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Iglesias-Carres L, Chadwick-Corbin SA, Sweet MG, Neilson AP. Dietary phenolics and their microbial metabolites are poor inhibitors of trimethylamine oxidation to trimethylamine N-oxide by hepatic flavin monooxygenase 3. J Nutr Biochem 2023; 120:109428. [PMID: 37549832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2023.109428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
High circulating levels of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) have been associated with cardiovascular disease risk. TMAO is formed through a microbiome-host pathway utilizing primarily dietary choline as a substrate. Specific gut microbiota transform choline into trimethylamine (TMA), and, when absorbed, host hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) oxidizes TMA into TMAO. Chlorogenic acid and its metabolites reduce microbial TMA production in vitro. However, little is known regarding the potential for chlorogenic acid and its bioavailable metabolites to inhibit the last step: hepatic conversion of TMA to TMAO. We developed a screening methodology to study FMO3-catalyzed production of TMAO from TMA. HepG2 cells were unable to oxidize TMA into TMAO due to their lack of FMO3 expression. Although Hepa-1 cells did express FMO3 when pretreated with TMA and NADPH, they lacked enzymatic activity to produce TMAO. Rat hepatic microsomes contained active FMO3. Optimal reaction conditions were: 50 µM TMA, 0.2 mM NADPH, and 33 µL microsomes/mL reaction. Methimazole (a known FMO3 competitive substrate) at 200 µM effectively reduced FMO3-catalyzed conversion of TMA to TMAO. However, bioavailable chlorogenic acid metabolites did not generally inhibit FMO3 at physiological (1 µM) nor supra-physiological (50 µM) doses. Thus, the effects of chlorogenic acid in regulating TMAO levels in vivo are unlikely to occur through direct FMO3 enzyme inhibition. Potential effects on FMO3 expression remain unknown. Intestinal inhibition of TMA production and/or absorption are thus likely their primary mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisard Iglesias-Carres
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sydney A Chadwick-Corbin
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Michael G Sweet
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew P Neilson
- Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, North Carolina, USA; Department of Food, Bioprocessing, and Nutrition Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA.
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2
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Choi HS, Bhat A, Howington MB, Schaller ML, Cox RL, Huang S, Beydoun S, Miller HA, Tuckowski AM, Mecano J, Dean ES, Jensen L, Beard DA, Evans CR, Leiser SF. FMO rewires metabolism to promote longevity through tryptophan and one carbon metabolism in C. elegans. Nat Commun 2023; 14:562. [PMID: 36732543 PMCID: PMC9894935 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36181-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavin containing monooxygenases (FMOs) are promiscuous enzymes known for metabolizing a wide range of exogenous compounds. In C. elegans, fmo-2 expression increases lifespan and healthspan downstream of multiple longevity-promoting pathways through an unknown mechanism. Here, we report that, beyond its classification as a xenobiotic enzyme, fmo-2 expression leads to rewiring of endogenous metabolism principally through changes in one carbon metabolism (OCM). These changes are likely relevant, as we find that genetically modifying OCM enzyme expression leads to alterations in longevity that interact with fmo-2 expression. Using computer modeling, we identify decreased methylation as the major OCM flux modified by FMO-2 that is sufficient to recapitulate its longevity benefits. We further find that tryptophan is decreased in multiple mammalian FMO overexpression models and is a validated substrate for FMO-2. Our resulting model connects a single enzyme to two previously unconnected key metabolic pathways and provides a framework for the metabolic interconnectivity of longevity-promoting pathways such as dietary restriction. FMOs are well-conserved enzymes that are also induced by lifespan-extending interventions in mice, supporting a conserved and important role in promoting health and longevity through metabolic remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Sub Choi
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Ajay Bhat
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Marshall B Howington
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Megan L Schaller
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Rebecca L Cox
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Shijiao Huang
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Safa Beydoun
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Hillary A Miller
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Angela M Tuckowski
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Joy Mecano
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Elizabeth S Dean
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Lindy Jensen
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Daniel A Beard
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Charles R Evans
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Scott F Leiser
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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3
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Moradzad M, Abdi M, Sheikh Esmaeili F, Ghaderi D, Rahmani K, Moloudi MR, Vahabzadeh Z. Possible correlation between high circulatory levels of trimethylamine-N-oxide and 2177G>C polymorphisms of hepatic flavin containing monooxygenase 3 in Kurdish Population with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:5927-5937. [PMID: 35348964 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07375-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a multifactorial disorder with complicated pathophysiology. Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) has been thought to be correlated with the pathogenesis of NAFLD. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of hepatic flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) regulate the concentration of TMAO. This case-control study investigated the plasma levels of TMAO as well as its possible correlation with the frequency of specific genotype of FMO3 (-2650C>G, -2543T>A, -2177G>C, -2589C>T, -2106G>A polymorphisms) in Kurdish patients with NAFLD. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 85 confirmed NAFLD patients and 30 healthy individuals, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (Chol), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities were measured. TMAO was also measured using the LC-MS/MS method. High-resolution melting analysis was applied to determine FMO3 genotypes. Plasma TMAO levels were significantly higher in patients (p = 0.030). A CC genotype with a frequency of 12.9% for SNP -2177G>C was found in Kurdish NAFLD patients. The distribution of the GC genotype was also significantly different (p = 0.017). CONCLUSIONS The current results provide documentation for high circulatory levels of TMAO and its possible correlation with the presence of the specific genotype -2177G>C FMO3 in Kurdish NAFLD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Moradzad
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Abdi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Farshad Sheikh Esmaeili
- Liver & Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Dana Ghaderi
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Khaled Rahmani
- Liver & Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Raman Moloudi
- Liver & Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Zakaria Vahabzadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
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4
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Catucci G, Aramini D, Sadeghi SJ, Gilardi G. Ligand stabilization and effect on unfolding by polymorphism in human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 162:1484-1493. [PMID: 32781122 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacogenomics is a powerful tool to prevent adverse reactions caused by different response of individuals to drug administration. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) represent up to 90% of genetic variations among individuals. Drug metabolizing enzymes are highly polymorphic therefore the kinetic parameters of their catalytic reactions can be significantly influenced. This work reports on the unfolding process of a phase I drug metabolizing enzyme, human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (hFMO3) and its single nucleotide polymorphic variants (SNPs) V257M, E158K and E308G. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) indicates that the thermal denaturation of the enzyme is irreversible. The melting temperature (Tm) for the (Wild Type) WT and its polymorphic variants is found to be in a range from 46 °C to 50 °C. Also the activation energies of unfolding (Ea) show no significant differences among all proteins investigated (290-328 KJ/mol), except for the E308G variant that showed a significantly higher Ea of 412 KJ/mol. The presence of the bound NADP+ cofactor is found to stabilize all the variants by shifting the main Tm by 4-5 °C for all the proteins, exception made for E308G where no changes are observed. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) was used to characterize the interaction of the protein with NADP+ in terms of dissociation constant (Kd), enthalpy (ΔH) and entropy (ΔS). Kd values of 1.6 and 0.7 μM, ΔH of -13.9 Kcal/mol and -16.8 Kcal/mol, ΔS of -20.5 cal/mol/deg, and -28.5 cal/mol/deg were found for V257M and E158K respectively. E308G was found to be unable to bind the NADP+ cofactor, a result that is in line with the Tm results. Circular dichroism also confirmed an overall lower stability of E308G, while NADP+ was found to give a strong positive shift of the Tm stabilizing the structure of E158K (46.2 to 50.6 °C). Previous data highlighted significant differences in terms of activity among the SNPs of hFMO3. In this work a minor impact of the SNPs was found on the stability of the enzyme in the ligand free form, except for E308G, whereas the binding of NADP+ reveals major differences among WT and polymorphic variants that are all measurable in terms of heat capacity, enthalpy and secondary structure content. These data provide the first direct evidence of ligand stabilization effects on hFMO3 that can explain the differences observed in catalytic efficiencies and serve as the starting point for the development of inhibitors of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Catucci
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy
| | - D Aramini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy
| | - S J Sadeghi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy
| | - G Gilardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Italy.
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Reddy VP, Jones BC, Colclough N, Srivastava A, Wilson J, Li D. An Investigation into the Prediction of the Plasma Concentration-Time Profile and Its Interindividual Variability for a Range of Flavin-Containing Monooxygenase Substrates Using a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling Approach. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1259-1267. [PMID: 29895591 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.080648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent paper demonstrated the ability to predict in vivo clearance of flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) drug substrates using in vitro human hepatocyte and human liver microsomal intrinsic clearance with standard scaling approaches. In this paper, we apply a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and simulation approach (M&S) to predict the clearance, area under the curve (AUC), and Cmax values together with the plasma profile of a range of drugs from the original study. The human physiologic parameters for FMO, such as enzyme abundance in liver, kidney, and gut, were derived from in vitro data and clinical pharmacogenetics studies. The drugs investigated include itopride, benzydamine, tozasertib, tamoxifen, moclobemide, imipramine, clozapine, ranitidine, and olanzapine. The fraction metabolized by FMO for these drugs ranged from 21% to 96%. The developed PBPK models were verified with data from multiple clinical studies. An attempt was made to estimate the scaling factor for recombinant FMO (rFMO) using a parameter estimation approach and automated sensitivity analysis within the PBPK platform. Simulated oral clearance using in vitro hepatocyte data and associated extrahepatic FMO data predicts the observed in vivo plasma concentration profile reasonably well and predicts the AUC for all of the FMO substrates within 2-fold of the observed clinical data; seven of the nine compounds fell within 2-fold when human liver microsomal data were used. rFMO overpredicted the AUC by approximately 2.5-fold for three of the nine compounds. Applying a calculated intersystem extrapolation scalar or tissue-specific scalar for the rFMO data resulted in better prediction of clinical data. The PBPK M&S results from this study demonstrate that human hepatocytes and human liver microsomes can be used along with our standard scaling approaches to predict human in vivo pharmacokinetic parameters for FMO substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Pilla Reddy
- Departments of Modelling and Simulation, Oncology Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (V.P.R.), Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Oncology (B.C.J., N.C., J.W.), and Department of Drug Safety and Metabolism (A.S.), IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Pharmaron, Beijing, China (D.L.)
| | - Barry C Jones
- Departments of Modelling and Simulation, Oncology Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (V.P.R.), Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Oncology (B.C.J., N.C., J.W.), and Department of Drug Safety and Metabolism (A.S.), IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Pharmaron, Beijing, China (D.L.)
| | - Nicola Colclough
- Departments of Modelling and Simulation, Oncology Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (V.P.R.), Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Oncology (B.C.J., N.C., J.W.), and Department of Drug Safety and Metabolism (A.S.), IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Pharmaron, Beijing, China (D.L.)
| | - Abhishek Srivastava
- Departments of Modelling and Simulation, Oncology Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (V.P.R.), Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Oncology (B.C.J., N.C., J.W.), and Department of Drug Safety and Metabolism (A.S.), IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Pharmaron, Beijing, China (D.L.)
| | - Joanne Wilson
- Departments of Modelling and Simulation, Oncology Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (V.P.R.), Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Oncology (B.C.J., N.C., J.W.), and Department of Drug Safety and Metabolism (A.S.), IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Pharmaron, Beijing, China (D.L.)
| | - Danxi Li
- Departments of Modelling and Simulation, Oncology Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (V.P.R.), Departments of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics and Oncology (B.C.J., N.C., J.W.), and Department of Drug Safety and Metabolism (A.S.), IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom; and Pharmaron, Beijing, China (D.L.)
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6
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Yanev SG, Stoyanova TD, Valcheva VV, Ortiz de Montellano PR. Xanthates: Metabolism by Flavoprotein-Containing Monooxygenases and Antimycobacterial Activity. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1091-1095. [PMID: 29777023 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.081984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethionamide (ETH) plays a central role in the treatment of tuberculosis in patients resistant to the first-line drugs. The ETH, thioamide, and thiourea class of antituberculosis agents are prodrugs that are oxidatively converted to their active S-oxides by the mycobacterial flavin-dependent monooxygenase (EtaA) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, thus initiating the chain of reactions that result in inhibition of mycolic acid biosynthesis and cell lysis. As part of a search for new lead candidates, we report here that several xanthates are oxidized by purified EtaA to S-oxide metabolites (perxanthates), which are implicated in the antimycobacterial activity of these compounds. This process, which is analogous to that responsible for activation of ETH, is also catalyzed by human flavoprotein monooxygenase 3. EtaA was not inhibited in a time-dependent manner during the reaction. Xanthates with longer alkyl chains were oxidized more efficiently. EtaA oxidized octyl-xanthate (Km = 5 µM; Vmax = 1.023 nmolP/min; kcat = 5.2 molP/min/molE) more efficiently than ETH (194 µM; 1.46 nmolP/min; 7.73 nmolP/min/molE, respectively). Furthermore, the in vitro antimycobacterial activity of four xanthates against M. tuberculosis H37Hv was higher (minimum inhibitory concentration of around 1 µM) than that of ETH (12 µM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav G Yanev
- Department of Drug Toxicology, Institute of Neurobiology (S.G.Y., T.D.S.), and Institute of Microbiology (V.V.V.), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria; and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California (P.R.O.M.)
| | - Tsveta D Stoyanova
- Department of Drug Toxicology, Institute of Neurobiology (S.G.Y., T.D.S.), and Institute of Microbiology (V.V.V.), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria; and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California (P.R.O.M.)
| | - Violeta V Valcheva
- Department of Drug Toxicology, Institute of Neurobiology (S.G.Y., T.D.S.), and Institute of Microbiology (V.V.V.), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria; and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California (P.R.O.M.)
| | - Paul R Ortiz de Montellano
- Department of Drug Toxicology, Institute of Neurobiology (S.G.Y., T.D.S.), and Institute of Microbiology (V.V.V.), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria; and Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California (P.R.O.M.)
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Gul T, Krzek M, Permentier HP, Fraaije MW, Bischoff R. Microbial Flavoprotein Monooxygenases as Mimics of Mammalian Flavin-Containing Monooxygenases for the Enantioselective Preparation of Drug Metabolites. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1270-6. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.069104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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High-level soluble expression of bioactive porcine myostatin propeptide in E. coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:8517-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5134-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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9
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pH dependence on functional activity of human and mouse flavin-containing monooxygenase 5. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:962-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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10
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Catucci G, Gilardi G, Jeuken L, Sadeghi SJ. In vitro drug metabolism by C-terminally truncated human flavin-containing monooxygenase 3. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:551-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Revised: 11/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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