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Hernández-Lozano I, Leterrier S, Mairinger S, Stanek J, Zacher AS, Breyer L, Hacker M, Zeitlinger M, Pahnke J, Tournier N, Wanek T, Langer O. Performance and Sensitivity of [ 99mTc]Tc-sestamibi Compared with Positron Emission Tomography Radiotracers to Measure P-glycoprotein Function in the Kidneys and Liver. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:932-943. [PMID: 38225758 PMCID: PMC10848257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp, encoded in humans by the ABCB1 gene and in rodents by the Abcb1a/b genes) is a membrane transporter that can restrict the intestinal absorption and tissue distribution of many drugs and may also contribute to renal and hepatobiliary drug excretion. The aim of this study was to compare the performance and sensitivity of currently available radiolabeled P-gp substrates for positron emission tomography (PET) with the single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) radiotracer [99mTc]Tc-sestamibi for measuring the P-gp function in the kidneys and liver. Wild-type, heterozygous (Abcb1a/b(+/-)), and homozygous (Abcb1a/b(-/-)) Abcb1a/b knockout mice were used as models of different P-gp abundance in excretory organs. Animals underwent either dynamic PET scans after intravenous injection of [11C]N-desmethyl-loperamide, (R)-[11C]verapamil, or [11C]metoclopramide or consecutive static SPECT scans after intravenous injection of [99mTc]Tc-sestamibi. P-gp in the kidneys and liver of the mouse models was analyzed with immunofluorescence labeling and Western blotting. In the kidneys, Abcb1a/b() mice had intermediate P-gp abundance compared with wild-type and Abcb1a/b(-/-) mice. Among the four tested radiotracers, renal clearance of radioactivity (CLurine,kidney) was significantly reduced (-83%) in Abcb1a/b(-/-) mice only for [99mTc]Tc-sestamibi. Biliary clearance of radioactivity (CLbile,liver) was significantly reduced in Abcb1a/b(-/-) mice for [11C]N-desmethyl-loperamide (-47%), [11C]metoclopramide (-25%), and [99mTc]Tc-sestamibi (-79%). However, in Abcb1a/b(+/-) mice, CLbile,liver was significantly reduced (-47%) only for [99mTc]Tc-sestamibi. Among the tested radiotracers, [99mTc]Tc-sestamibi performed best in measuring the P-gp function in the kidneys and liver. Owing to its widespread clinical availability, [99mTc]Tc-sestamibi represents a promising probe substrate to assess systemic P-gp-mediated drug-drug interactions and to measure renal and hepatic P-gp function under different (patho-)physiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Leterrier
- Laboratoire
d’Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale (BIOMAPS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm,
Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 91401 Orsay, France
| | - Severin Mairinger
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University
of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department
of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Stanek
- Department
of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna S. Zacher
- Department
of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lara Breyer
- Department
of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Department
of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Zeitlinger
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University
of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jens Pahnke
- Department
of Pathology, Section of Neuropathology, Translational Neurodegeneration
Research and Neuropathology Lab, University
of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS), 0372 Oslo, Norway
- Lübeck
Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), Pahnke Lab, University of Lübeck and University Medical
Center Schleswig-Holstein, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
- Department
of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Latvia, 1004 Ri̅ga, Latvia
- Department
of Neurobiology, The Georg S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Nicolas Tournier
- Laboratoire
d’Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale (BIOMAPS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm,
Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 91401 Orsay, France
| | - Thomas Wanek
- Department
of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Langer
- Department
of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University
of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Department
of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Pyun J, McInnes LE, Donnelly PS, Mawal C, Bush AI, Short JL, Nicolazzo JA. Copper bis(thiosemicarbazone) complexes modulate P-glycoprotein expression and function in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. J Neurochem 2022; 162:226-244. [PMID: 35304760 PMCID: PMC9540023 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) is an efflux transporter at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) that hinders brain access of substrate drugs and clears endogenous molecules such as amyloid beta (Aβ) from the brain. As biometals such as copper (Cu) modulate many neuronal signalling pathways linked to P‐gp regulation, it was hypothesised that the bis(thiosemicarbazone) (BTSC) Cu‐releasing complex, copper II glyoxal bis(4‐methyl‐3‐thiosemicarbazone) (CuII[GTSM]), would enhance P‐gp expression and function at the BBB, while copper II diacetyl bis(4‐methyl‐3‐thiosemicarbazone) (CuII[ATSM]), which only releases Cu under hypoxic conditions, would not modulate P‐gp expression. Following treatment with 25–250 nM CuII(BTSC)s for 8–48 h, expression of P‐gp mRNA and protein in human brain endothelial (hCMEC/D3) cells was assessed by RT‐qPCR and Western blot, respectively. P‐gp function was assessed by measuring accumulation of the fluorescent P‐gp substrate, rhodamine 123 and intracellular Cu levels were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Interestingly, CuII(ATSM) significantly enhanced P‐gp expression and function 2‐fold and 1.3‐fold, respectively, whereas CuII(GTSM) reduced P‐gp expression 0.5‐fold and function by 200%. As both compounds increased intracellular Cu levels, the effect of different BTSC backbones, independent of Cu, on P‐gp expression was assessed. However, only the Cu‐ATSM complex enhanced P‐gp expression and this was mediated partly through activation (1.4‐fold) of the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1 and 2, an outcome that was significantly attenuated in the presence of an inhibitor of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase regulatory pathway. Our findings suggest that CuII(ATSM) and CuII(GTSM) have the potential to modulate the expression and function of P‐gp at the BBB to impact brain drug delivery and clearance of Aβ.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Pyun
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lachlan E McInnes
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul S Donnelly
- Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Celeste Mawal
- Oxidation Biology Lab, Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Oxidation Biology Lab, Melbourne Dementia Research Centre, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Short
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joseph A Nicolazzo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Hernández-Lozano I, Mairinger S, Filip T, Sauberer M, Wanek T, Stanek J, Sake JA, Pekar T, Ehrhardt C, Langer O. PET imaging to assess the impact of P-glycoprotein on pulmonary drug delivery in rats. J Control Release 2021; 342:44-52. [PMID: 34971693 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Several drugs approved for inhalation for the treatment of pulmonary diseases are substrates of the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp). P-gp is expressed in the apical membrane of pulmonary epithelial cells and could play a role in modulating the pulmonary absorption and distribution of inhaled drugs, thereby potentially contributing to variability in therapeutic response and/or systemic side effects. We developed a new in vivo experimental approach to assess the functional impact of P-gp on the pulmonary delivery of inhaled drugs in rats. By using positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, we measured the intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of the model P-gp substrates (R)-[11C]verapamil ([11C]VPM) and [11C]-N-desmethyl-loperamide ([11C]dLOP) administered by intratracheal aerosolization in three rat groups: wild-type, Abcb1a/b(-/-) and wild-type treated with the P-gp inhibitor tariquidar. Lung exposure (AUClung_right) to [11C]VPM was 64% and 50% lower (p < 0.05) in tariquidar-treated and in Abcb1a/b(-/-) rats, respectively, compared to untreated wild-type rats. For [11C]dLOP, AUClung_right was 59% and 34% lower (p < 0.05) in tariquidar-treated and in Abcb1a/b(-/-) rats, respectively. Our results show that P-gp can affect the pulmonary disposition of inhaled P-gp substrates, whereby a decrease in P-gp activity may lead to lower lung exposure and potentially to a decrease in therapeutic efficacy. Our study highlights the potential of PET imaging with intratracheally aerosolized radiotracers to assess the impact of membrane transporters on pulmonary drug delivery, in rodents and potentially also in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Severin Mairinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Thomas Filip
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria; Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Sauberer
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria; Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Wanek
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria; Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Stanek
- Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria; Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes A Sake
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thomas Pekar
- Biomedical Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Carsten Ehrhardt
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oliver Langer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Preclinical Molecular Imaging, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria; Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
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Gericke B, Borsdorf S, Wienböker I, Noack A, Noack S, Löscher W. Similarities and differences in the localization, trafficking, and function of P-glycoprotein in MDR1-EGFP-transduced rat versus human brain capillary endothelial cell lines. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:36. [PMID: 34344390 PMCID: PMC8330100 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00266-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In vitro models based on brain capillary endothelial cells (BCECs) are among the most versatile tools in blood–brain barrier research for testing drug penetration into the brain and how this is affected by efflux transporters such as P-glycoprotein (Pgp). However, compared to freshly isolated brain capillaries or primary BCECs, the expression of Pgp in immortalized BCEC lines is markedly lower, which prompted us previously to transduce the widely used human BCEC line hCMEC/D3 with a doxycycline-inducible MDR1-EGFP fusion plasmid. The EGFP-labeled Pgp in these cells allows studying the localization and trafficking of the transporter and how these processes are affected by drug exposure. Here we used this strategy for the rat BCEC line RBE4 and performed a face-to-face comparison of RBE4 and hCMEC/D3 wild-type (WT) and MDR1-EGFP transduced cells. Methods MDR1-EGFP-transduced variants were derived from WT cells by lentiviral transduction, using an MDR1-linker-EGFP vector. Localization, trafficking, and function of Pgp were compared in WT and MDR1-EGFP transduced cell lines. Primary cultures of rat BCECs and freshly isolated rat brain capillaries were used for comparison. Results All cells exhibited typical BCEC morphology. However, significant differences were observed in the localization of Pgp in that RBE4-MDR1-EGFP cells expressed Pgp primarily at the plasma membrane, whereas in hCMEC/D3 cells, the Pgp-EGFP fusion protein was visible both at the plasma membrane and in endolysosomal vesicles. Exposure to doxorubicin increased the number of Pgp-EGFP-positive endolysosomes, indicating a lysosomotropic effect. Furthermore, lysosomal trapping of doxorubicin was observed, likely contributing to the protection of the cell nucleus from damage. In cocultures of WT and MDR1-EGFP transduced cells, intercellular Pgp-EGFP trafficking was observed in RBE4 cells as previously reported for hCMEC/D3 cells. Compared to WT cells, the MDR1-EGFP transduced cells exhibited a significantly higher expression and function of Pgp. However, the junctional tightness of WT and MDR1-EGFP transduced RBE4 and hCMEC/D3 cells was markedly lower than that of primary BCECs, excluding the use of the cell lines for studying vectorial drug transport. Conclusions The present data indicate that MDR1-EGFP transduced RBE4 cells are an interesting tool to study the biogenesis of lysosomes and Pgp-mediated lysosomal drug trapping in response to chemotherapeutic agents and other compounds at the level of the blood–brain barrier. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12987-021-00266-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birthe Gericke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Saskia Borsdorf
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Inka Wienböker
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Noack
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Noack
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, 30559, Hannover, Germany. .,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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Head-to-head comparison of (R)-[ 11C]verapamil and [ 18F]MC225 in non-human primates, tracers for measuring P-glycoprotein function. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2021; 48:4307-4317. [PMID: 34117508 PMCID: PMC8566421 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-021-05411-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Purpose P-glycoprotein (P-gp) function is altered in several brain disorders; thus, it is of interest to monitor the P-gp function in vivo using PET. (R)-[11C]verapamil is considered the gold standard tracer to measure the P-gp function; however, it presents some drawbacks that limit its use. New P-gp tracers have been developed with improved properties, such as [18F]MC225. This study compares the characteristics of (R)-[11C]verapamil and [18F]MC225 in the same subjects. Methods Three non-human primates underwent 4 PET scans: 2 with (R)-[11C]verapamil and 2 with [18F]MC225, at baseline and after P-gp inhibition. The 30-min PET data were analyzed using 1-Tissue Compartment Model (1-TCM) and metabolite-corrected plasma as input function. Tracer kinetic parameters at baseline and after inhibition were compared. Regional differences and simplified methods to quantify the P-gp function were also assessed. Results At baseline, [18F]MC225 VT values were higher, and k2 values were lower than those of (R)-[11C]verapamil, whereas K1 values were not significantly different. After inhibition, VT values of the 2 tracers were similar; however, (R)-[11C]verapamil K1 and k2 values were higher than those of [18F]MC225. Significant regional differences between tracers were found at baseline, which disappeared after inhibition. The positive slope of the SUV-TAC was positively correlated to the K1 and VT of both tracers. Conclusion [18F]MC225 and (R)-[11C]verapamil show comparable sensitivity to measure the P-gp function in non-human primates. Moreover, this study highlights the 30-min VT as the best parameter to measure decreases in the P-gp function with both tracers. [18F]MC225 may become the first radiofluorinated tracer able to measure decreases and increases in the P-gp function due to its higher baseline VT. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00259-021-05411-2.
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Storelli F, Anoshchenko O, Unadkat JD. Successful Prediction of Human Steady-State Unbound Brain-to-Plasma Concentration Ratio of P-gp Substrates Using the Proteomics-Informed Relative Expression Factor Approach. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2021; 110:432-442. [PMID: 33675056 PMCID: PMC8360000 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.2227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In order to optimize central nervous system (CNS) drug development, accurate prediction of the drug's human steady-state unbound brain interstitial fluid-to-plasma concentration ratio (Kp,uu,brain ) is critical, especially for drugs that are effluxed by the multiple drug resistance transporters (e.g., P-glycoprotein, P-gp). Due to lack of good in vitro human blood-brain barrier models, we and others have advocated the use of a proteomics-informed relative expressive factor (REF) approach to predict Kp,uu,brain . Therefore, we tested the success of this approach in humans, with a focus on P-gp substrates, using brain positron emission tomography imaging data for verification. To do so, the efflux ratio (ER) of verapamil, N-desmethyl loperamide, and metoclopramide was determined in human P-gp-transfected MDCKII cells using the Transwell assay. Then, using the ER estimate, Kp,uu,brain of the drug was predicted using REF (ER approach). Alternatively, in vitro passive and P-gp-mediated intrinsic clearances (CLs) of these drugs, estimated using a five-compartmental model, were extrapolated to in vivo using REF (active CL) and brain microvascular endothelial cells protein content (passive CL). The ER approach successfully predicted Kp,uu,brain of all three drugs within twofold of observed data and within 95% confidence interval of the observed data for verapamil and N-desmethyl loperamide. Using the in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolated clearance approach, Kp,uu,brain was reasonably well predicted but not the brain unbound interstitial fluid drug concentration-time profile. Therefore, we propose that the ER approach be used to predict Kp,uu,brain of CNS candidate drugs to enhance their success in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Storelli
- Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Olena Anoshchenko
- Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
| | - Jashvant D. Unadkat
- Department of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWashingtonUSA
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Gericke B, Römermann K, Noack A, Noack S, Kronenberg J, Blasig IE, Löscher W. A face-to-face comparison of claudin-5 transduced human brain endothelial (hCMEC/D3) cells with porcine brain endothelial cells as blood-brain barrier models for drug transport studies. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:53. [PMID: 32843059 PMCID: PMC7449095 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Predictive in vitro models of the human blood-brain barrier (BBB) are essential in early drug discovery and development. Among available immortalized human brain capillary endothelial cell lines (BCECs), the hCMEC/D3 cell line has become the most widely used in vitro BBB model. However, monolayers of hCMEC/D3 cells form only moderately restrictive barriers, most likely because the major tight junction protein, claudin-5, is markedly downregulated. Thus, hCMEC/D3 monolayers cannot be used for vectorial drug transport experiments, which is a major disadvantage of this model. METHODS Here we transduced hCMEC/D3 cells with a claudin-5 plasmid and compared the characteristics of these cells with those of hCMEC/D3 wildtype cells and primary cultured porcine BCECs. RESULTS The claudin-5 transduced hCMEC/D3 exhibited expression levels (and junctional localization) of claudin-5 similar to those of primary cultured porcine BCECs. The transduced cells exhibited increased TEER values (211 Ω cm2) and reduced paracellular mannitol permeability (8.06%/h), indicating improved BBB properties; however, the barrier properties of porcine BCECs (TEER 1650 Ω cm2; mannitol permeability 3.95%/h) were not reached. Hence, vectorial transport of a selective P-glycoprotein substrate (N-desmethyl-loperamide) was not observed in claudin-5 transduced hCMEC/D3 (or wildtype) cells, whereas such drug transport occurred in porcine BCECs. CONCLUSIONS The claudin-5 transduced hCMEC/D3 cells provide a tool to studying the contribution of claudin-5 to barrier tightness and how this can be further enhanced by additional transfections or other manipulations of this widely used in vitro model of the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birthe Gericke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Römermann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Noack
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sandra Noack
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jessica Kronenberg
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany. .,Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany.
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Gomez-Zepeda D, Taghi M, Scherrmann JM, Decleves X, Menet MC. ABC Transporters at the Blood-Brain Interfaces, Their Study Models, and Drug Delivery Implications in Gliomas. Pharmaceutics 2019; 12:pharmaceutics12010020. [PMID: 31878061 PMCID: PMC7022905 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug delivery into the brain is regulated by the blood-brain interfaces. The blood-brain barrier (BBB), the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), and the blood-arachnoid barrier (BAB) regulate the exchange of substances between the blood and brain parenchyma. These selective barriers present a high impermeability to most substances, with the selective transport of nutrients and transporters preventing the entry and accumulation of possibly toxic molecules, comprising many therapeutic drugs. Transporters of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) superfamily have an important role in drug delivery, because they extrude a broad molecular diversity of xenobiotics, including several anticancer drugs, preventing their entry into the brain. Gliomas are the most common primary tumors diagnosed in adults, which are often characterized by a poor prognosis, notably in the case of high-grade gliomas. Therapeutic treatments frequently fail due to the difficulty of delivering drugs through the brain barriers, adding to diverse mechanisms developed by the cancer, including the overexpression or expression de novo of ABC transporters in tumoral cells and/or in the endothelial cells forming the blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB). Many models have been developed to study the phenotype, molecular characteristics, and function of the blood-brain interfaces as well as to evaluate drug permeability into the brain. These include in vitro, in vivo, and in silico models, which together can help us to better understand their implication in drug resistance and to develop new therapeutics or delivery strategies to improve the treatment of pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS). In this review, we present the principal characteristics of the blood-brain interfaces; then, we focus on the ABC transporters present on them and their implication in drug delivery; next, we present some of the most important models used for the study of drug transport; finally, we summarize the implication of ABC transporters in glioma and the BBTB in drug resistance and the strategies to improve the delivery of CNS anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gomez-Zepeda
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.T.); (J.-M.S.); (X.D.)
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (D.G.-Z.); (M.-C.M.)
| | - Méryam Taghi
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.T.); (J.-M.S.); (X.D.)
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Scherrmann
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.T.); (J.-M.S.); (X.D.)
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Xavier Decleves
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.T.); (J.-M.S.); (X.D.)
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
- UF Biologie du médicament et toxicologie, Hôpital Cochin, AP HP, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Claude Menet
- Inserm, UMR-S 1144, Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, 75006 Paris, France; (M.T.); (J.-M.S.); (X.D.)
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
- UF Hormonologie adulte, Hôpital Cochin, AP HP, 75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence: (D.G.-Z.); (M.-C.M.)
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9
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Eggleston W, Palmer R, Dubé PA, Thornton S, Stolbach A, Calello DP, Marraffa JM. Loperamide toxicity: recommendations for patient monitoring and management. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2019; 58:355-359. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2019.1681443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William Eggleston
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Upstate Medical University, Upstate New York Poison Center, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | | | - Pierre-André Dubé
- Department of Environmental Health and Toxicology, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephen Thornton
- Emergency Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Poison Control Center, University of Kansas Health System, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Andrew Stolbach
- Emergency Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Diane P Calello
- Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Department of Emergency Medicine, New Jersey Poison Information and Education System, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Jeanna M Marraffa
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Upstate Medical University, Upstate New York Poison Center, Syracuse, NY, USA
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10
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Powell JW, Presnell SE. Loperamide as a Potential Drug of Abuse and Misuse: Fatal Overdoses at the Medical University of South Carolina. J Forensic Sci 2019; 64:1726-1730. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John W. Powell
- The Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC29415
| | - Susan Erin Presnell
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine The Medical University of South Carolina Charleston SC29425-9080
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11
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Goutal S, Gerstenmayer M, Auvity S, Caillé F, Mériaux S, Buvat I, Larrat B, Tournier N. Physical blood-brain barrier disruption induced by focused ultrasound does not overcome the transporter-mediated efflux of erlotinib. J Control Release 2018; 292:210-220. [PMID: 30415015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Overcoming the efflux mediated by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) remains a challenge for the delivery of small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as erlotinib to the brain. Inhibition of ABCB1 and ABCG2 at the mouse BBB improved the BBB permeation of erlotinib but could not be achieved in humans. BBB disruption induced by focused ultrasound (FUS) was investigated as a strategy to overcome the efflux transport of erlotinib in vivo. In rats, FUS combined with microbubbles allowed for a large and spatially controlled disruption of the BBB in the left hemisphere. ABCB1/ABCG2 inhibition was performed using elacridar (10 mg/kg i.v). The brain kinetics of erlotinib was studied using 11C-erlotinib Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging in 5 groups (n = 4-5 rats per group) including a baseline group, immediately after sonication (FUS), 48 h after FUS (FUS + 48 h), elacridar (ELA) and their combination (FUS + ELA). BBB integrity was assessed using the Evan's Blue (EB) extravasation test. Brain exposure to 11C-erlotinib was measured as the area under the curve (AUC) of the brain kinetics (% injected dose (%ID) versus time (min)) in volumes corresponding to the disrupted (left) and the intact (right) hemispheres, respectively. EB extravasation highlighted BBB disruption in the left hemisphere of animals of the FUS and FUS + ELA groups but not in the control and ELA groups. EB extravasation was not observed 48 h after FUS suggesting recovery of BBB integrity. Compared with the control group (AUCBaseline = 1.4 ± 0.5%ID.min), physical BBB disruption did not impact the brain kinetics of 11C-erlotinib in the left hemisphere (p > .05) either immediately (AUCFUS = 1.2 ± 0.1%ID.min) or 48 h after FUS (AUCFUS+48h = 1.1 ± 0.3%ID.min). Elacridar similarly increased 11C-erlotinib brain exposure to the left hemisphere in the absence (AUCELA = 2.2 ± 0.5%ID.min, p < .001) and in the presence of BBB disruption (AUCFUS+ELA = 2.1 ± 0.5%ID.min, p < .001). AUCleft was never significantly different from AUCright (p > .05), in any of the tested conditions. BBB integrity is not the rate limiting step for erlotinib delivery to the brain which is mainly governed by ABC-mediated efflux. Efflux transport of erlotinib persisted despite BBB disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Goutal
- Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, Institut des sciences du vivant Frédéric Joliot, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France; Molecular Imaging Research Center, MIRCen, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, CEA, Fontenay-Aux-Roses, France
| | - Matthieu Gerstenmayer
- Neurospin, Institut des sciences du vivant Frédéric Joliot, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, CEA, Université Paris Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Sylvain Auvity
- Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, Institut des sciences du vivant Frédéric Joliot, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France
| | - Fabien Caillé
- Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, Institut des sciences du vivant Frédéric Joliot, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France
| | - Sébastien Mériaux
- Neurospin, Institut des sciences du vivant Frédéric Joliot, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, CEA, Université Paris Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Irène Buvat
- Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, Institut des sciences du vivant Frédéric Joliot, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France
| | - Benoit Larrat
- Neurospin, Institut des sciences du vivant Frédéric Joliot, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, CEA, Université Paris Saclay, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Nicolas Tournier
- Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, Institut des sciences du vivant Frédéric Joliot, Direction de la Recherche Fondamentale, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France.
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12
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Chaves C, Remiao F, Cisternino S, Decleves X. Opioids and the Blood-Brain Barrier: A Dynamic Interaction with Consequences on Drug Disposition in Brain. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:1156-1173. [PMID: 28474563 PMCID: PMC5725546 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170504095823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Opioids are widely used in pain management, acting via opioid receptors and/or Toll-like receptors (TLR) present at the central nervous system (CNS). At the blood-brain barrier (BBB), several influx and efflux transporters, such as the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) P-glycoprotein (P-gp, ABCB1), Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP, ABCG2) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRP, ABCC) transporters, and solute carrier transporters (SLC), are responsible for the transport of xenobiotics from the brain into the bloodstream or vice versa. Objective: ABC transporters export several clinically employed opioids, altering their neuro- pharmacokinetics and CNS effects. In this review, we explore the interactions between opioids and ABC transporters, and decipher the molecular mechanisms by which opioids can modify their expression at the BBB. Results: P-gp is largely implicated in the brain-to-blood efflux of opioids, namely morphine and oxycodone. Long-term ex-posure to morphine and oxycodone has proven to up-regulate the expression of ABC transporters, such as P-gp, BCRP and MRPs, at the BBB, which may lead to increased tolerance to the antinociceptive effects of such drugs. Recent studies uncov-er two mechanisms by which morphine may up-regulate P-gp and BCRP at the BBB: 1) via a glutamate, NMDA-receptor and COX-2 signaling cascade, and 2) via TLR4 activation, subsequent development of neuro- inflammation, and activation of NF-κB, presumably via glial cells. Conclusion: The BBB-opioid interaction can culminate in bilateral consequences, since ABC transporters condition the brain disposition of opioids, while opioids also affect the expression of ABC transporters at the BBB, which may result in increased CNS drug pharmacoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Chaves
- Variabilite de Reponse Aux Psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, 75006 Paris, France.,Universite Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75006, France.,Universite Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75013, France.,REQUIMTE, Laboratorio de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernando Remiao
- REQUIMTE, Laboratorio de Toxicologia, Departamento de Ciencias Biologicas, Faculdade de Farmacia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Salvatore Cisternino
- Variabilite de Reponse Aux Psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, 75006 Paris, France.,Universite Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75006, France.,Universite Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75013, France.,Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Decleves
- Variabilite de Reponse Aux Psychotropes, INSERM, U1144, 75006 Paris, France.,Universite Paris Descartes, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75006, France.,Universite Paris Diderot, UMR-S 1144, Paris, F-75013, France.,Assistance Publique Hopitaux de Paris, AP-HP, Paris, France
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13
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Abstract
Transporter systems involved in the permeation of drugs and solutes across biological membranes are recognized as key determinants of pharmacokinetics. Typically, the action of membrane transporters on drug exposure to tissues in living organisms is inferred from invasive procedures, which cannot be applied in humans. In recent years, imaging methods have greatly progressed in terms of instruments, synthesis of novel imaging probes as well as tools for data analysis. Imaging allows pharmacokinetic parameters in different tissues and organs to be obtained in a non-invasive or minimally invasive way. The aim of this overview is to summarize the current status in the field of molecular imaging of drug transporters. The overview is focused on human studies, both for the characterization of transport systems for imaging agents as well as for the determination of drug pharmacokinetics, and makes reference to animal studies where necessary. We conclude that despite certain methodological limitations, imaging has a great potential to study transporters at work in humans and that imaging will become an important tool, not only in drug development but also in medicine. Imaging allows the mechanistic aspects of transport proteins to be studied, as well as elucidating the influence of genetic background, pathophysiological states and drug-drug interactions on the function of transporters involved in the disposition of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Tournier
- Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Langer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Biomedical Systems, Center for Health & Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria; Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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14
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Langer O. Use of PET Imaging to Evaluate Transporter-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions. J Clin Pharmacol 2017; 56 Suppl 7:S143-56. [PMID: 27385172 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Several membrane transporters belonging to the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) and solute carrier (SLC) families can transport drugs and drug metabolites and thereby exert an effect on drug absorption, distribution, and excretion, which may potentially lead to transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Some transporter-mediated DDIs may lead to changes in organ distribution of drugs (eg, brain, liver, kidneys) without affecting plasma concentrations. Positron emission tomography (PET) is a noninvasive imaging method that allows studying of the distribution of radiolabeled drugs to different organs and tissues and is therefore the method of choice to quantitatively assess transporter-mediated DDIs on a tissue level. There are 2 approaches to how PET can be used in transporter-mediated DDI studies. When the drug of interest is a potential perpetrator of DDIs, it may be administered in unlabeled form to assess its influence on tissue distribution of a generic transporter-specific PET tracer (probe substrate). When the drug of interest is a potential victim of DDIs, it may be radiolabeled with carbon-11 or fluorine-18 and used in combination with a prototypical transporter inhibitor (eg, rifampicin). PET has already been used both in preclinical species and in humans to assess the effects of transporter-mediated DDIs on drug disposition in different organ systems, such as brain, liver, and kidneys, for which examples are given in the present review article. Given the growing importance of membrane transporters with respect to drug safety and efficacy, PET is expected to play an increasingly important role in future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Langer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Health and Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Seibersdorf, Austria.,Medical Imaging Cluster, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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15
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Loperamide Abuse and Life-Threatening Arrhythmias: A Case Report and Literature Review. PSYCHOSOMATICS 2017; 58:441-445. [DOI: 10.1016/j.psym.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Mann A, Han H, Eyal S. Imaging transporters: Transforming diagnostic and therapeutic development. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 100:479-488. [PMID: 27327047 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Molecular imaging allows noninvasive assessment of drug distribution across pharmacological barriers. Thus, it plays an increasingly important role in efforts to understand the interactions of molecules with membrane transporters during drug development and in clinical pharmacology. We describe established and emerging imaging modalities utilized for studying transporter expression and function. We further present examples of how molecular imaging could provide insights into the contribution of transporters to drug disposition and effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mann
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - H Han
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
| | - S Eyal
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel. .,The David R. Bloom Centre for Pharmacy and Dr. Adolf and Klara Brettler Centre for Research in Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics at The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.
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17
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Damont A, Goutal S, Auvity S, Valette H, Kuhnast B, Saba W, Tournier N. Imaging the impact of cyclosporin A and dipyridamole on P-glycoprotein (ABCB1) function at the blood-brain barrier: A [(11)C]-N-desmethyl-loperamide PET study in nonhuman primates. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 91:98-104. [PMID: 27283486 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyclosporin A (CsA) and dipyridamole (DPy) are potent inhibitors of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp; ABCB1) in vitro. Their efficacy at inhibiting P-gp at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is difficult to predict. Efficient and readily available (i.e. marketed) P-gp inhibitors are needed as probes to investigate the role of P-gp at the human BBB. In this study, the P-gp inhibition potency at the BBB of therapeutic doses of CsA or DPy was evaluated in baboons using Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging with [(11)C]-N-desmethyl-loperamide ([(11)C]dLop), a radiolabeled P-gp substrate. The preparation of dLop as authentic standard and [(11)C]dLop as radiotracer were revisited so as to improve their production yields. [(11)C]dLop PET imaging was performed in the absence (n=3, baseline condition) and the presence of CsA (15mg/kg/h i.v., n=3). Three animals were injected with i.v. DPy at either 0.56 or 0.96 or 2mg/kg (n=1), corresponding to the usual, maximal and twice the maximal dose in patients, respectively, administered immediately before PET. [(11)C]dLop brain kinetics as well as [(11)C]dLop kinetics and radiometabolites in arterial plasma were measured to calculate [(11)C]dLop area-under the time-activity curve from 10 to 30min in the brain (AUCbrain) and in plasma (AUCplasma). [(11)C]dLop brain uptake was described by AUCR=AUCbrain/AUCplasma. CsA as well as DPy did not measurably influence [(11)C]dLop plasma kinetics and metabolism. Baseline AUCR (0.85±0.29) was significantly enhanced in the presence of CsA (AUCR=10.8±3.6). Injection of pharmacologic dose of DPy did not enhance [(11)C]dLop brain distribution with AUCR being 1.2, 0.9 and 1.1 after administration of 0.56, 0.96 and 2mg/kg DPy doses, respectively. We used [(11)C]dLop PET imaging in baboons, a relevant in vivo model of P-gp function at the BBB, to show the P-gp inhibition potency of therapeutic dose CsA. Despite in vitro P-gp inhibition potency, usual doses DPy are not likely to inhibit P-gp function at the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelaure Damont
- Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France
| | - Sébastien Goutal
- Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France
| | - Sylvain Auvity
- Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France
| | - Héric Valette
- Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France
| | - Bertrand Kuhnast
- Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France
| | - Wadad Saba
- Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France
| | - Nicolas Tournier
- Imagerie Moléculaire In Vivo, IMIV, CEA, Inserm, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris Saclay, CEA-SHFJ, Orsay, France.
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18
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Liow JS, Zoghbi SS, Hu S, Hall MD, Hines CS, Shetty HU, Araneta MD, Page EM, Pike VW, Kreisl WC, Herscovitch P, Gottesman MM, Theodore WH, Innis RB. (18)F-FCWAY, a serotonin 1A receptor radioligand, is a substrate for efflux transport at the human blood-brain barrier. Neuroimage 2016; 138:134-140. [PMID: 27211474 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Efflux transporters at the blood-brain barrier can decrease the entry of drugs and increase the removal of those molecules able to bypass the transporter. We previously hypothesized that (18)F-FCWAY, a radioligand for the serotonin 5-HT1A receptor, is a weak substrate for permeability glycoprotein (P-gp) based on its very early peak and rapid washout from human brain. To determine whether (18)F-FCWAY is a substrate for P-gp, breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and multidrug resistance protein (MRP1) - the three most prevalent efflux transporters at the blood-brain barrier - we performed three sets of experiments. In vitro, we conducted fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) flow cytometry studies in cells over-expressing P-gp, BCRP, and MRP1 treated with inhibitors specific to each transporter and with FCWAY. Ex vivo, we measured (18)F-FCWAY concentration in plasma and brain homogenate of transporter knockout mice using γ-counter and radio-HPLC. In vivo, we conducted positron emission tomography (PET) studies to assess changes in humans who received (18)F-FCWAY during an infusion of tariquidar (2-4mg/kg iv), a potent and selective P-gp inhibitor. In vitro studies showed that FCWAY allowed fluorescent substrates to get into the cell by competitive inhibition of all three transporters at the cell membrane. Ex vivo measurements in knockout mice indicate that (18)F-FCWAY is a substrate only for P-gp and not BCRP. In vivo, tariquidar increased (18)F-FCWAY brain uptake in seven of eight subjects by 60-100% compared to each person's baseline. Tariquidar did not increase brain uptake via some peripheral mechanism, given that it did not significantly alter concentrations in plasma of the parent radioligand (18)F-FCWAY or its brain-penetrant radiometabolite (18)F-FC. These results show that (18)F-FCWAY is a weak substrate for efflux transport at the blood-brain barrier; some radioligand can enter brain, but its removal is hastened by P-gp. Although (18)F-FCWAY is not ideal for measuring 5-HT1A receptors, it demonstrates that weak substrate radioligands can be useful for measuring both increased and decreased function of efflux transporters, which is not possible with currently available radioligands such as (11)C-loperamide and (11)C-verapamil that are avid substrates for transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeih-San Liow
- Molecular Imaging Branch, NIMH/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Sami S Zoghbi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, NIMH/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shuo Hu
- PET Center, Xiang-Ya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | | | - Christina S Hines
- Dept of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Sciences Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Emily M Page
- Molecular Imaging Branch, NIMH/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Victor W Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, NIMH/NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William C Kreisl
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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19
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Research Progress on the Role of ABC Transporters in the Drug Resistance Mechanism of Intractable Epilepsy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:194541. [PMID: 26491660 PMCID: PMC4600483 DOI: 10.1155/2015/194541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of intractable epilepsy is not fully clear. In recent years, both animal and clinical trials have shown that the expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters is increased in patients with intractable epilepsy; additionally, epileptic seizures can lead to an increase in the number of sites that express ABC transporters. These findings suggest that ABC transporters play an important role in the drug resistance mechanism of epilepsy. ABC transporters can perform the funcions of a drug efflux pump, which can reduce the effective drug concentration at epilepsy lesions by reducing the permeability of the blood brain barrier to antiepileptic drugs, thus causing resistance to antiepileptic drugs. Given the important role of ABC transporters in refractory epilepsy drug resistance, antiepileptic drugs that are not substrates of ABC transporters were used to obtain ABC transporter inhibitors with strong specificity, high safety, and few side effects, making them suitable for long-term use; therefore, these drugs can be used for future clinical treatment of intractable epilepsy.
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20
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Wanek T, Römermann K, Mairinger S, Stanek J, Sauberer M, Filip T, Traxl A, Kuntner C, Pahnke J, Bauer F, Erker T, Löscher W, Müller M, Langer O. Factors Governing P-Glycoprotein-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions at the Blood-Brain Barrier Measured with Positron Emission Tomography. Mol Pharm 2015. [PMID: 26202880 PMCID: PMC4566129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter P-glycoprotein
(ABCB1/Abcb1a) restricts at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) brain
distribution of many drugs. ABCB1 may be involved in drug–drug
interactions (DDIs) at the BBB, which may lead to changes in brain
distribution and central nervous system side effects of drugs. Positron
emission tomography (PET) with the ABCB1 substrates (R)-[11C]verapamil and [11C]-N-desmethyl-loperamide and the ABCB1 inhibitor tariquidar has allowed
direct comparison of ABCB1-mediated DDIs at the rodent and human BBB.
In this work we evaluated different factors which could influence
the magnitude of the interaction between tariquidar and (R)-[11C]verapamil or [11C]-N-desmethyl-loperamide at the BBB and thereby contribute to previously
observed species differences between rodents and humans. We performed in vitro transport experiments with [3H]verapamil
and [3H]-N-desmethyl-loperamide in ABCB1
and Abcb1a overexpressing cell lines. Moreover we conducted in vivo PET experiments and biodistribution studies with
(R)-[11C]verapamil and [11C]-N-desmethyl-loperamide in wild-type mice without and with
tariquidar pretreatment and in homozygous Abcb1a/1b(−/−) and heterozygous Abcb1a/1b(+/−) mice. We found no differences for in vitro transport of [3H]verapamil and [3H]-N-desmethyl-loperamide by ABCB1 and Abcb1a and its inhibition
by tariquidar. [3H]-N-Desmethyl-loperamide
was transported with a 5 to 9 times higher transport ratio than [3H]verapamil in ABCB1- and Abcb1a-transfected cells. In vivo, brain radioactivity concentrations were lower for
[11C]-N-desmethyl-loperamide than for
(R)-[11C]verapamil. Both radiotracers
showed tariquidar dose dependent increases in brain distribution with
tariquidar half-maximum inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 1052 nM (95% confidence interval CI: 930–1189) for (R)-[11C]verapamil and 1329 nM (95% CI: 980–1801)
for [11C]-N-desmethyl-loperamide. In homozygous Abcb1a/1b(−/−) mice brain radioactivity
distribution was increased by 3.9- and 2.8-fold and in heterozygous Abcb1a/1b(+/−) mice by 1.5- and 1.1-fold,
for (R)-[11C]verapamil and [11C]-N-desmethyl-loperamide, respectively, as compared
with wild-type mice. For both radiotracers radiolabeled metabolites
were detected in plasma and brain. When brain and plasma radioactivity
concentrations were corrected for radiolabeled metabolites, brain
distribution of (R)-[11C]verapamil and
[11C]-N-desmethyl-loperamide was increased
in tariquidar (15 mg/kg) treated animals by 14.1- and 18.3-fold, respectively,
as compared with vehicle group. Isoflurane anesthesia altered [11C]-N-desmethyl-loperamide but not (R)-[11C]verapamil metabolism, and this had a
direct effect on the magnitude of the increase in brain distribution
following ABCB1 inhibition. Our data furthermore suggest that in the
absence of ABCB1 function brain distribution of [11C]-N-desmethyl-loperamide but not (R)-[11C]verapamil may depend on cerebral blood flow. In conclusion,
we have identified a number of important factors, i.e., substrate
affinity to ABCB1, brain uptake of radiolabeled metabolites, anesthesia,
and cerebral blood flow, which can directly influence the magnitude
of ABCB1-mediated DDIs at the BBB and should therefore be taken into
consideration when interpreting PET results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wanek
- Health & Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH , Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Kerstin Römermann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover, Germany.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Severin Mairinger
- Health & Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH , Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Johann Stanek
- Health & Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH , Seibersdorf, Austria.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Sauberer
- Health & Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH , Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Thomas Filip
- Health & Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH , Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Alexander Traxl
- Health & Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH , Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Claudia Kuntner
- Health & Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH , Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Jens Pahnke
- Department of Neuro-/Pathology, University of Oslo (UiO) and Oslo University Hospital (OUS) , Oslo, Norway.,Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology, University of Lübeck , Lübeck, Germany
| | - Florian Bauer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Erker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Löscher
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover , Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Müller
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Langer
- Health & Environment Department, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH , Seibersdorf, Austria.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna, Austria
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21
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Stukova M, Hall MD, Tsotsoros SD, Madigan JP, Farrell NP, Gottesman MM. Reduced accumulation of platinum drugs is not observed in drug-resistant ovarian cancer cell lines derived from cisplatin-treated patients. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 149:45-8. [PMID: 26021697 PMCID: PMC4467998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of ovarian cancer towards front-line chemotherapy, usually cisplatin or carboplatin in combination with paclitaxel or docetaxel, remains a major clinical challenge. Resistance to these agents has been largely studied using cell lines selected for resistance to agents in vitro. We examined a series of paired cell lines derived from patients with ovarian cancer prior to chemotherapy (PEO1, PEO4, PEO14 and PEA1), and following the acquisition of resistance to a platinum-based chemotherapy regimen (PEO6, PEO23 and PEA2, respectively). All resistant patient lines showed resistance to cisplatin (2-5-fold), but this did not correspond with lowered accumulation. No general cross-resistance was observed for oxaliplatin, paclitaxel or docetaxel, and paclitaxel accumulation was not affected. PEO1 cells carrying BRCA2 mutations were hypersensitive to the PARP inhibitors olaparib and velaparib, but all other cell lines expressing functional forms of BRCA2 were less sensitive. While reduced drug accumulation was not observed, we believe these pairs of lines are of use to researchers studying Pt drug resistance and experimental therapeutics against drug-resistant ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Stukova
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Matthew D Hall
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Samantha D Tsotsoros
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - James P Madigan
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nicholas P Farrell
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, United States
| | - Michael M Gottesman
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.
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22
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Weidner LD, Zoghbi SS, Lu S, Shukla S, Ambudkar SV, Pike VW, Mulder J, Gottesman MM, Innis RB, Hall MD. The Inhibitor Ko143 Is Not Specific for ABCG2. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 354:384-93. [PMID: 26148857 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.225482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Imaging ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter activity in vivo with positron emission tomography requires both a substrate and a transporter inhibitor. However, for ABCG2, there is no inhibitor proven to be specific to that transporter alone at the blood-brain barrier. Ko143 [[(3S,6S,12aS)-1,2,3,4,6,7,12,12a-octahydro-9-methoxy-6-(2-methylpropyl)-1,4-dioxopyrazino[1',2':1,6]pyrido[3,4- b]indole-3-propanoic acid 1,1-dimethylethyl ester], a nontoxic analog of fungal toxin fumitremorgin C, is a potent inhibitor of ABCG2, although its specificity in mouse and human systems is unclear. This study examined the selectivity of Ko143 using human embryonic kidney cell lines transfected with ABCG2, ABCB1, or ABCC1 in several in vitro assays. The stability of Ko143 in rat plasma was measured using high performance liquid chromatography. Our results show that, in addition to being a potent inhibitor of ABCG2, at higher concentrations (≥1 μM) Ko143 also has an effect on the transport activity of both ABCB1 and ABCC1. Furthermore, Ko143 was found to be unstable in rat plasma. These findings indicate that Ko143 lacks specificity for ABCG2 and this should be taken into consideration when using Ko143 for both in vitro and in vivo experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lora D Weidner
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland (L.D.W., S.S.Z., S.L., V.W.P., R.B.I.); Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden (L.D.W., J.M.); and Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (S.S., S.V.A., M.M.G., M.D.H.)
| | - Sami S Zoghbi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland (L.D.W., S.S.Z., S.L., V.W.P., R.B.I.); Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden (L.D.W., J.M.); and Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (S.S., S.V.A., M.M.G., M.D.H.)
| | - Shuiyu Lu
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland (L.D.W., S.S.Z., S.L., V.W.P., R.B.I.); Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden (L.D.W., J.M.); and Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (S.S., S.V.A., M.M.G., M.D.H.)
| | - Suneet Shukla
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland (L.D.W., S.S.Z., S.L., V.W.P., R.B.I.); Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden (L.D.W., J.M.); and Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (S.S., S.V.A., M.M.G., M.D.H.)
| | - Suresh V Ambudkar
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland (L.D.W., S.S.Z., S.L., V.W.P., R.B.I.); Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden (L.D.W., J.M.); and Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (S.S., S.V.A., M.M.G., M.D.H.)
| | - Victor W Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland (L.D.W., S.S.Z., S.L., V.W.P., R.B.I.); Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden (L.D.W., J.M.); and Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (S.S., S.V.A., M.M.G., M.D.H.)
| | - Jan Mulder
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland (L.D.W., S.S.Z., S.L., V.W.P., R.B.I.); Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden (L.D.W., J.M.); and Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (S.S., S.V.A., M.M.G., M.D.H.)
| | - Michael M Gottesman
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland (L.D.W., S.S.Z., S.L., V.W.P., R.B.I.); Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden (L.D.W., J.M.); and Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (S.S., S.V.A., M.M.G., M.D.H.)
| | - Robert B Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland (L.D.W., S.S.Z., S.L., V.W.P., R.B.I.); Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden (L.D.W., J.M.); and Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (S.S., S.V.A., M.M.G., M.D.H.)
| | - Matthew D Hall
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland (L.D.W., S.S.Z., S.L., V.W.P., R.B.I.); Karolinska Institutet, Department of Neuroscience, Stockholm, Sweden (L.D.W., J.M.); and Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland (S.S., S.V.A., M.M.G., M.D.H.)
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23
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Bioluminescent imaging of drug efflux at the blood-brain barrier mediated by the transporter ABCG2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:20801-6. [PMID: 24297888 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1312159110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are a group of transmembrane proteins that maintain chemical homeostasis through efflux of compounds out of organelles and cells. Among other functions, ABC transporters play a key role in protecting the brain parenchyma by efflux of xenobiotics from capillary endothelial cells at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). They also prevent the entry of therapeutic drugs at the BBB, thereby limiting their efficacy. One of the key transporters playing this role is ABCG2. Although other ABC transporters can be studied through various imaging modalities, no specific probe exists for imaging ABCG2 function in vivo. Here we show that D-luciferin, the endogenous substrate of firefly luciferase, is a specific substrate for ABCG2. We hypothesized that ABCG2 function at the BBB could be evaluated by using bioluminescence imaging in transgenic mice expressing firefly luciferase in the brain. Bioluminescence signal in the brain of mice increased with coadministration of the ABCG2 inhibitors Ko143, gefitinib, and nilotinib, but not an ABCB1 inhibitor. This method for imaging ABCG2 function at the BBB will facilitate understanding of the function and pharmacokinetic inhibition of this transporter.
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24
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Cha YJ, Lee H, Gu N, Kim TE, Lim KS, Yoon SH, Chung JY, Jang IJ, Shin SG, Yu KS, Cho JY. Sustained Increase in the Oral Bioavailability of Loperamide after a Single Oral Dose of HM30181, a P-glycoprotein Inhibitor, in Healthy Male Participants. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 113:419-24. [PMID: 23829508 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
HM30181 is a new P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of HM30181 and its duration of action on P-gp inhibition using loperamide as a probe drug. An open-label, five-period, fixed-sequence, cross-over study was conducted in 25 healthy Korean participants, who received a single oral dose of loperamide at 16 mg in five periods lasting for 17 days. In period II, participants also randomly received a single oral dose of HM30181 at 1, 5, 10, 15 mg simultaneously with loperamide. Serial pharmacokinetic blood samples were obtained up to 72 and 336 hr after loperamide and HM30181 administration, respectively. A mixed-effects analysis was performed to compare the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve from time 0 to 72 hr (AUC0-72 hr ) between periods and HM30181 dose groups. Tolerability was also assessed. The AUC0-72 hr of repeatedly administered loperamide was significantly increased 1.18-1.62 times for up to 14 days after a single oral administration of HM30181, particularly at doses ≥10 mg although the between-group difference failed to reach statistical significance. Plasma HM30181 was not detected in many participants including none at any sampling points beyond 48 hr after administration. Most adverse events (AEs) were mild to moderate and resolved spontaneously. The oral bioavailability of loperamide was significantly enhanced by a single oral administration of HM30181, which was sustained for up to 14 days. HM30181 was well tolerated in this selected population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jung Cha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Howard Lee
- Clinical Trials Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Namyi Gu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Eun Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyoung S Lim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seo H Yoon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Yong Chung
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - In-Jin Jang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Goo Shin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Sang Yu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joo-Youn Cho
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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25
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Bakhsheshian J, Hall MD, Robey RW, Herrmann MA, Chen JQ, Bates SE, Gottesman MM. Overlapping substrate and inhibitor specificity of human and murine ABCG2. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1805-12. [PMID: 23868912 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.053140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
ABCG2 (also known as breast cancer resistance protein) is an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter localized to the plasma membrane where it mediates the efflux of xenobiotics, including potential therapeutics. Studies investigating Abcg2 function at the blood-brain barrier in mouse models are often compared with human ABCG2 function. It is critical to understand the nature of species differences between mouse and human ABCG2, since extrapolations are made from murine data to humans. Two independent drug-selected cell line pairs expressing human or mouse ABCG2 were compared for efflux of fluorescent substrates using flow cytometry. To this end, we developed and characterized a new mouse Abcg2-expressing subline that demonstrated efflux of known fluorescent ABCG2 substrates and increased resistance to mitoxantrone, which is reduced in the presence of the ABCG2 inhibitor Ko143. Our results indicate that the substrate specificity of human and mouse ABCG2 is very similar. We identified a new human and mouse ABCG2 substrate, a porphyrin analog, purpurin-18 (Pp-18), which is not a substrate for P-glycoprotein or multidrug resistance protein 1. The ability of inhibitors to block efflux activity of ABCG2 was assessed using Pp-18. Inhibitors also demonstrated similar effects on human and mouse ABCG2. Chrysin, benzoflavone, and cyclosporin A inhibited Pp-18 efflux in both human and mouse ABCG2. The similarity of the substrate and inhibitor specificity of human and mouse ABCG2 supports interpretation of mouse models in understanding the clinical, pharmacological, and physiologic roles of ABCG2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Bakhsheshian
- Laboratory of Cell Biology (J.B., M.D.H., M.M.G.), Cancer Therapeutics Branch (R.W.R., S.E.B.), Collaborative Protein Technology Resource (M.A.H., J.-Q.C.), Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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26
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Römermann K, Wanek T, Bankstahl M, Bankstahl JP, Fedrowitz M, Müller M, Löscher W, Kuntner C, Langer O. (R)-[(11)C]verapamil is selectively transported by murine and human P-glycoprotein at the blood-brain barrier, and not by MRP1 and BCRP. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 40:873-8. [PMID: 23845421 PMCID: PMC3775124 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Positron emission tomography (PET) with [(11)C]verapamil, either in racemic form or in form of the (R)-enantiomer, has been used to measure the functional activity of the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporter P-glycoprotein (Pgp) at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). There is some evidence in literature that verapamil inhibits two other ABC transporters expressed at the BBB, i.e. multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). However, previous data were obtained with micromolar concentrations of verapamil and do not necessarily reflect the transporter selectivity of verapamil at nanomolar concentrations, which are relevant for PET experiments. The aim of this study was to assess the selectivity of verapamil, in nanomolar concentrations, for Pgp over MRP1 and BCRP. METHODS Concentration equilibrium transport assays were performed with [(3)H]verapamil (5 nM) in cell lines expressing murine or human Pgp, human MRP1, and murine Bcrp1 or human BCRP. Paired PET scans were performed with (R)-[(11)C]verapamil in female FVB/N (wild-type), Mrp1((-/-)), Mdr1a/b((-/-)), Bcrp1((-/-)) and Mdr1a/b((-/-))Bcrp1((-/-)) mice, before and after Pgp inhibition with 15 mg/kg tariquidar. RESULTS In vitro transport experiments exclusively showed directed transport of [(3)H]verapamil in Mdr1a- and MDR1-overexpressing cells which could be inhibited by tariquidar (0.5μM). In PET scans acquired before tariquidar administration, brain-to-blood ratio (Kb,brain) of (R)-[(11)C]verapamil was low in wild-type (1.3 ± 0.1), Mrp1((-/-)) (1.4 ± 0.1) and Bcrp1((-/-)) mice (1.8 ± 0.1) and high in Mdr1a/b((-/-)) (6.9 ± 0.8) and Mdr1a/b((-/-))Bcrp1((-/-)) mice (7.9 ± 0.5). In PET scans after tariquidar administration, Kb,brain was significantly increased in Pgp-expressing mice (wild-type: 5.0 ± 0.3-fold, Mrp1((-/-)): 3.2 ± 0.6-fold, Bcrp1((-/-)): 4.3 ± 0.1-fold) but not in Pgp knockout mice (Mdr1a/b((-/-)) and Mdr1a/b((-/-))Bcrp1((-/-))). CONCLUSION Our combined in vitro and in vivo data demonstrate that verapamil, in nanomolar concentrations, is selectively transported by Pgp and not by MRP1 and BCRP at the BBB, which supports the use of (R)-[(11)C]verapamil or racemic [(11)C]verapamil as PET tracers of cerebral Pgp function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Römermann
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmacy, University of Veterinary Medicine, and Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Screening compounds with a novel high-throughput ABCB1-mediated efflux assay identifies drugs with known therapeutic targets at risk for multidrug resistance interference. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60334. [PMID: 23593196 PMCID: PMC3622673 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ABCB1, also known as P-glycoprotein (P-gp) or multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1), is a membrane-associated multidrug transporter of the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter family. It is one of the most widely studied transporters that enable cancer cells to develop drug resistance. Reliable high-throughput assays that can identify compounds that interact with ABCB1 are crucial for developing new therapeutic drugs. A high-throughput assay for measuring ABCB1-mediated calcein AM efflux was developed using a fluorescent and phase-contrast live cell imaging system. This assay demonstrated the time- and dose-dependent accumulation of fluorescent calcein in ABCB1-overexpressing KB-V1 cells. Validation of the assay was performed with known ABCB1 inhibitors, XR9576, verapamil, and cyclosporin A, all of which displayed dose-dependent inhibition of ABCB1-mediated calcein AM efflux in this assay. Phase-contrast and fluorescent images taken by the imaging system provided additional opportunities for evaluating compounds that are cytotoxic or produce false positive signals. Compounds with known therapeutic targets and a kinase inhibitor library were screened. The assay identified multiple agents as inhibitors of ABCB1-mediated efflux and is highly reproducible. Among compounds identified as ABCB1 inhibitors, BEZ235, BI 2536, IKK 16, and ispinesib were further evaluated. The four compounds inhibited calcein AM efflux in a dose-dependent manner and were also active in the flow cytometry-based calcein AM efflux assay. BEZ235, BI 2536, and IKK 16 also successfully inhibited the labeling of ABCB1 with radiolabeled photoaffinity substrate [125I]iodoarylazidoprazosin. Inhibition of ABCB1 with XR9576 and cyclosporin A enhanced the cytotoxicity of BI 2536 to ABCB1-overexpressing cancer cells, HCT-15-Pgp, and decreased the IC50 value of BI 2536 by several orders of magnitude. This efficient, reliable, and simple high-throughput assay has identified ABCB1 substrates/inhibitors that may influence drug potency or drug-drug interactions and predict multidrug resistance in clinical treatment.
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28
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Imaging P-glycoprotein function in rats using [11C]-N-desmethyl-loperamide. Ann Nucl Med 2013; 27:618-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s12149-013-0725-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Syvänen S, Eriksson J. Advances in PET imaging of P-glycoprotein function at the blood-brain barrier. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:225-37. [PMID: 23421673 DOI: 10.1021/cn3001729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts substrate compounds from entering the brain and may thus contribute to pharmacoresistance observed in patient groups with refractory epilepsy and HIV. Altered P-gp function has also been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Positron emission tomography (PET), a molecular imaging modality, has become a promising method to study the role of P-gp at the BBB. The first PET study of P-gp function was conducted in 1998, and during the past 15 years two main categories of P-gp PET tracers have been investigated: tracers that are substrates of P-gp efflux and tracers that are inhibitors of P-gp function. PET, as a noninvasive imaging technique, allows translational research. Examples of this are preclinical investigations of P-gp function before and after administering P-gp modulating drugs, investigations in various animal and disease models, and clinical investigations regarding disease and aging. The objective of the present review is to give an overview of available PET radiotracers for studies of P-gp and to discuss how such studies can be designed. Further, the review summarizes results from PET studies of P-gp function in different central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stina Syvänen
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Uppsala University, Rudbecklaboratoriet, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jonas Eriksson
- PET Centre, Uppsala University Hospital, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden
- Preclinical PET Platform, Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjöldsv 14C, 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden
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30
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Sugimoto H, Hirabayashi H, Amano N, Moriwaki T. Retrospective Analysis of P-Glycoprotein–Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions at the Blood-Brain Barrier in Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:683-8. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.049577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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31
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Mairinger S, Erker T, Muller M, Langer O. PET and SPECT radiotracers to assess function and expression of ABC transporters in vivo. Curr Drug Metab 2012; 12:774-92. [PMID: 21434859 DOI: 10.2174/138920011798356980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, such as P-glycoprotein (Pgp, ABCB1), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP, ABCG2) and multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) are expressed in high concentrations at various physiological barriers (e.g. blood-brain barrier, blood-testis barrier, blood-tumor barrier), where they impede the tissue accumulation of various drugs by active efflux transport. Changes in ABC transporter expression and function are thought to be implicated in various diseases, such as cancer, epilepsy, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The availability of a non-invasive imaging method which allows for measuring ABC transporter function or expression in vivo would be of great clinical use in that it could facilitate the identification of those patients that would benefit from treatment with ABC transporter modulating drugs. To date three different kinds of imaging probes have been described to measure ABC transporters in vivo: i) radiolabelled transporter substrates ii) radiolabelled transporter inhibitors and iii) radiolabelled prodrugs which are enzymatically converted into transporter substrates in the organ of interest (e.g. brain). The design of new imaging probes to visualize efflux transporters is inter alia complicated by the overlapping substrate recognition pattern of different ABC transporter types. The present article will describe currently available ABC transporter radiotracers for positron emission tomography (PET) and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and critically discuss strengths and limitations of individual probes and their potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severin Mairinger
- Health and Environment Department, Molecular Medicine, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444 Seibersdorf, Austria
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Fujita-Hamabe W, Nishida M, Nawa A, Kobori T, Nakamoto K, Kishioka S, Tokuyama S. Etoposide modulates the effects of oral morphine analgesia by targeting the intestinal P-glycoprotein. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 64:496-504. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01426.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Opioids and anticancer compounds such as etoposide (ETP) are substrates of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), an ATP-dependent efflux pump. Chemotherapy compounds may impact on the analgesic effect of opioids such as morphine when the two drugs are co-administered. In this study, we used a mouse model to determine if there is a pharmacological interaction between ETP and morphine, focusing on the involvement of intestinal P-gp.
Methods
P-gp drug efflux activity was measured by an in-situ closed loop method with Rhodamine 123, a P-gp substrate. The analgesic effect of morphine was determined by the tail-flick test. Intestinal P-gp expression levels were determined by Western blot.
Key findings
ETP and morphine significantly decreased the intestinal Rhodamine 123 efflux activity of P-gp. Oral morphine analgesia was significantly enhanced when co-administered with ETP. However, repeated pretreatment (7 days) with oral ETP significantly decreased the oral morphine-induced analgesia, in a cyclosporine A (a P-gp inhibitor) reversible manner. Furthermore, repeated ETP significantly up-regulated intestinal P-gp expression.
Conclusions
It may be important to consider aspects of therapeutic design such as the administration route or scheduling of drugs in patients receiving concurrent chemotherapy and opioid therapy to avoid pharmacokinetic interactions between the two agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakako Fujita-Hamabe
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Mikako Nishida
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ayaka Nawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takuro Kobori
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kazuo Nakamoto
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shiroh Kishioka
- Department of Pharmacology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shogo Tokuyama
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe Gakuin University, Kobe, Japan
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Kannan P, Telu S, Shukla S, Ambudkar SV, Pike VW, Halldin C, Gottesman MM, Innis RB, Hall MD. The "specific" P-glycoprotein inhibitor Tariquidar is also a substrate and an inhibitor for breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP/ABCG2). ACS Chem Neurosci 2011; 2:82-9. [PMID: 22778859 DOI: 10.1021/cn100078a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Tariquidar was developed as a specific inhibitor of the efflux transporter ABCB1. Recent positron emission tomographic brain imaging studies using [(11)C]tariquidar to measure ABCB1 (P-gp, P-glycoprotein) density in mice indicate that the inhibitor may not be as specific as previously thought. We examined its selectivity as an inhibitor and a substrate for the human transporters P-gp, breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP, ABCG2), and multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1, ABCC1). Our results show that at low concentrations, tariquidar acts selectively as an inhibitor of P-gp and also as a substrate of BCRP. At much higher concentrations (≥100 nM), tariquidar acts as an inhibitor of both P-gp and BCRP. Thus, the in vivo specificity of tariquidar depends on concentration and the relative density and capacity of P-gp vs BCRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavitra Kannan
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanjay Telu
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Suneet Shukla
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Suresh V. Ambudkar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Victor W. Pike
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Christer Halldin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael M. Gottesman
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Robert B. Innis
- Molecular Imaging Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Matthew D. Hall
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
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Lysosomal trapping of a radiolabeled substrate of P-glycoprotein as a mechanism for signal amplification in PET. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:2593-8. [PMID: 21262843 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1014641108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The radiotracer [(11)C]N-desmethyl-loperamide (dLop) images the in vivo function of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), a transporter that blocks the entry of drugs that are substrates into brain. When P-gp is inhibited, [(11)C]dLop, a potent opiate agonist, enters and becomes trapped in the brain. This trapping is beneficial from an imaging perspective, because it amplifies the PET signal, essentially by accumulating radioactivity over time. As we previously demonstrated that this trapping was not caused by binding to opiate receptors, we examined whether [(11)C]dLop, a weak base, is ionically trapped in acidic lysosomes. To test this hypothesis, we measured [(3)H]dLop accumulation in human cells by using lysosomotropics. Because the in vivo trapping of dLop was seen after P-gp inhibition, we also measured [(3)H]dLop uptake in P-gp-expressing cells treated with the P-gp inhibitor tariquidar. All lysosomotropics decreased [(3)H]dLop accumulation by at least 50%. In P-gp-expressing cells, tariquidar (and another P-gp inhibitor) surprisingly decreased [(3)H]dLop uptake. Consequently, we measured [(11)C]dLop uptake before and after tariquidar preadministration in lysosome-rich organs of P-gp KO mice and humans. After tariquidar pretreatment in both species, radioactivity uptake in these organs decreased by 35% to 40%. Our results indicate that dLop is trapped in lysosomes and that tariquidar competes with dLop for lysosomal accumulation in vitro and in vivo. Although tariquidar and dLop compete for lysosomal trapping in the periphery, such competition does not occur in brain because tariquidar has negligible entry into brain. In summary, tariquidar and [(11)C]dLop can be used in combination to selectively measure the function of P-gp at the blood-brain barrier.
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Kawamura K, Yamasaki T, Konno F, Yui J, Hatori A, Yanamoto K, Wakizaka H, Ogawa M, Yoshida Y, Nengaki N, Fukumura T, Zhang MR. Synthesis and in vivo evaluation of ¹⁸F-fluoroethyl GF120918 and XR9576 as positron emission tomography probes for assessing the function of drug efflux transporters. Bioorg Med Chem 2010; 19:861-70. [PMID: 21185730 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2010.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to synthesize two new positron emission tomography (PET) probes, N-(4-(2-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6,7-dimethoxy-2-isoquinolinyl)ethyl)phenyl)-9,10-dihydro-5-[¹⁸F]fluoroethoxy-9-oxo-4-acridine carboxamide ([¹⁸F]3) and quinoline-3-carboxylic acid [2-(4-{2-[7-(2-[¹⁸F]fluoroethoxy)-6-methoxy-3,4-dihydro-1H-isoquinolin-2-yl]ethyl}phenylcarbamoyl)-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl]amide ([¹⁸F]4), and to evaluate the potential of these PET probes for assessing the function of two major drug efflux transporters, P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP). [¹⁸F]3 and [¹⁸F]4 were synthesized by ¹⁸F-alkylation of each O-desmethyl precursor with [¹⁸F]2-fluoroethyl bromide for injection as PET probes. In vitro accumulation assay showed that treatment with P-gp/BCRP inhibitors (1 and 2) enhanced the intracellular accumulation capacity of P-gp- and BCRP-overexpressing MES-SA/Dx5 cells. In PET studies, the uptake (AUC(brain[0-)₆₀ (min])) of [¹⁸F]3 and [¹⁸F]4 in wild-type mice co-injected with 1 were approximately sevenfold higher than that in wild-type mice, and the uptake of [¹⁸F]3 and [¹⁸F]4 in P-gp/Bcrp knockout mice were eight- to ninefold higher than that in wild-type mice. The increased uptake of [¹⁸F]3 and [¹⁸F]4 was similar to that of parent compounds ([¹¹C]1 and [¹¹C]2) previously described, indicating that radioactivity levels in the brain after injection of [¹⁸F]3 and [¹⁸F]4 are related to the function of drug efflux transporters. Also, these results suggest that the structural difference between parent compounds ([¹¹C]1 and [¹¹C]2) and fluoroethyl analogs ([¹⁸F]3 and [¹⁸F]4) do not obviously affect the potency against drug efflux transporters. In metabolite analysis of mice, the unchanged form in the brain and plasma at 60 min after co-injection of [¹⁸F]4 plus 1 were higher (95% for brain; 81% for plasma) than that after co-injection of [¹⁸F]3 plus 1. [¹⁸F]4 is a promising PET probe to assess the function of drug efflux transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Kawamura
- Department of Molecular Probes, Molecular Imaging Center, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Inage-ku, Chiba, Japan.
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