhibitory activities on CYP3A4-mediated nifedipine oxidation (mean IC50 1.54-6.43 µg/mL). Clinical relevance of the inhibitory potential of DM, PC and PI is of concern for the further development of these plants for the treatment of malaria and/or cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiriyaporn Sumsakul
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, 12121, Thailand
| | - Wiratchanee Mahavorasirikul
- Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Graduate Program in Bioclinical Sciences, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, 12121, Thailand
| | - Kesara Na-Bangchang
- Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology of Malaria and Cholangiocarcinoma, Graduate Program in Bioclinical Sciences, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, 12121, Thailand
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Sumsakul W, Chaijaroenkul W, Na-Bangchang K. In vitro inhibitory effects of plumbagin, the promising antimalarial candidate, on human cytochrome P450 enzymes. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2015; 8:914-918. [PMID: 26614990 DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtm.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the propensity of plumbagin to inhibit the three isoforms of human cytochrome P450 (CYP), i.e., CYP1A2, CYP2C19, and CYP3A4 using human liver microsomes in vitro. METHODS Inhibitory effects of plumbagin on the three human CYP isoforms were investigated using pooled human liver microsomes. Phenacetin O-deethylation, omeprazole hydroxylation and nifedipine oxidation were used as selective substrates for CYP1A2, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 activities, respectively. Concentrations of paracetamol, 5-hydroxyomeprazole, and oxidized nifedipine were determined in microsomal incubation mixture using high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Plumbagin showed significant inhibitory effects on all CYP isoforms, but with the most potent activity on CYP2C19-mediated omeprazole hydroxylation. The IC50 (concentration that inhibits enzyme activity by 50%) values of plumbagin and nootkatone (selective inhibitor) for CYP2C19 were (0.78 ± 0.01) and (27.31 ± 0.66) μM, respectively. The inhibitory activities on CYP1A2-mediated phenacetin O-deethylation and CYP3A4-mediated nifedipine oxidation were moderate. The IC50 values of plumbagin and α-naphthoflavone (selective inhibitor) for CYP1A2 were (1.39 ± 0.01) and (0.02 ± 0.36) μM, respectively. The corresponding IC50 values of plumbagin and ketoconazole (selective inhibitor) for CYP3A4 were (2.37 ± 0.10) and (0.18 ± 0.06) μM, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Clinical relevance of the interference of human drug metabolizing enzymes should be aware of for further development scheme of plumbagin as antimalarial drug when used in combination with other antimalarial drugs which are metabolized by these CYP isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiriyaporn Sumsakul
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12121, Thailand
| | - Wanna Chaijaroenkul
- Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Bioclinical Sciences, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12121, Thailand
| | - Kesara Na-Bangchang
- Center of Excellence in Pharmacology and Molecular Biology, Graduate Program in Bioclinical Sciences, Chulabhorn International College of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12121, Thailand.
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Han SY, You BH, Kim YC, Chin YW, Choi YH. Dose-Independent ADME Properties and Tentative Identification of Metabolites of α-Mangostin from Garcinia mangostana in Mice by Automated Microsampling and UPLC-MS/MS Methods. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131587. [PMID: 26176540 PMCID: PMC4503439 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The information about a marker compound's pharmacokinetics in herbal products including the characteristics of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) is closely related to the efficacy/toxicity. Also dose range and administration route are critical factors to determine the ADME profiles. Since the supply of a sufficient amount of a marker compound in in vivo study is still difficult, pharmacokinetic investigations which overcome the limit of blood collection in mice are desirable. Thus, we have attempted to investigate concurrently the ADME and proposed metabolite identification of α-mangostin, a major constituent of mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana L, in mice with a wide dose range using an in vitro as well as in vivo automated micro-sampling system together. α-mangostin showed dose-proportional pharmacokinetics at intravenous doses of 5–20 mg/kg and oral doses of 10–100 mg/kg. The gastrointestinal absorption of α-mangostin was poor and the distribution of α-mangostin was relatively high in the liver, intestine, kidney, fat, and lung. α-mangostin was extensively metabolized in the liver and intestine. With regards to the formation of metabolites, the glucuronidated, bis-glucuronidated, dehydrogenated, hydrogenated, oxidized, and methylated α-mangostins were tentatively identified. We suggest that these dose-independent pharmacokinetic characteristics of α-mangostin in mice provide an important basis for preclinical applications of α-mangostin as well as mangosteen. In addition, these experimental methods can be applied to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of natural products in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Yon Han
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 PLUS R-FIND Team, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 410-820, South Korea
| | - Byoung Hoon You
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 PLUS R-FIND Team, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 410-820, South Korea
| | - Yu Chul Kim
- Discovery Research Center, C&C Research Laboratories, 2066 Seobu-lo, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 440-746, South Korea
| | - Young-Won Chin
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 PLUS R-FIND Team, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 410-820, South Korea
| | - Young Hee Choi
- College of Pharmacy and BK21 PLUS R-FIND Team, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-lo, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 410-820, South Korea
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Albassam AA, Mohamed MEF, Frye RF. Inhibitory effect of six herbal extracts on CYP2C8 enzyme activity in human liver microsomes. Xenobiotica 2014; 45:406-12. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.989935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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21
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Choi YH, Han SY, Kim YJ, Kim YM, Chin YW. Absorption, tissue distribution, tissue metabolism and safety of α-mangostin in mangosteen extract using mouse models. Food Chem Toxicol 2014; 66:140-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Jiménez-Encarnación E, Ríos G, Muñoz-Mirabal A, Vilá LM. Euforia-induced acute hepatitis in a patient with scleroderma. BMJ Case Rep 2012; 2012:bcr-2012-006907. [PMID: 23257938 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2012-006907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Euforia, a supplement containing a variety of natural ingredients, is widely used as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory formula. It is not approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and its side effects are unknown. We report a 45-year-old woman with limited systemic sclerosis who presented with jaundice and marked elevation of serum transaminases. One month before, she started taking Euforia juice. A liver biopsy disclosed submassive hepatocellular necrosis with histopathological changes consistent with toxic hepatitis. The patient's symptoms resolved with cessation of Euforia. Six months later, she persisted with abnormal liver function tests, but these resolved 18 months after discontinuation of Euforia. The mechanism by which Euforia causes liver injury is unknown. Some ingredients contained in this supplement (green tea, Aloe vera, noni and goji) are linked to hepatic injury. To our knowledge, this is the first report of hepatotoxicity associated with Euforia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Jiménez-Encarnación
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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Karim AA, Azlan A. Fruit pod extracts as a source of nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals. Molecules 2012; 17:11931-46. [PMID: 23052712 PMCID: PMC6268244 DOI: 10.3390/molecules171011931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit pods contain various beneficial compounds that have biological activities and can be used as a source of pharmaceutical and nutraceutical products. Although pods or pericarps are usually discarded when consuming the edible parts of fruits, they contain some compounds that exhibit biological activities after extraction. Most fruit pods included in this review contain polyphenolic components that can promote antioxidant effects on human health. Additionally, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal and chemopreventive effects are associated with these fruit pod extracts. Besides polyphenolics, other compounds such as xanthones, carotenoids and saponins also exhibit health effects and can be potential sources of nutraceutical and pharmaceutical components. In this review, information on fruit pods or pericarp of Garcinia mangostana, Ceratonia siliqua, Moringa oleifera, Acacia nilotica, Sapindus rarak and Prosopis cineraria is presented and discussed with regard to their biological activity of the major compounds existing in them. The fruit pods of other ethno- botanical plants have also been reviewed. It can be concluded that although fruit pods are considered as being of no practical use and are often being thrown away, they nevertheless contain compounds that might be useful sources of nutraceutical and other pharmaceutical components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azila Abdul Karim
- Cocoa Innovation & Technology Centre, Malaysian Cocoa Board, PT12621, Nilai Industrial Area, 71800 Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia;
| | - Azrina Azlan
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Laboratory of Halal Science Research, Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Shan T, Ma Q, Guo K, Liu J, Li W, Wang F, Wu E. Xanthones from mangosteen extracts as natural chemopreventive agents: potential anticancer drugs. Curr Mol Med 2012; 11:666-77. [PMID: 21902651 DOI: 10.2174/156652411797536679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 07/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of research, the treatment and management of malignant tumors still remain a formidable challenge for public health. New strategies for cancer treatment are being developed, and one of the most promising treatment strategies involves the application of chemopreventive agents. The search for novel and effective cancer chemopreventive agents has led to the identification of various naturally occurring compounds. Xanthones, from the pericarp, whole fruit, heartwood, and leaf of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana Linn., GML), are known to possess a wide spectrum of pharmacologic properties, including antioxidant, anti- tumor, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, and anti-viral activities. The potential chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activities of xanthones have been demonstrated in different stages of carcinogenesis (initiation, promotion, and progression) and are known to control cell division and growth, apoptosis, inflammation, and metastasis. Multiple lines of evidence from numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have confirmed that xanthones inhibit proliferation of a wide range of human tumor cell types by modulating various targets and signaling transduction pathways. Here we provide a concise and comprehensive review of preclinical data and assess the observed anticancer effects of xanthones, supporting its remarkable potential as an anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, Shaanxi, China
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Feng R, Zhou X, Or PMY, Ma JY, Tan XS, Fu J, Ma C, Shi JG, Che CT, Wang Y, Yeung JHK. Enzyme kinetic and molecular docking studies on the metabolic interactions of 1-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethoxy-xanthone, isolated from Halenia elliptica D. Don, with model probe substrates of human cytochrome P450 enzymes. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 19:1125-1133. [PMID: 22819301 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2012.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Halenia elliptica D. Don is a Tibetan herb and medicinal preparations containing Halenia elliptica have been commonly used for the treatment of hepatitis B virus infection in China. The metabolism of 1-hydroxy-2,3,5-trimethoxy-xanthone (HM-1) to its metabolites is mediated through cytochrome P450 enzymes. This study aimed to investigate the herb-drug interaction potential of HM-1 by studying its effects on the metabolism of model probe substrates of five major CYP450 isoforms in human liver microsomes. HM-1 showed moderate inhibitory effects on CYP1A2 (IC₅₀ = 1.06 μM) and CYP2C9 (IC₅₀ = 3.89 μM), minimal inhibition on CYP3A4 (IC₂₀ = 11.94 μM), but no inhibition on model CYP2D6 (dextromethorphan) and CYP2E1 (chlorzoxazone) probe substrates. Inhibition kinetic studies showed that the K(i) values of HM-1 on CYP1A2, CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 were 5.12 μM, 2.00 μM and 95.03 μM, respectively. HM-1 competitively inhibited testosterone 6β-hydroxylation (CYP3A4) but displayed mixed type inhibitions for phenacetin O-deethylation (CYP1A2) and tolbutamide 4-hydroxylation (CYP2C9). Molecular docking study confirmed the inhibition modes of HM-1 on these human CYP isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100050, China
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26
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Rodeiro I, José Gómez-Lechón M, Perez G, Hernandez I, Herrera JA, Delgado R, Castell JV, Teresa Donato M. Mangifera indica
L. Extract and Mangiferin Modulate Cytochrome P450 and UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase Enzymes in Primary Cultures of Human Hepatocytes. Phytother Res 2012; 27:745-52. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.4782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Idania Rodeiro
- Departamento de Farmacología; Centro de Bioproductos Marinos (CEBIMAR); Loma 37, Vedado 10400 Havana Cuba
| | - M. José Gómez-Lechón
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental; Centro de Investigación, Hospital La Fe; Avda Campanar 21 46009 Valencia Spain
| | - Gabriela Perez
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental; Centro de Investigación, Hospital La Fe; Avda Campanar 21 46009 Valencia Spain
| | - Ivones Hernandez
- Departamento de Farmacología; Centro de Bioproductos Marinos (CEBIMAR); Loma 37, Vedado 10400 Havana Cuba
| | - José Alfredo Herrera
- Universidad de la Habana, Zapata y G; Vedado, Plaza de la Revolución 10400 Havana Cuba
| | - Rene Delgado
- Laboratorio Farmacología Molecular; Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo de Medicamentos, 26 y 51; Plaza de la Revolución 10400 Havana Cuba
| | - José V. Castell
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental; Centro de Investigación, Hospital La Fe; Avda Campanar 21 46009 Valencia Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular; Universidad de Valencia; Valencia Spain
| | - M. Teresa Donato
- Unidad de Hepatología Experimental; Centro de Investigación, Hospital La Fe; Avda Campanar 21 46009 Valencia Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular; Universidad de Valencia; Valencia Spain
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27
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Chitchumroonchokchai C, Riedl KM, Suksumrarn S, Clinton SK, Kinghorn AD, Failla ML. Xanthones in mangosteen juice are absorbed and partially conjugated by healthy adults. J Nutr 2012; 142:675-80. [PMID: 22399525 PMCID: PMC3301988 DOI: 10.3945/jn.111.156992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The proposed health-promoting effects of the pericarp from mangosteen fruit have been attributed to a family of polyphenols referred to as xanthones. The purpose of this study was to determine the bioavailability of xanthones from 100% mangosteen juice in healthy adult participants (n = 10). Pericarp particles accounted for 1% of the mass and 99% of the xanthone concentration in the juice. The juice provided 5.3 ± 0.1 mmol/L total xanthones with α-mangostin, garcinones (C, D, and E), γ-mangostin, gartanins, and other identified xanthones accounting for 58, 2, 6, 4, and 5%, respectively. Participants ingested 60 mL mangosteen juice with a high-fat breakfast. Free and conjugated (glucuronidated/sulfated) xanthones were detected in serum and urine. There was marked variation in the AUC (762-4030 nmol/L × h), maximum concentration (113 ± 107 nmol/L), and time to maximum concentration (3.7 ± 2.4 h) for α-mangostin in sera during the 24-h collection. Similarly, xanthones in 24-h urine ranged from 0.9 to 11.1 μmol and accounted for 2.0 ± 0.3% (range 0.3-3.4%) of the ingested dose. There were no significant differences between female and male participants in mean pharmacokinetic values of α-mangostin in serum and urinary xanthones. Only 15.4 ± 0.7% of total xanthones in pericarp particles in the juice partitioned into mixed micelles during in vitro digestion. These results show that xanthones in mangosteen juice are absorbed when ingested along with a high-fat meal, although release of xanthones from pericarp particles during digestion may be limited.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth M. Riedl
- Department of Food Science & Technology,Food Innovation Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, and
| | - Sunit Suksumrarn
- Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Steven K. Clinton
- Department of Human Nutrition,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine,Food Innovation Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, and
| | | | - Mark L. Failla
- Department of Human Nutrition,Food Innovation Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, and
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28
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Soda M, Endo S, Matsunaga T, Zhao HT, El-Kabbani O, Iinuma M, Yamamura K, Hara A. Inhibition of Human Aldose Reductase-Like Protein (AKR1B10) by α- and γ-Mangostins, Major Components of Pericarps of Mangosteen. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:2075-80. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b12-00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Midori Soda
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Satoshi Endo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
| | | | - Hai-Tao Zhao
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | | | | | - Keiko Yamamura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Akira Hara
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University
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29
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Pierson JT, Dietzgen RG, Shaw PN, Roberts-Thomson SJ, Monteith GR, Gidley MJ. Major Australian tropical fruits biodiversity: Bioactive compounds and their bioactivities. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 56:357-87. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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30
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Zhao T, He YQ, Wang J, Ding KM, Wang CH, Wang ZT. Inhibition of Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes 3A4 and 2D6 by β-Carboline Alkaloids, Harmine Derivatives. Phytother Res 2011; 25:1671-7. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai; 201210; China
| | - Yu-qi He
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai; 201210; China
| | - Jun Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai; 201210; China
| | - Ke-min Ding
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai; 201210; China
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