1
|
Pesakova V, Brozmanova H, Sistik P, Kusnirikova Z, Kacirova I, Grundmann M. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for determination of fingolimod and its active metabolite fingolimod phosphate in whole blood of patients with multiple sclerosis. Biomed Chromatogr 2024:e5947. [PMID: 38932506 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Fingolimod is an oral drug for the escalation of treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis in patients with persistent disease activity on first-line drugs or in patients with rapidly progressive severe relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. An ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for determining the concentrations of fingolimod and its active metabolite fingolimod phosphate in whole blood has been developed and validated. The advantages of this method are the easy, fast and cheap sample preparation using protein precipitation from blood with a mixture of acetonitrile-methanol (40:60, v/v). Chromatographic separation was performed on a ultra-high performance liquid chromatography BEH C18 1.7 μm (100 × 2.1 mm) column. Two modes of ionization, electrospray ionization and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization, were tested and compared. For validation, the electrospray ionization mode was chosen. As internal standard, isotopically labeled fingolimod-D4 was used to quantify the analytes. The method was validated according to the rules of the European Medicines Agency. The coefficients of variation for fingolimod were in the range of 1.13-11.88%, and the recovery was 98.80-106.00%. The coefficients of variation for fingolimod phosphate were in the range of 2.73-9.31%, and the recovery was 90.08-107.00%. The method is quite easy and fast and can be used for routine analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Pesakova
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Brozmanova
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Sistik
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Kusnirikova
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Children Neurology, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Kacirova
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Grundmann
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, Ostrava, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Li W, Vazvaei-Smith F, Dear G, Boer J, Cuyckens F, Fraier D, Liang Y, Lu D, Mangus H, Moliner P, Pedersen ML, Romeo AA, Spracklin DK, Wagner DS, Winter S, Xu XS. Metabolite Bioanalysis in Drug Development: Recommendations from the IQ Consortium Metabolite Bioanalysis Working Group. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 115:939-953. [PMID: 38073140 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The intent of this perspective is to share the recommendations of the International Consortium for Innovation and Quality in Pharmaceutical Development Metabolite Bioanalysis Working Group on the fit-for-purpose metabolite bioanalysis in support of drug development and registration. This report summarizes the considerations for the trigger, timing, and rigor of bioanalysis in the various assessments to address unique challenges due to metabolites, with respect to efficacy and safety, which may arise during drug development from investigational new drug (IND) enabling studies, and phase I, phase II, and phase III clinical trials to regulatory submission. The recommended approaches ensure that important drug metabolites are identified in a timely manner and properly characterized for efficient drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenkui Li
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Biomedical Research, East Hanover, New Jersey, USA
| | - Faye Vazvaei-Smith
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism and Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Gordon Dear
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GSK, Ware, UK
| | - Jason Boer
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Filip Cuyckens
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Janssen R & D, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Daniela Fraier
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yuexia Liang
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, Metabolism and Bioanalytics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ding Lu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc., Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Heidi Mangus
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Agios Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Patricia Moliner
- Enzymology and Metabolism, Department of Translational Medicine and Early Development, Sanofi, Montpellier, Occitanie, France
| | - Mette Lund Pedersen
- DMPK, Research and Early Development, CVRM, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Andrea A Romeo
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Douglas K Spracklin
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - David S Wagner
- Drug Metabolism and Disposition, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Serge Winter
- Pharmacokinetic Sciences, Novartis Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Xiaohui Sophia Xu
- Clinical Bioanalysis, Translation Medicine, Daiichi Sankyo, Inc., Basking Ridge, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Treiber A, Seeland S, Segrestaa J, Lescop C, Bolli MH. Reversible oxidation/reduction steps in the metabolic degradation of the glycerol side chain of the S1P 1 modulator ponesimod. Xenobiotica 2024; 54:182-194. [PMID: 38400854 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2024.2319812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
1. Ponesimod is a selective modulator of the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1) approved for the treatment of active relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis. The chemical structure of ponesimod contains a glycerol side chain which is the major target of drug metabolism in humans. 2. The two major metabolic pathways give the acids M12 (-OCH2CH(OH)COOH) and M13 (-OCH2COOH). While the former results from oxidation of the terminal alcohol, the mechanism yielding the chain-shortened acid M13 is less obvious. A detailed mechanistic study with human liver microsomes and hepatocytes using ponesimod, M12 and some of the suspected intermediates revealed an unexpectedly complex pattern of enzyme-mediated and chemical reactions. 3. Metabolic pathways for both acids were not independent and several of the transformations were reversible, depending on reaction conditions. Formation of M13 occurred either via initial oxidation of the secondary alcohol, or as a downstream process starting from M12. 4. The phenol metabolite M32 was produced as part of several pathways. Control experiments at various pH values and in the absence of metabolising enzymes support the conclusion that its formation resulted from chemical degradation rather than from metabolic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Treiber
- Department of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (AT, SS, JS), Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Swen Seeland
- Department of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (AT, SS, JS), Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Segrestaa
- Department of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (AT, SS, JS), Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Cyrille Lescop
- Drug Discovery Chemistry (CL, MHB), Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Martin H Bolli
- Drug Discovery Chemistry (CL, MHB), Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Development and validation of three colorimetric charge transfer complexes for estimation of fingolimod as an antineoplastic drug in pharmaceutical and biological samples. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-022-02334-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAn inexpensive, simple, sensitive and validated approach is developed for estimation of fingolimod through production of colored charge transfer complexes of fingolimod with different electron acceptor reagents, including a reaction of fingolimod as n-donor with 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane, tetrachloro 1,4-benzoquinone and tetracyanoethylene and as n-acceptors, yielding colored and stable anions which were measured spectrophotometrically. The range that obeyed Beer’s law is 50–300 µg mL−1 for fingolimod with all the studied reagents. The various parameters that affect the reaction were studied and optimized. The results were statistically compared with a reported method showing equal precision and accuracy. The researched approaches were utilized to determine the cited drug in its pharmaceutical form and spiked human plasma with accepted accuracy and precision.
Collapse
|
5
|
Salem H, Abo Elsoud FA, Heshmat D. Spectrofluorimetric analysis of fingolimod via complex formation with eosin Y in its pure form, pharmaceutical preparation and biological samples. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 250:119331. [PMID: 33406450 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work discuss a simple, rapid, accurate, precise, sensitive, validated and effective cost spectrofluorometric method. The technique was applied for the analysis of fingolimod hydrochloride (FIN) in pure form, capsules, human plasma and urine samples. Formation of binary complex between the suggested amino group of (FIN) with Eosin Y (EOY) is the principle of its determination. FIN was determined spectrofluorimetrically by measuring its quenching effect on the EOY native fluorescence at 575 nm after excitation at 525 nm. The fluorescence-concentration linearity was 0.1-1.0 µg mL-1. The suggested spectrofluorimetric results have been certified according to ICH regulations and were applied for analysis of FIN in capsules, human plasma and urine samples. The validated results were accepted compared to reference method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Salem
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia, Egypt.
| | - Fatma A Abo Elsoud
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia, Egypt
| | - Dina Heshmat
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, New Minia, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Surapaneni S, Yerramilli U, Bai A, Dalvie D, Brooks J, Wang X, Selkirk JV, Yan YG, Zhang P, Hargreaves R, Kumar G, Palmisano M, Tran JQ. Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion, In Vitro Pharmacology, and Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Ozanimod, a Novel Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Modulator. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:405-419. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
7
|
Xie Z, Chen M, Goswami S, Mani R, Wang D, Kulp SK, Coss CC, Schaaf LJ, Cui F, Byrd JC, Jennings RN, Schober KK, Freed C, Lewis S, Malbrue R, Muthusamy N, Bennett C, Kisseberth WC, Phelps MA. Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of the Novel Non-immunosuppressive Fingolimod Derivative, OSU-2S, in Dogs and Comparisons with Data in Mice and Rats. AAPS JOURNAL 2020; 22:92. [PMID: 32676788 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-020-00474-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we characterized the pharmacokinetics of OSU-2S, a fingolimod-derived, non-immunosuppressive phosphatase activator, in mice, rats, and dogs, as well as tolerability and food effects in dogs. Across all species tested, plasma protein binding for OSU-2S was > 99.5%, and metabolic stability and hepatic intrinsic clearance were in the moderate range. OSU-2S did not significantly modulate CYP enzyme activity up until 50 μM, and Caco-2 data suggested low permeability with active efflux at 2 μM. Apparent oral bioavailability in mice was 16% and 69% at 10 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. In rats, bioavailability was 24%, 35%, and 28% at 10, 30, and 100 mg/kg, respectively, while brain/plasma ratio was 36 at 6-h post-dose at 30 mg/kg. In dogs, OSU-2S was well tolerated with oral capsule bioavailability of 27.5%. Plasma OSU-2S exposures increased proportionally over a 2.5-20 mg/kg dose range. After 4 weeks of 3 times weekly, oral administration (20 mg/kg), plasma AUClast (26.1 μM*h), and Cmax (0.899 μM) were nearly 2-fold greater than those after 1 week of dosing, and no food effects were observed. The elimination half-life (29.7 h), clearance (22.9 mL/min/kg), and plasma concentrations of repeated oral doses support a 3-times weekly dosing schedule in dogs. No significant CBC, serum biochemical, or histopathological changes were observed. OSU-2S has favorable oral PK properties similar to fingolimod in rodents and dogs and is well tolerated in healthy animals. This work supports establishing trials of OSU-2S efficacy in dogs with spontaneous tumors to guide its clinical development as a cancer therapeutic for human patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Xie
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 506 Riffe Building, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Min Chen
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 506 Riffe Building, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Swagata Goswami
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Rajes Mani
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Dasheng Wang
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Samuel K Kulp
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 506 Riffe Building, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Chris C Coss
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 506 Riffe Building, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Larry J Schaaf
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | | | - John C Byrd
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 506 Riffe Building, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA.,Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Ryan N Jennings
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Karsten K Schober
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 448 VMAB, 1900 Coffey Rd., Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA
| | - Carrie Freed
- University Laboratory Animal Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Stephanie Lewis
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Raphael Malbrue
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Natarajan Muthusamy
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Chad Bennett
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - William C Kisseberth
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. .,Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, 448 VMAB, 1900 Coffey Rd., Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA.
| | - Mitch A Phelps
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 506 Riffe Building, 496 W. 12th Ave., Columbus, Ohio, 43210, USA. .,Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Boof ML, van Lier JJ, English S, Fischer H, Ufer M, Dingemanse J. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of cenerimod, a selective S1P 1 receptor modulator in healthy subjects. Xenobiotica 2020; 50:947-956. [PMID: 32105166 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1736688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cenerimod is a sphingosine-1-phosphate 1 receptor modulator under development for treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus.This single-centre, open-label, single-dose study investigated the mass balance and excretion routes and aimed at identifying and quantifying cenerimod metabolites in plasma, urine, and faeces after oral administration of 2 mg/100 μCi (3.7 MBq) of 14C-cenerimod.Total mean cumulative recovery was 84% of the administered dose (58-100% in faeces and 4.6-12% in urine). In a 0-504 h cross-subject area under the curve plasma pool, cenerimod and two metabolites were detected accounting for 78, 6.0, and 4.9% of total radioactivity, respectively, i.e. no major metabolite was identified in plasma. Cenerimod was only detected in faeces and accounted for 17% of the radioactivity excreted in this matrix. The metabolite M32 was detected in both urine and faeces and represented 23% and 66% of radioactivity excreted in these matrices, respectively. Other metabolites of unknown structure were detected in small amounts. Overall, M32 and cenerimod accounted for 52% and 13%, respectively, of the total radioactivity recovered.Among the excreted metabolites, only the non-enzymatically formed M32 represented more than 25% of total drug-related material. Therefore, no pharmacokinetic drug-drug interaction studies are foreseen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Boof
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Hartmut Fischer
- A&M Labor für Analytik und Metabolismusforschung Service GmbH, Bergheim, Germany
| | - Mike Ufer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| | - Jasper Dingemanse
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Idorsia Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kifuji T, Inoue S, Furukawa M, Perez Madera B, Goto T, Kumagai H, Mair SJ, Kawaguchi A. Absorption, disposition and metabolic pathway of amiselimod (MT-1303) in healthy volunteers in a mass balance study. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:1033-1043. [PMID: 30231665 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1525508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The absorption, metabolism and excretion of MT-1303 were investigated in healthy male subjects after a single oral dose of 0.4 mg [14C]-MT-1303 (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02293967). The MT-1303 concentration in the plasma reached a maximum at 12 h after administration. Thereafter, the concentration declined with a half-life of 451 h. At the final assessment on Day 57, 91.16% of the administered radioactivity was excreted, and the cumulative excretion in the urine and faeces was 35.32% and 55.84%, respectively. The most abundant metabolite in plasma was MT-1303-P, which accounted for 42.6% of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of the total radioactivity. The major component excreted in urine was Human Urine (HU)4 (3066434), accounting for 28.1% of radioactivity in the sample (4.05% of the dose), whereas MT-1303 was a major component in the faeces, accounting for 89.8% of radioactivity in the sample (25.49% of the dose) up to 240 h after administration. This study indicates that multiple metabolic pathways are involved in the elimination of MT-1303 from the human body and the excretion of MT-1303 and MT-1303-P via the kidney is low. Therefore, MT-1303 is unlikely to cause conspicuous drug interactions or alter pharmacokinetics in patients with renal impairment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki Kifuji
- a Data Science Department, Ikuyaku. Integrated Value Development Division , Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , Chuo-ku , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inoue
- a Data Science Department, Ikuyaku. Integrated Value Development Division , Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , Chuo-ku , Tokyo , Japan
| | - Megumi Furukawa
- a Data Science Department, Ikuyaku. Integrated Value Development Division , Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , Chuo-ku , Tokyo , Japan
| | | | - Takahiro Goto
- c DMPK Research Laboratories, Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division , Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , Yokohama , Kanagawa , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kumagai
- c DMPK Research Laboratories, Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division , Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , Yokohama , Kanagawa , Japan
| | | | - Atsuhiro Kawaguchi
- a Data Science Department, Ikuyaku. Integrated Value Development Division , Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , Chuo-ku , Tokyo , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kraft M, Zettl UK, Noack T, Patejdl R. The sphingosine analog fingolimod (FTY720) enhances tone and contractility of rat gastric fundus smooth muscle. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2018; 30:e13372. [PMID: 29740911 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphingosine and its metabolite sphingosine phosphate (S1P) regulate a multitude of biological functions, including the contractile state of smooth. Gastrointestinal side effects have been reported in patients treated with FTY720, a sphingosine analog that is approved for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. The aim of this study was to characterize the effects of FTY720 on rat gastric fundus smooth muscle under basal conditions and during activation induced by high-K+ solution. METHODS Isometric contractions of isolated circular strips of gastric fundus smooth muscle were recorded using the organ bath method. The effects of FTY720 or vehicle were recorded under control conditions and in the presence of indomethacin, L-NAME, HA-1100, nifedipine, JTE-013, and suramin. Tone and contractions recorded in the presence of FTY720 or vehicle are reported as % of the amplitude of an initial high-K+ contraction obtained under control conditions. KEY RESULTS From a concentration of 10 μmol L-1 onwards, FTY720 increased the tone, reaching 8.9% ± 7.5% at 100 μmol L-1 (P < .05). With indomethacin in the solution, the effects of FTY720 were enhanced (32.1% ± 7.7%; P < .001). The FTY720-induced increase in tone was abolished in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ and reduced by nifedipine, HA-1100, JTE-013, and suramin. Furthermore, FTY720 increased high-K+ contractions in the presence of indomethacin. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES FTY720 increases tone and contractile responses to depolarization in gastric fundus smooth muscle by triggering calcium entry and calcium sensitization in a S1P receptor-dependent manner. Taken together, the experimental results presented in this work suggest that FTY720 may increase gastric tone and contractility in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Kraft
- Oscar Langendorff Institut für Physiologie, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - U K Zettl
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, Sektion Neuroimmunologie, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - T Noack
- Oscar Langendorff Institut für Physiologie, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - R Patejdl
- Oscar Langendorff Institut für Physiologie, Universität Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
David OJ, Behrje R, Pal P, Hara H, Lates CD, Schmouder R. Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Fingolimod and Carbamazepine in Healthy Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2018; 7:575-586. [PMID: 29694732 PMCID: PMC6099239 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
This open‐label, single‐sequence study in healthy subjects investigated the effects of steady‐state carbamazepine on the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of a single 2‐mg dose of fingolimod. In period 1, a single oral dose of fingolimod 2 mg (day 1) was followed by PK and safety assessments up to 36 days. In period 2, carbamazepine was administered in flexible, up‐titrated doses (600 mg twice daily maximum) for 49 days. Fingolimod was administered on day 35, followed by a study completion evaluation (day 71). The PK analysis included 23 of 26 of the enrolled subjects (88.5%). Coadministration of fingolimod at steady‐state carbamazepine concentrations resulted in increased fingolimod CL/F by 67% through the induction of CYP3A4, a cytochrome with negligible involvement in fingolimod clearance in an uninduced state. Fingolimod Cmax was reduced by 18% and AUCinf by 40%, as was T1/2 (106 vs 163 hours). A similar trend was observed for fingolimod‐P. Models linking fingolimod‐P blood concentrations to lymphocyte count or annual relapse rate suggest that such a decrease would have a low impact on the treatment effect. However, in the absence of efficacy data of fingolimod at doses lower than the therapeutic dose, their coadministration should be used with caution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rhett Behrje
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| | - Parasar Pal
- Novartis Healthcare Private Limited, Hyderabad, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dash RP, Srinivas NR, Rais R. A review of bioanalytical quantitative methods for selected sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulators. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 32. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet Prasad Dash
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery Program; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore Maryland USA
- Department of Neurology; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore Maryland USA
| | | | - Rana Rais
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Johns Hopkins Drug Discovery Program; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore Maryland USA
- Department of Neurology; Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore Maryland USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Gu C, Wen S, Doig P, Gangl E, Zheng X, Wang Y, Johannes JW. Mouse Red Blood Cell-Mediated Rare Xenobiotic Phosphorylation of a Drug Molecule Not Intended to Be a Kinase Substrate. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:1345-1353. [PMID: 28986473 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.076869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of xenobiotics is rare, probably owing to a strong evolutionary pressure against it. This rarity may have attracted more attention recently as a result of intentionally designed kinase-substrate analogs that depend on kinase-catalyzed activation to form phosphorylated active drugs. We report a rare phosphorylated metabolite observed unexpectedly in mouse plasma samples after an oral dose of a Tankyrase inhibitor that was not intended to be a kinase substrate, i.e., (S)-2-(4-(6-(3,4-dimethylpiperazin-1-yl)-4-methylpyridin-3-yl)phenyl)-8-(hydroxymethyl)quinazolin-4(3H)-one (AZ2381). The phosphorylated metabolite was not generated in mouse hepatocytes. In vitro experiments showed that the phosphorylation of AZ2381 occurred in mouse whole blood with heparin as anticoagulant but not in mouse plasma. The phosphorylated metabolite was also produced in rat, dog, and human blood, albeit at lower yields than in mouse. Divalent metal ions are required for the phosphorylation since the reaction is inhibited by the metal chelator EDTA. Further investigations with different cellular fractions of mouse blood revealed that the phosphorylation of AZ2381 was mediated by erythrocytes but did not occur with leukocytes. The levels of 18O incorporation into the phosphorylated metabolite when inorganic 18O4-phosphate and γ-18O4-ATP were added to the mouse blood incubations separately suggested that the phosphoryl transfer was from inorganic phosphate rather than ATP. It remains unclear which enzyme present in red blood cells is responsible for this rare phosphorylation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chungang Gu
- Oncology DMPK (C.G., E.G.), Oncology Biosciences (S.W., Y.W.), Discovery Sciences (P.D.), and Oncology Medicinal Chemistry (X.Z., J.W.J.), Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Shenghua Wen
- Oncology DMPK (C.G., E.G.), Oncology Biosciences (S.W., Y.W.), Discovery Sciences (P.D.), and Oncology Medicinal Chemistry (X.Z., J.W.J.), Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Peter Doig
- Oncology DMPK (C.G., E.G.), Oncology Biosciences (S.W., Y.W.), Discovery Sciences (P.D.), and Oncology Medicinal Chemistry (X.Z., J.W.J.), Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Eric Gangl
- Oncology DMPK (C.G., E.G.), Oncology Biosciences (S.W., Y.W.), Discovery Sciences (P.D.), and Oncology Medicinal Chemistry (X.Z., J.W.J.), Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Xiaolan Zheng
- Oncology DMPK (C.G., E.G.), Oncology Biosciences (S.W., Y.W.), Discovery Sciences (P.D.), and Oncology Medicinal Chemistry (X.Z., J.W.J.), Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Yanjun Wang
- Oncology DMPK (C.G., E.G.), Oncology Biosciences (S.W., Y.W.), Discovery Sciences (P.D.), and Oncology Medicinal Chemistry (X.Z., J.W.J.), Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffrey W Johannes
- Oncology DMPK (C.G., E.G.), Oncology Biosciences (S.W., Y.W.), Discovery Sciences (P.D.), and Oncology Medicinal Chemistry (X.Z., J.W.J.), Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca, Waltham, Massachusetts
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Enoru JO, Yang B, Krishnamachari S, Villanueva E, DeMaio W, Watanyar A, Chinnasamy R, Arterburn JB, Perez RG. Preclinical Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and In Vivo Analysis of New Blood-Brain-Barrier Penetrant Fingolimod Analogues: FTY720-C2 and FTY720-Mitoxy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0162162. [PMID: 27611691 PMCID: PMC5017749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0162162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative aging disorder in which postmortem PD brain exhibits neuroinflammation, as well as synucleinopathy-associated protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) enzymatic activity loss. Based on our translational research, we began evaluating the PD-repurposing-potential of an anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and PP2A stimulatory oral drug that is FDA-approved for multiple sclerosis, FTY720 (fingolimod, Gilenya®). We also designed two new FTY720 analogues, FTY720-C2 and FTY720-Mitoxy, with modifications that affect drug potency and mitochondrial localization, respectively. Herein, we describe the metabolic stability and metabolic profiling of FTY720-C2 and FTY720-Mitoxy in liver microsomes and hepatocytes. Using mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human liver microsomes the intrinsic clearance of FTY720-C2 was 22.5, 79.5, 6.0, 20.2 and 18.3 μL/min/mg; and for FTY720-Mitoxy was 1.8, 7.8, 1.4, 135.0 and 17.5 μL/min/mg, respectively. In hepatocytes, both FTY720-C2 and FTY720-Mitoxy were metabolized from the octyl side chain, generating a series of carboxylic acids similar to the parent FTY720, but without phosphorylated metabolites. To assess absorption and distribution, we gave equivalent single intravenous (IV) or oral doses of FTY720-C2 or FTY720-Mitoxy to C57BL/6 mice, with two mice per time point evaluated. After IV delivery, both FTY720-C2 and FTY720-Mitoxy were rapidly detected in plasma and brain; and reached peak concentrations at the first sampling time points. After oral dosing, FTY720-C2 was present in plasma and brain, although FTY720-Mitoxy was not orally bioavailable. Brain-to-plasma ratio of both compounds increased time-dependently, suggesting a preferential partitioning to the brain. PP2A activity in mouse adrenal gland increased ~2-fold after FTY720-C2 or FTY720-Mitoxy, as compared to untreated controls. In summary, FTY720-C2 and FTY720-Mitoxy both (i) crossed the blood-brain-barrier; (ii) produced metabolites similar to FTY720, except without phosphorylated species that cause S1P1-mediated-immunosuppression; and (iii) stimulated in vivo PP2A activity, all of which encourage additional preclinical assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julius O. Enoru
- In Vitro and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Ricerca Biosciences LLC, Concord, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Barbara Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sesha Krishnamachari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ernesto Villanueva
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - William DeMaio
- In Vitro and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Ricerca Biosciences LLC, Concord, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Adiba Watanyar
- In Vitro and Molecular Metabolism Laboratory, Ricerca Biosciences LLC, Concord, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ramesh Chinnasamy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey B. Arterburn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Ruth G. Perez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Center of Emphasis in Neurosciences, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center El Paso, El Paso, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Juif PE, Kraehenbuehl S, Dingemanse J. Clinical pharmacology, efficacy, and safety aspects of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulators. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:879-95. [PMID: 27249325 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2016.1196188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulators, of which one has received marketing approval and several others are in clinical development, display promising potential in the treatment of a spectrum of autoimmune diseases. AREAS COVERED Administration of S1P1 receptor modulators leads to functional receptor antagonism triggering sustained inhibition of the egress of lymphocytes from lymphoid organs. First-dose administration is associated with transient cardiovascular effects. We compiled and discussed available pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and safety data of selective and non-selective S1P receptor modulators that were investigated in recent years. EXPERT OPINION The safety profile of S1P receptor modulators is considered better than other classes of immunomodulators and was further improved by the development of up-titration regimens to mitigate first-dose effects. S1P receptor modulators display similar pharmacodynamic effects but have very different pharmacokinetic profiles. Drugs with a rapid elimination are of interest in case of opportunistic infections or pregnancy, whereas the need of re-initiation of up-titration in case of treatment interruption can present a challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Eric Juif
- a Department of Clinical Pharmacology , Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd , Allschwil , Switzerland
| | - Stephan Kraehenbuehl
- b Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology , Universitätsspital Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Jasper Dingemanse
- a Department of Clinical Pharmacology , Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd , Allschwil , Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Blumenfeld S, Staun-Ram E, Miller A. Fingolimod therapy modulates circulating B cell composition, increases B regulatory subsets and production of IL-10 and TGFβ in patients with Multiple Sclerosis. J Autoimmun 2016; 70:40-51. [PMID: 27055778 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Fingolimod, an oral therapeutic agent approved for patients with relapsing-remitting Multiple Sclerosis (MS), has been shown to prevent lymphocyte egress from secondary lymphoid tissues; however the specific drug effect on B cells in fingolimod-treated patients remains to be fully elucidated. We present here a comprehensive analysis on the proportions of B cell subsets in the periphery, and the levels of activation, functional surface markers and cytokine profile of B cells in MS patients, following initiation of fingolimod therapy, using flow cytometry and cytokine bead array. Fingolimod therapy increased the ratio of naïve to memory cells, elevated the percentage of plasma cells and highly increased the proportion of transitional B cells as well as additional regulatory subsets, including: IL10(+), CD25(+) and CD5(+) B cells. The percentage of activated CD69(+) cells was highly elevated in the remaining circulating B cells, which produced increased levels of IL10, TGFβ, IL6, IL4, LTα, TNFα and IFNγ cytokines, with an overall increased ratio of TGFβ to pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, fingolimod therapy reduced ICAM-1(+) cells, suggesting a possible reduction in antigen-presenting capacity. Phosphorylated-fingolimod was shown in vitro to reduce S1PR1 RNA and protein, to slightly increase viability and to activate anti-apoptotic Bcl2 in transformed B cells of patients with MS. In conclusion, fingolimod therapy modulates significantly the composition of circulating B cells, promoting regulatory subsets and an anti-inflammatory cytokine repertoire.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shiri Blumenfeld
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Elsebeth Staun-Ram
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ariel Miller
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel; Neuroimmunology Unit & Multiple Sclerosis Center, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Suneetha A, Raja Rajeswari K. A high throughput flow gradient LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of fingolimod, fampridine and prednisone in rat plasma, application to in vivo perfusion study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 120:10-8. [PMID: 26686828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study a selective and high throughput liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of fingolimod (FLD), fampridine (FMP) and prednisone (PDN) in rat plasma using imipramine (IMP) as internal standard (ISTD). In this LC-MS method, following protein precipitation extraction (PPE), the analytes and ISTD were run on XBridge C18 column (150×4.6mm, 5μm) using gradient mobile phase consisting of 5mM ammonium formate in water (pH 9.0) and acetonitrile in a flow gradience program. The drug precursor and product ions were monitored on a triple quadrupole instrument that was operated in positive ionization mode. The method was validated over a concentration range of 0.1-100ng/mL for all the three analytes with relative recoveries ranging from 69 to 82%. The intra and inter batch precision (% CV) across four validation runs were less than 13.4%. The accuracy determined at four QC levels (LLOQ, LQC, MQC and HQC) were within ±6.5% of CV values. The method proved to be highly reproducible and sensitive that was successfully applied in a pharmacokinetic study after single dose oral administration to the rats and also in perfusion study sample analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Suneetha
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Hindu College of Pharmacy, Amaravathi Road, Guntur 522 002, Andhra Pradesh, India.
| | - K Raja Rajeswari
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjuna Nagar, Guntur 522510, Andhra Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Souri E, Zargarpoor M, Mottaghi S, Ahmadkhaniha R, Kebriaeezadeh A. A Stability-Indicating HPLC Method for the Determination of Fingolimod in Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms. Sci Pharm 2016; 83:85-93. [PMID: 26839803 PMCID: PMC4727784 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1408-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fingolimod is an immunosuppressive agent which is used for the prophylaxis of organ transplantation rejection or multiple sclerosis treatment. In this study, systematic forced degradation studies on fingolimod bulk powder were performed to develop a stability-indicating HPLC method. Separation of fingolimod and its degradation products was achieved on a Nova-Pak C8 column. The mobile phase was a mixture of potassium dihydrogenphosphate 50 mM (pH 3.0) and acetonitrile (45:55, v/v) at a flow rate of 1 ml/min. The proposed method was linear in the range of 0.125-20 μg mL(-1). The within-day and between-day coefficients of variation were in the range of 0.6-1.2%. The developed method was successfully applied for the determination of the fingolimod amount in pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Effat Souri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Design and Development Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 141556451, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zargarpoor
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Design and Development Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 141556451, Iran
| | - Siavash Mottaghi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Drug Design and Development Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 141556451, Iran
| | - Reza Ahmadkhaniha
- Department of Human Ecology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417613151, Iran
| | - Abbas Kebriaeezadeh
- Department of Pharmacoeconomy and Pharmaceutical Administration, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Harrer A, Wipfler P, Pilz G, Oppermann K, Haschke-Becher E, Afazel S, Kraus J, Trinka E, Sellner J. Adaptive Immune Responses in a Multiple Sclerosis Patient with Acute Varicella-Zoster Virus Reactivation during Treatment with Fingolimod. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:21832-45. [PMID: 26378517 PMCID: PMC4613283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160921832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fingolimod, an oral sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulator, is approved for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). The interference with S1P signaling leads to retention particularly of chemokine receptor-7 (CCR7) expressing T cells in lymph nodes. The immunological basis of varicella zoster virus (VZV) infections during fingolimod treatment is unclear. Here, we studied the dynamics of systemic and intrathecal immune responses associated with symptomatic VZV reactivation including cessation of fingolimod and initiation of antiviral therapy. Key features in peripheral blood were an about two-fold increase of VZV-specific IgG at diagnosis of VZV reactivation as compared to the previous months, a relative enrichment of effector CD4+ T cells (36% versus mean 12% in controls), and an accelerated reconstitution of absolute lymphocytes counts including a normalized CD4+/CD8+ ratio and reappearance of CCR7+ T cells. In cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) the lymphocytic pleocytosis and CD4+/CD8+ ratios at diagnosis of reactivation and after nine days of fingolimod discontinuation remained unchanged. During this time CCR7+ T cells were not observed in CSF. Further research into fingolimod-associated VZV reactivation and immune reconstitution is mandatory to prevent morbidity and mortality associated with this potentially life-threatening condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Harrer
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; E-Mails: (A.H.); (P.W.); (G.P.); (K.O.); (E.T.)
| | - Peter Wipfler
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; E-Mails: (A.H.); (P.W.); (G.P.); (K.O.); (E.T.)
| | - Georg Pilz
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; E-Mails: (A.H.); (P.W.); (G.P.); (K.O.); (E.T.)
| | - Katrin Oppermann
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; E-Mails: (A.H.); (P.W.); (G.P.); (K.O.); (E.T.)
| | - Elisabeth Haschke-Becher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; E-Mails: (E.H.-B.); (S.A.)
| | - Shahrzad Afazel
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; E-Mails: (E.H.-B.); (S.A.)
| | - Jörg Kraus
- Department of Neurology, A.ö. Krankenhaus Zell am See, Teaching Hospital of the Paracelsus Medical University, 5700 Zell am See, Austria; E-Mail:
- Research Institute of Neurointervention, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Eugen Trinka
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; E-Mails: (A.H.); (P.W.); (G.P.); (K.O.); (E.T.)
| | - Johann Sellner
- Department of Neurology, Christian Doppler Medical Center, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; E-Mails: (A.H.); (P.W.); (G.P.); (K.O.); (E.T.)
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität, 81675 München, Germany
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +43-662-4483-(ext. 0); Fax: +43-662-4483-3004
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Inaba SI, Ikeda T, Goto M, Tanaka H, Takahashi M, Iwabuchi H, Izumi T. Pharmacokinetics and disposition of CS-0777, a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator, in rats and monkeys. Xenobiotica 2015; 45:1063-80. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1039097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
22
|
Snelder N, Ploeger BA, Luttringer O, Stanski DR, Danhof M. Translational Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Fingolimod (FTY720) as a Paradigm Compound Subject to Sphingosine Kinase-Mediated Phosphorylation. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1367-78. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.056770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
23
|
Tanasescu R, Constantinescu CS. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of fingolimod for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2014; 10:621-30. [PMID: 24579791 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2014.894019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fingolimod is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator with a novel mechanism of action and the first oral drug approved for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Fingolimod reduces relapses more effectively than intramuscular interferon β1a and delays disability progression. Associated safety risks are bradyarrhythmia and atrioventricular block following the initial dose, requiring monitoring. AREAS COVERED This article examines the characteristics of fingolimod, its pharmacokinetic properties and the efficacy and tolerability in MS. Information on the pharmacology and mechanisms of action is also provided. EXPERT OPINION Fingolimod is an effective therapy for relapsing forms of MS in a convenient oral dose. Fingolimod may target not only inflammation but potentially also neurodegeneration. Antagonizing astrocyte sphingosine signaling may help explain the reduction in cerebral atrophy observed in Phase III trials. Long-term data about the safety of fingolimod are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Radu Tanasescu
- University of Nottingham, Queen's Medical Centre, Academic Division of Clinical Neurology , C Floor, South Block, Nottingham, NG7 2UH , UK +44 115 8754597/98 ; +44 115 823 1443 ;
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yang S, Hu J, Li Y. Simultaneous determination of SYL-1119 and SYL-1119-P in rat plasma using HPLC coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 945-946:193-8. [PMID: 24355213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
SYL-1119 is a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 modulator for the treatment of autoimmune disease with better selectivity, while SYL-1119-P is its active phosphate. A sensitive and specific liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of SYL-1119 and SYL-1119-P in rat plasma. SYL-1110, an analogue of SYL-1119, was used as the internal standard. Plasma samples were prepared by protein precipitation using acetonitrile. The analytes and internal standard were separated on a Zorbax SB-C18 column (3.5μm, 100mm×2.1mm) with a gradient mobile phase consisting of methanol and water containing 0.1% formic acid at a flow rate of 0.2ml/min with an operating temperature of 20°C. The detection was performed on a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer with positive electrospray ionization in multiple reaction monitoring mode of the transitions at m/z 364→259 for SYL-1119, m/z 444→259 for SYL-1119-P, and m/z 378→273 for the IS. Calibration curves were linear in the range of 0.2-50ng/ml for SYL-1119 and 10-1000ng/ml for SYL-1119-P. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.2ng/ml for SYL-1119 and 10ng/ml for SYL-1119-P. The intra- and inter-day precisions were 5.4-12.8% for two analytes with accuracies within ±10%. The recoveries for two compounds were 91.3-104.5%. The analytes were proved to be stable during all sample storage, preparation, and analytic procedures. The method was successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of SYL-1119 and SYL-1119-P in rats after oral administration of SYL-1119.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Drug Metabolism of Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jinping Hu
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Drug Metabolism of Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yan Li
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drugability Evaluation, State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Drug Metabolism of Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Diao X, Deng P, Xie C, Li X, Zhong D, Zhang Y, Chen X. Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of 3-n-Butylphthalide (NBP) in Humans: The Role of Cytochrome P450s and Alcohol Dehydrogenase in Biotransformation. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 41:430-44. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.049684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
26
|
Spijkers LJA, Alewijnse AE, Peters SLM. FTY720 (fingolimod) increases vascular tone and blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats via inhibition of sphingosine kinase. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:1411-8. [PMID: 22251137 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01865.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE FTY720 (Fingolimod) is a recently approved orally administered drug for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. Phase II and III clinical trials have demonstrated that this drug modestly increases BP. We previously showed that inhibition of sphingosine kinase increases vascular tone and BP in hypertensive, but not normotensive rats. Since FTY720 is reported to have inhibitory effects on sphingosine kinase, we investigated whether FTY720 increases vascular tone and BP only in hypertensive rats via this mechanism. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The contractile and BP modulating effects of FTY720 were studied in vivo and ex vivo (wire myography) in age-matched normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). KEY RESULTS Oral administration of FTY720 induced an increase in mean arterial pressure in SHR, whereas a decrease in BP was observed in WKY rats, as measured 24 h after administration. Similar to the sphingosine kinase inhibitor dimethylsphingosine (DMS), FTY720 induced large contractions in isolated carotid arteries from SHR, but not in those from WKY. In contrast, the phosphorylated form of FTY720 did not induce contractions in isolated carotid arteries from SHR. FTY720-induced contractions were inhibited by endothelium denudation, COX and thromboxane synthase inhibitors, and by thromboxane receptor antagonism, indicating that (like DMS-induced contractions) they were endothelium-dependent and mediated by thromboxane A₂. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These data demonstrate that FTY720 increases vascular tone and BP only in hypertensive rats, most likely as a result of its inhibitory effect on sphingosine kinase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Léon J A Spijkers
- Department of Pharmacology & Pharmacotherapy, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Fingolimod (FTY720), a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator, is the first in a new class of therapeutic compounds and is the first oral therapy approved for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). Fingolimod is a structural analogue of endogenous sphingosine and undergoes phosphorylation to produce fingolimod phosphate, the active moiety. Fingolimod targets MS via effects on the immune system, and evidence from animal models indicates that it may also have actions in the central nervous system. In phase III studies in patients with relapsing-remitting MS, fingolimod has demonstrated efficacy superior to that of an approved first-line therapy, intramuscular interferon-β-1a, as well as placebo, with benefits extending across clinical and magnetic resonance imaging measures. The pharmacokinetic profiles of fingolimod and fingolimod phosphate have been extensively investigated in studies in healthy volunteers, renal transplant recipients (the indication for which fingolimod was initially under clinical development, but the development was subsequently discontinued) and MS patients. Results from these studies have demonstrated that fingolimod is efficiently absorbed, with an oral bioavailability of >90%, and its absorption is unaffected by dietary intake, therefore it can be taken without regard to meals. Fingolimod and fingolimod phosphate have a half-life of 6-9 days, and steady-state pharmacokinetics are reached after 1-2 months of daily dosing. The long half-life of fingolimod, together with its slow absorption, means that fingolimod has a flat concentration profile over time with once-daily dosing. Fingolimod and fingolimod phosphate show dose-proportional exposure in single- and multiple-dose studies over a range of 0.125-5 mg; hence, there is a predictable relationship between dose and systemic exposure. Furthermore, fingolimod and fingolimod phosphate exhibit low to moderate intersubject pharmacokinetic variability. Fingolimod is extensively metabolized, with biotransformation occurring via three main pathways: (i) reversible phosphorylation to fingolimod phosphate; (ii) hydroxylation and oxidation to yield a series of inactive carboxylic acid metabolites; and (iii) formation of non-polar ceramides. Fingolimod is largely cleared through metabolism by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 4F2. Since few drugs are metabolized by CYP4F2, fingolimod would be expected to have a relatively low potential for drug-drug interactions. This is supported by data from in vitro studies indicating that fingolimod and fingolimod phosphate have little or no capacity to inhibit and no capacity to induce other major drug-metabolizing CYP enzymes at therapeutically relevant steady-state blood concentrations. Population pharmacokinetic evaluations indicate that CYP3A inhibitors and CYP3A inducers have no effect or only a weak effect on the pharmacokinetics of fingolimod and fingolimod phosphate. However, blood concentrations of fingolimod and fingolimod phosphate are increased moderately when fingolimod is coadministered with ketoconazole, an inhibitor of CYP4F2. The pharmacokinetics of fingolimod are unaffected by renal impairment or mild-to-moderate hepatic impairment. However, exposure to fingolimod is increased in patients with severe hepatic impairment. No clinically relevant effects of age, sex or ethnicity on the pharmacokinetics of fingolimod have been observed. Fingolimod is thus a promising new therapy for eligible patients with MS, with a predictable pharmacokinetic profile that allows effective once-daily oral dosing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier J David
- Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
LC–MS/MS determination of FTY720 and FTY720-phosphate in murine intracellular compartments and human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 887-888:122-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2011] [Revised: 01/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
29
|
Liu J, Zhao Z, Teffera Y. Application of on-line nano-liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry in metabolite identification studies. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:320-326. [PMID: 22223319 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.5332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Metabolite identification is an important part of the drug discovery and development process. High sensitivity is necessary to identify metabolic products in vitro and in vivo. The most common method utilizes standard high-performance liquid chromatography (4.6 mm i.d. column and 1 mL/min flow rate) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS). We have developed a method that utilizes a nano-LC system coupled to a high-resolution tandem mass spectrometer to identify metabolites from in vitro and in vivo samples. Using this approach, we were able to increase the sensitivity of analysis by approximately 1000-fold over HPLC/MS. In vitro samples were analyzed after simple acetonitrile precipitation, centrifugation, and dilution. The significant improvement in sensitivity enabled us to conduct experiments at very low substrate concentrations (0.01 μM), and very low incubation volumes (20 μL). In vivo samples were injected after simple dilution without any pre-purification. All the metabolites identified by conventional HPLC/MS/MS were also identified using the nano-LC method. This study demonstrates a very sensitive approach to identifying phase I and II metabolites with throughput and separation equivalent to the standard HPLC/MS/MS method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhou Liu
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism, Amgen Inc., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
Oral fingolimod (Gilenya™), a sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor agonist, is the first oral agent and the first in a novel class of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) to be approved for use in the US for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS). In the EU, fingolimod is approved for use as a single-agent DMT in selected patients with highly-active, relapsing-remitting (RR) MS. This article reviews the pharmacological properties and clinical use of the drug in patients with RRMS. Fingolimod is rapidly converted in vivo to the active moiety S-fingolimod-phosphate, which binds with high affinity to S1P receptors, thereby sequestering lymphocytes in the lymph nodes and preventing their egress into the peripheral circulation. As a consequence, there is a reduction in the infiltration of autoaggressive lymphocytes into the CNS. Fingolimod-phosphate also acts as a functional antagonist, as its binding to S1P receptors results in their internalization and degradation, thereby downregulating S1P receptors on the lymphocyte cell surface. Since fingolimod crosses the blood : brain barrier, it also potentially acts at S1P receptors on neural cells in the CNS to mitigate neuropathological processes associated with MS. In large multinational trials in adult patients with RRMS, oral fingolimod 0.5 mg/day was more effective than oral placebo (FREEDOMS) and recommended dosages of intramuscular interferon-β (IFNβ)-1a (TRANSFORMS) in reducing the annualized relapse rate and was also generally more effective at slowing progression of neurological disability and at reducing the burden and activity of disease. Fingolimod was generally well tolerated in these trials of up to 2 years' duration, with most adverse events being manageable and of mild to moderate severity; there were two deaths from opportunistic infections, albeit these occurred with fingolimod 1.25 mg/day (higher than the recommended dosage). Limited long-term data indicated that no new safety concerns had arisen after 5 years of fingolimod treatment. However, further clinical experience is required to fully determine the long-term safety profile of fingolimod, particularly with regard to any potentially serious or life-threatening adverse events. In the absence of robust pharmacoeconomic studies and of head-to-head trials comparing fingolimod with other formulations of IFNβ and glatiramer acetate, the relative position of fingolimod with respect to other DMTs remains to be fully determined. In the meantime, given its convenient once-daily oral treatment regimen and better efficacy than intramuscular IFNβ-1a, fingolimod is a valuable emerging option for the treatment of adult patients with relapsing forms of MS.
Collapse
|
31
|
Nicholas R, Giannetti P, Alsanousi A, Friede T, Muraro PA. Development of oral immunomodulatory agents in the management of multiple sclerosis. Drug Des Devel Ther 2011; 5:255-74. [PMID: 21625416 PMCID: PMC3100222 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s10498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of oral disease-modifying therapies in multiple sclerosis (MS) will have a significant impact on the evolving scenario of immunomodulatory treatments in MS where current therapies are all injectable. Reducing relapses in trials translates for individuals with MS into a therapeutic aim of stopping future events. Thus the possible absence of any perceived benefits to the individual together with the long disease course, variable outcome, and a younger age group affected in MS makes side effects the major issue. The use of disease-modifying therapies as a whole needs to be placed in the context of a widening therapeutic indication where the use of these therapies is being justified at an increasingly early stage and in pre-MS syndromes such as clinically isolated and radiologically isolated syndromes where no fixed disability is likely to have accumulated. The five oral therapies discussed (cladribine, fingolimod, laquinimod, BG-12, and teriflunomide) have just completed Phase III studies and some have just been licensed. New oral drugs for MS need to be placed within this evolving marketplace where ease of delivery together with efficacy and side effects needs to be balanced against the known issues but also the known long-term safety of standard injectables.
Collapse
|
32
|
Strader CR, Pearce CJ, Oberlies NH. Fingolimod (FTY720): a recently approved multiple sclerosis drug based on a fungal secondary metabolite. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:900-907. [PMID: 21456524 DOI: 10.1021/np2000528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fingolimod (Gilenya; FTY720), a synthetic compound based on the fungal secondary metabolite myriocin (ISP-I), is a potent immunosuppressant that was approved (September 2010) by the U.S. FDA as a new treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS). Fingolimod was synthesized by the research group of Tetsuro Fujita at Kyoto University in 1992 while investigating structure-activity relationships of derivatives of the fungal metabolite ISP-I, isolated from Isaria sinclairii. Fingolimod becomes active in vivo following phosphorylation by sphingosine kinase 2 to form fingolimod-phosphate, which binds to extracellular G protein-coupled receptors, sphingosine 1-phosphates, and prevents the release of lymphocytes from lymphoid tissue. Fingolimod is orally active, which is unique among current first-line MS therapies, and it has the potential to be used in the treatment of organ transplants and cancer. This review highlights the discovery and development of fingolimod, from an isolated lead natural product, through synthetic analogues, to an approved drug.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cherilyn R Strader
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, P.O. Box 26170, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402-6170, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jin Y, Zollinger M, Borell H, Zimmerlin A, Patten CJ. CYP4F enzymes are responsible for the elimination of fingolimod (FTY720), a novel treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 39:191-8. [PMID: 21045201 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.035378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fingolimod (FTY720, Gilenya, 2-amino-2-[2-(4-octylphenyl)ethyl]-1,3-propanediol) is a novel drug recently approved in the United States for the oral treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis. The compound is eliminated predominantly by ω-hydroxylation, followed by further oxidation. The ω-hydroxylation was the major metabolic pathway in human liver microsomes (HLM). The enzyme kinetics in HLM were characterized by a Michaelis-Menten affinity constant (K(m)) of 183 μM and a maximum velocity (V(max)) of 1847 pmol/(min · mg). Rates of fingolimod metabolism by a panel of HLM from individual donors showed no correlation with marker activities of any of the major drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes or of flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO). Among 21 recombinant human P450 enzymes and FMO3, only CYP4F2 (and to some extent CYP4F3B) produced metabolite profiles similar to those in HLM. Ketoconazole, known to inhibit not only CYP3A but also CYP4F2, was an inhibitor of fingolimod metabolism in HLM with an inhibition constant (K(i)) of 0.74 μM (and by recombinant CYP4F2 with an IC(50) of 1.6 μM), whereas there was only a slight inhibition found with azamulin and none with troleandomycin. An antibody against CYP4F2 was able to inhibit the metabolism of fingolimod almost completely in HLM, whereas antibodies specific to CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4 did not show significant inhibition. Combining the results of these four enzyme phenotyping approaches, we demonstrated that CYP4F2 and possibly other enzymes of the CYP4F subfamily (e.g., CYP4F3B) are the major enzymes responsible for the ω-hydroxylation of fingolimod, the main elimination pathway of the drug in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|