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Gollapudi BB, Williams AL, Bus JS. A review of the genotoxicity of the industrial chemical cumene. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2021; 787:108364. [PMID: 34083043 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2021.108364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to evaluate the literature on the genotoxicity of cumene (CAS # 98-82-8) and to assess the role of mutagenicity, if any, in the mode of action for cumene-induced rodent tumors. The studies reviewed included microbial mutagenicity, DNA damage/ repair, cytogenetic effects, and gene mutations. In reviewing these studies, attention was paid to their conformance to applicable OECD test guidelines which are considered as internationally recognized standards for performing these assays. Cumene was not a bacterial mutagen and did not induce Hprt mutations in CHO cell cultures. In the primary rat hepatocyte cultures, cumene induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in one study but this response could not be reproduced in an independent study using a similar protocol. In a study that is not fully compliant to the current OECD guideline, no increase in chromosomal aberrations was observed in CHO cells treated with cumene. The weight of the evidence (WoE) from multiple in vivo studies indicates that cumene is not a clastogen or aneugen. The weak positive response in an in vivo comet assay in the rat liver and mouse lung tissues is of questionable significance due to several study deficiencies. The genotoxicity profile of cumene does not match that of a classic DNA-reactive molecule and the available data does not support a conclusion that cumene is an in vivo mutagen. As such, mutagenicity does not appear to be an early key event in cumene-induced rodent tumors and alternate hypothesized non-mutagenic modes-of-action are presented. Further data are necessary to rule in or rule out a particular MoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bhaskar Gollapudi
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Health Sciences, 1800 Diagonal Road, Suite 500, Alexandria, VA, 22314, United States.
| | - Amy L Williams
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Health Sciences, 1800 Diagonal Road, Suite 500, Alexandria, VA, 22314, United States
| | - James S Bus
- Exponent, Inc., Center for Health Sciences, 1800 Diagonal Road, Suite 500, Alexandria, VA, 22314, United States
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Yang S, Zhu Y, Fang X, Xu Y, Huang Y, An J, Huang Z. Pharmacokinetics of a novel microtubule inhibitor mHA11 in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 308:235-243. [PMID: 31145889 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
mHA11, a 2-amino-4-phenyl-4H-chromene-3-carboxylate analog, is a microtubule-targeting agent discovered by our group through the modification of the Bcl-2 inhibitor HA14-1. mHA11 exhibits cytotoxicities against tumor cells with nM IC50 values, whereas it has only a minimal effect on normal cells. We explored the plasma pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and excretion of mHA11 in rats using a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. Next, we identified the metabolites of mHA11 and assessed the influence of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes on mHA11 metabolism. We also examined the in vitro stability in rat plasma and rat liver microsomes (RLMs), the blood-to plasma (B/P) ratio, and the inhibitory effect on CYP isozyme activities. After oral administration at 5, 15, and 45 mg/kg, mHA11 was absorbed and eliminated rapidly. There was a linear correlation between the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞) and the dose (R2 = 0.983). The bioavailability of mHA11 was 4.1% at the oral dose of 15 mg/kg mHA11 was extensively distributed in various tissues and exhibited a high penetration into the brain. No significant parent drug was detected in urine or bile, and only 0.74% was recovered in feces, whereas two demethylated metabolites, M1 and M2, were found in the urine and feces, and further studies showed that CYP2C19 primarily contributed to metabolites formation. mHA11 was stable in rat plasma but degraded significantly in RLMs; its B/P ratio was 1.05 in rat blood. In addition, mHA11 dose-dependently inhibited the activities of rat CYP isozymes, including CYP1A2, CYP2C6, CYP2C11, CYP2D2, CYP2E1 and CYP3A2. The present study is the first report on the disposition of mHA11 in rats and provides important data for further research and development of this inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, 119 Nansihuan Xilu Road, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yinsong Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiong Fang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yan Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yazi Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jing An
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Ziwei Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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Liu W, Kulkarni K, Hu M. Gender-dependent differences in uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase have implications in metabolism and clearance of xenobiotics. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:1555-69. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.829040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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