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Tuerkova A, Ungvári O, Laczkó-Rigó R, Mernyák E, Szakács G, Özvegy-Laczka C, Zdrazil B. Data-Driven Ensemble Docking to Map Molecular Interactions of Steroid Analogs with Hepatic Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:3109-3127. [PMID: 34105971 PMCID: PMC8243326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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Hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides—OATP1B1,
OATP1B3, and OATP2B1—are expressed at the basolateral membrane
of hepatocytes, being responsible for the uptake of a wide range of
natural substrates and structurally unrelated pharmaceuticals. Impaired
function of hepatic OATPs has been linked to clinically relevant drug–drug
interactions leading to altered pharmacokinetics of administered drugs.
Therefore, understanding the commonalities and differences across
the three transporters represents useful knowledge to guide the drug
discovery process at an early stage. Unfortunately, such efforts remain
challenging because of the lack of experimentally resolved protein
structures for any member of the OATP family. In this study, we established
a rigorous computational protocol to generate and validate structural
models for hepatic OATPs. The multistep procedure is based on the
systematic exploration of available protein structures with shared
protein folding using normal-mode analysis, the calculation of multiple
template backbones from elastic network models, the utilization of
multiple template conformations to generate OATP structural models
with various degrees of conformational flexibility, and the prioritization
of models on the basis of enrichment docking. We employed the resulting
OATP models of OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1 to elucidate binding
modes of steroid analogs in the three transporters. Steroid conjugates
have been recognized as endogenous substrates of these transporters.
Thus, investigating this data set delivers insights into mechanisms
of substrate recognition. In silico predictions were complemented
with in vitro studies measuring the bioactivity of a compound set
on OATP expressing cell lines. Important structural determinants conferring
shared and distinct binding patterns of steroid analogs in the three
transporters have been identified. Overall, this comparative study
provides novel insights into hepatic OATP-ligand interactions and
selectivity. Furthermore, the integrative computational workflow for
structure-based modeling can be leveraged for other pharmaceutical
targets of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alzbeta Tuerkova
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Orsolya Ungvári
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
| | - Réka Laczkó-Rigó
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Mernyák
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gergely Szakács
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary.,Department of Medicine I, Institute of Cancer Research, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Csilla Özvegy-Laczka
- Drug Resistance Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, RCNS, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, H-1117, Budapest, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, Hungary
| | - Barbara Zdrazil
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Türková A, Zdrazil B. Current Advances in Studying Clinically Relevant Transporters of the Solute Carrier (SLC) Family by Connecting Computational Modeling and Data Science. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:390-405. [PMID: 30976382 PMCID: PMC6438991 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic anion and cation transporting proteins (OATs, OATPs, and OCTs), as well as the Multidrug and Toxin Extrusion (MATE) transporters of the Solute Carrier (SLC) family are playing a pivotal role in the discovery and development of new drugs due to their involvement in drug disposition, drug-drug interactions, adverse drug effects and related toxicity. Computational methods to understand and predict clinically relevant transporter interactions can provide useful guidance at early stages in drug discovery and design, especially if they include contemporary data science approaches. In this review, we summarize the current state-of-the-art of computational approaches for exploring ligand interactions and selectivity for these drug (uptake) transporters. The computational methods discussed here by highlighting interesting examples from the current literature are ranging from semiautomatic data mining and integration, to ligand-based methods (such as quantitative structure-activity relationships, and combinatorial pharmacophore modeling), and finally structure-based methods (such as comparative modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations). We are focusing on promising computational techniques such as fold-recognition methods, proteochemometric modeling or techniques for enhanced sampling of protein conformations used in the context of these ADMET-relevant SLC transporters with a special focus on methods useful for studying ligand selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alžběta Türková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Divison of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Zdrazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Divison of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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3
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Danielson ML, Sawada GA, Raub TJ, Desai PV. In Silico and in Vitro Assessment of OATP1B1 Inhibition in Drug Discovery. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3060-3068. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Mitra P, Weinheimer S, Michalewicz M, Taub ME. Prediction and Quantification of Hepatic Transporter-Mediated Uptake of Pitavastatin Utilizing a Combination of the Relative Activity Factor Approach and Mechanistic Modeling. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:953-963. [PMID: 29666154 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.080614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantification of the fraction transported (ft) by a particular transporter will facilitate more robust estimations of transporter interactions. Using pitavastatin as a model uptake transporter substrate, we investigated the utility of the relative activity factor (RAF) approach and mechanistic modeling to estimate ft in hepatocytes. The transporters evaluated were organic anion-transporting polypeptides OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 and sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide. Transporter-expressing human embryonic kidney 293 cells and human hepatocytes were used for determining RAF values, which were then incorporated into the mechanistic model to simulate hepatocyte uptake of pitavastatin over time. There was excellent agreement between simulated and observed hepatocyte uptake of pitavastatin, indicating the suitability of this approach for translation of uptake from individual transporter-expressing cells to more holistic in vitro models. Subsequently, ft values were determined. The largest contributor to hepatocyte uptake of pitavastatin was OATP1B1, which correlates with what is known about the in vivo disposition of pitavastatin. The ft values were then used for evaluating in vitro-in vivo correlations of hepatic uptake inhibition with OATP inhibitors rifampicin and cyclosporine. Predictions were compared with previously reported plasma exposure changes of pitavastatin with these inhibitors. Although hepatic uptake inhibition of pitavastatin was 2-3-fold underpredicted, incorporation of scaling factors (SFs) into RAF values significantly improved the predictive ability. We propose that calibration of hepatocytes with standard transporter substrates and inhibitors would allow for determination of system-specific SFs, which could subsequently be used for refining predictions of clinical DDI potential for new chemical entities that undergo active hepatic uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallabi Mitra
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Samantha Weinheimer
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Meeghan Michalewicz
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
| | - Mitchell E Taub
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Connecticut
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5
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Jaroch K, Jaroch A, Bojko B. Cell cultures in drug discovery and development: The need of reliable in vitro-in vivo extrapolation for pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics assessment. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 147:297-312. [PMID: 28811111 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For ethical and cost-related reasons, use of animals for the assessment of mode of action, metabolism and/or toxicity of new drug candidates has been increasingly scrutinized in research and industrial applications. Implementation of the 3 "Rs"1; rule (Reduction, Replacement, Refinement) through development of in silico or in vitro assays has become an essential element of risk assessment. Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK2) modeling is the most potent in silico tool used for extrapolation of pharmacokinetic parameters to animal or human models from results obtained in vitro. Although, many types of in vitro assays are conducted during drug development, use of cell cultures is the most reliable one. Two-dimensional (2D) cell cultures have been a part of drug development for many years. Nowadays, their role is decreasing in favor of three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures and co-cultures. 3D cultures exhibit protein expression patterns and intercellular junctions that are closer to in vivo states in comparison to classical monolayer cultures. Co-cultures allow for examinations of the mutual influence of different cell lines. However, the complexity and high costs of co-cultures and 3D equipment exclude such methods from high-throughput screening (HTS).3In vitro absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion assessment, as well as drug-drug interaction (DDI), are usually performed with the use of various cell culture based assays. Progress in in silico and in vitro methods can lead to better in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE4) outcomes and have a potential to contribute towards a significant reduction in the number of laboratory animals needed for drug research. As such, concentrated efforts need to be spent towards the development of an HTS in vitro platform with satisfactory IVIVE features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Jaroch
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2 Street, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Alina Jaroch
- Department and Institute of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Dębowa 3 Street, 85-626 Bydgoszcz, Poland; Department and Clinic of Geriatrics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Curie Sklodowskiej 9 Street, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Barbara Bojko
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2 Street, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland.
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6
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Lee SC, Arya V, Yang X, Volpe DA, Zhang L. Evaluation of transporters in drug development: Current status and contemporary issues. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 116:100-118. [PMID: 28760687 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Transporters govern the access of molecules to cells or their exit from cells, thereby controlling the overall distribution of drugs to their intracellular site of action. Clinically relevant drug-drug interactions mediated by transporters are of increasing interest in drug development. Drug transporters, acting alone or in concert with drug metabolizing enzymes, can play an important role in modulating drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion, thus affecting the pharmacokinetics and/or pharmacodynamics of a drug. The drug interaction guidance documents from regulatory agencies include various decision criteria that may be used to predict the need for in vivo assessment of transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions. Regulatory science research continues to assess the prediction performances of various criteria as well as to examine the strength and limitations of each prediction criterion to foster discussions related to harmonized decision criteria that may be used to facilitate global drug development. This review discusses the role of transporters in drug development with a focus on methodologies in assessing transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions, challenges in both in vitro and in vivo assessments of transporters, and emerging transporter research areas including biomarkers, assessment of tissue concentrations, and effect of diseases on transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue-Chih Lee
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Vikram Arya
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Xinning Yang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Donna A Volpe
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
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7
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Grime K, Pehrson R, Nordell P, Gillen M, Kühn W, Mant T, Brännström M, Svanberg P, Jones B, Brealey C. An S-warfarin and AZD1981 interaction: in vitro and clinical pilot data suggest the N-deacetylated amino acid metabolite as the primary perpetrator. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 83:381-392. [PMID: 27558866 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.13102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM AZD1981 is an orally bioavailable chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTh2) receptor antagonist progressed to phase II trials for the treatment of allergic asthma. Previously performed in vitro human hepatocyte incubations identified N-deacetylated AZD1981 as a primary metabolite. We report on metabolite exposure from a clinical excretion balance, on in vitro studies performed to determine the likelihood of a metabolite-dependent drug-drug interaction (DDI) and on a clinical warfarin DDI study. The aim was to demonstrate that N-deacetylated AZD1981 is responsible for the observed interaction. METHODS The excretion and biotransformation of [14 C]-AZD1981 were studied in healthy male volunteers, and subsequently in vitro cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibition and hepatocyte uptake investigations were carried out with metabolites and the parent drug. A clinical DDI study using coadministered twice-daily 100 mg and 400 mg AZD1981 with 25 mg warfarin was performed. RESULTS The excretion balance study showed N-deacetylated AZD1981 to be the most abundant metabolite present in plasma. In vitro data revealed the metabolite to be a weak CYP2C9 time-dependent inhibitor, subject to more active hepatic uptake than the parent molecule. Clinically, the S-warfarin area under the plasma concentration-time curve increased, on average, 1.4-fold [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22, 1.50] and 2.4-fold (95% CI 2.11, 2.64) after 100 mg (n = 13) and 400 mg (n = 11) AZD1981 administration, respectively. In vitro CYP inhibition and hepatocyte uptake data were used to explain the interaction. CONCLUSIONS N-deacetylated AZD1981 can be added to the small list of drug metabolites reported as sole contributors to clinical drug-drug interactions, with weak time-dependent inhibition exacerbated by efficient hepatic uptake being the cause.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Grime
- Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmune Disease Department of DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rikard Pehrson
- Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmune Disease Department of DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Pär Nordell
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael Gillen
- AstraZeneca Early Clinical Development, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Wolfgang Kühn
- Quintiles Allergy, Respiratory, Infectious Diseases & Vaccines Therapeutic Science & Strategy Unit, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Timothy Mant
- Quintiles Drug Research Unit at Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - Marie Brännström
- Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmune Disease Department of DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Petter Svanberg
- Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmune Disease Department of DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Barry Jones
- Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Gothenburg, Sweden
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8
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Modeling Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide 1B1 Inhibition to Elucidate Interaction Risks in Early Drug Design. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:3214-3220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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9
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Wagner AD, Elkin L, Mosure K, Gallagher L, Stavola LK, Soars MG, Shou W. Development of a high-throughput mass spectrometry based analytical method to support an in vitro OATP1B1 inhibition screening assay. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1787-1796. [PMID: 27426455 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE It is well known that the organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 (OATP1B1) plays a major role in the hepatic uptake of a range of drugs. To this end, it is pivotal that the potential for new molecular entities (NMEs) to inhibit OATP1B1 activity be assessed during early drug discovery. The work reported herein describes the development of a high-throughput analytical method to measure the clinically relevant probe substrate, pitavastatin, for the in vitro assessment of OATP1B1 inhibition. METHODS Development of an analytical method capable of very fast throughput was crucial for the success of this assay and was accomplished using a system which combines direct, on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) with highly sensitive, label-free tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)-based detection. Mass spectrometry analysis of pitavastatin, along with the stable isotopically labeled internal standard d5-pitavastatin, was conducted using positive electrospray ionization (ESI) in selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. RESULTS The on-line SPE-MS/MS platform demonstrated similar sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility, linearity and robustness to existing methodologies while achieving analytical cycle times of 10.4 seconds per well. Sensitivity exceeded what was necessary for our assay conditions, with a determined lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for pitavastatin of 10 pM (picomolar) in assay matrix. Furthermore, the potency of multiple reference compounds was shown to be within 2-fold of IC50 values generated from liquid chromatography (LC)/MS/MS-based literature values. CONCLUSIONS A very fast and robust analytical method was successfully developed for the measurement of the clinically relevant OATP1B1 substrate, pitavastatin. The successful development and implementation of this very important early liability screen has helped to facilitate judicious lead candidate progression and will ultimately help build a greater understanding of OATP1B1-NME interactions, in general. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Wagner
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT, 06492, USA
| | - Lisa Elkin
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT, 06492, USA
| | - Kathy Mosure
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT, 06492, USA
| | - Lizbeth Gallagher
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT, 06492, USA
| | - Lindsey K Stavola
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Matthew G Soars
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT, 06492, USA
| | - Wilson Shou
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT, 06492, USA
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10
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Abstract
1. Biliary excretion of compounds is dependant on several transporter proteins for the active uptake of compounds from the blood into the hepatocytes. Organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) are some of the most abundant transporter proteins in the sinusoidal membrane and have been shown to have substrate specificity similar to the structural characteristics of cholephilic compounds. 2. In this study, we sought to use measures of OATP binding as predictors of biliary excretion in conjunction with molecular descriptors in a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study. Percentage inhibitions of three subtypes of OATPs were used as surrogate indicators of OATP substrates. Several statistical modelling techniques were incorporated including classification and regression trees, boosted trees, random forest and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) in order to first develop QSARs for the prediction of OATP inhibition of compounds. The predicted OATP percentage inhibition using selected models were then used as features of the QSAR models for the prediction of biliary excretion of compounds in rat. 3. The results indicated that incorporation of predicted OATP inhibition improves accuracy of biliary excretion models. The best result was obtained from a simple regression tree that used predicted OATP1B1 percentage inhibition at the root node of the tree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Sharifi
- a Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich , Chatham , Kent , UK.,b Division of Systems Biology , National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration , Jefferson , AR , USA , and
| | - Taravat Ghafourian
- a Medway School of Pharmacy, Universities of Kent and Greenwich , Chatham , Kent , UK.,c School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex , Falmer , Brighton , UK
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11
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Riley RJ, Foley SA, Barton P, Soars MG, Williamson B. Hepatic drug transporters: the journey so far. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:201-16. [PMID: 26670591 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2016.1132308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The key role of transporter biology in both the manifestation and treatment of disease is now firmly established. Experiences of sub-optimal drug exposure due to drug-transporter interplay have supported incorporation of studies aimed at understanding the interactions between compounds and drug transporters much earlier in drug discovery. While drug transporters can impact the most pivotal pharmacokinetic parameter with respect to human dose and exposure projections, clearance, at a renal or hepatobiliary level, the latter will form the focus of this perspective. AREAS COVERED A synopsis of guidelines on which transporters to study together with an overview of the currently available toolkit is presented. A perspective on when to conduct studies with various hepatic transporters is also provided together with structural "alerts" which should prompt early investigation. EXPERT OPINION Great progress has been made in individual laboratories and via consortia to understand the role of drug transporters in disease, drug disposition, drug-drug interactions and toxicity. A systematic analysis of the value posed by the available approaches and an inter-lab comparison now seems warranted. The emerging ability to use physico-chemical properties to guide future screening cascades promises to revolutionise the efficiency of early drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - P Barton
- b School of Life Sciences , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , UK
| | - M G Soars
- c Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Wallingford , CT , USA
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12
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Montelukast Disposition: No Indication of Transporter-Mediated Uptake in OATP2B1 and OATP1B1 Expressing HEK293 Cells. Pharmaceutics 2015; 7:554-64. [PMID: 26694455 PMCID: PMC4695834 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics7040554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies with montelukast show variability in effect and polymorphic OATP2B1-dependent absorption has previously been implicated as a possible cause. This claim has been challenged with conflicting data and here we used OATP2B1-transfected HEK293 cells to clarify the mechanisms involved. For montelukast, no significant difference in cell uptake between HEK-OATP2B1 and empty vector cell lines was observed at pH 6.5 or pH 7.4, and no concentration-dependent uptake was detected. Montelukast is a carboxylic acid, a relatively potent inhibitor of OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1, and has previously been postulated to be actively transported into human hepatocytes. Using OATP1B1-transfected HEK293 cells and primary human hepatocytes in the presence of OATP inhibitors we demonstrate for the first time that active OATP-dependent transport is unlikely to play a significant role in the human disposition of montelukast.
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13
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Volpe DA. Transporter assays as useful in vitro tools in drug discovery and development. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2015; 11:91-103. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2016.1101064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donna A. Volpe
- Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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14
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Maeda K. Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide (OATP)1B1 and OATP1B3 as Important Regulators of the Pharmacokinetics of Substrate Drugs. Biol Pharm Bull 2015; 38:155-68. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b14-00767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Maeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences,
The University of Tokyo
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15
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Izumi S, Nozaki Y, Maeda K, Komori T, Takenaka O, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama Y. Investigation of the impact of substrate selection on in vitro organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1 inhibition profiles for the prediction of drug-drug interactions. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 43:235-47. [PMID: 25414411 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.059105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk assessment of organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs) is an indispensable part of drug development. We previously reported that in vitro inhibitory potencies of several inhibitors on OATP1B1 depend on the substrates when prototypical substrates, estradiol-17β-glucuronide (E₂G), estrone-3-sulfate, and sulfobromophthalein were used as test substrates. The purpose of this study was to comprehensively investigate this substrate-dependent inhibition of OATP1B1 using clinically relevant OATP1B1 inhibitors and substrate drugs. Effects of cyclosporine A (CsA), rifampin, and gemfibrozil on OATP1B1-mediated uptake of 12 substrate drugs were examined in OATP1B1-expressing human embryonic kidney 293 cells. The Ki values (μM) for CsA varied from 0.0771 to 0.486 (6.3-fold), for rifampin from 0.358 to 1.23 (3.4-fold), and for gemfibrozil from 9.65 to 252 (26-fold). Except for the inhibition of torasemide uptake by CsA and that of nateglinide uptake by gemfibrozil, the Ki values were within 2.8-fold of those obtained using E₂G as a substrate. Preincubation potentiated the inhibitory effect of CsA on OATP1B1 with similar magnitude regardless of the substrates. R values calculated based on a static model showed some variation depending on the Ki values determined with various substrates, and such variability could have an impact on the DDI predictions particularly for a weak-to-moderate inhibitor (gemfibrozil). OATP1B1 substrate drugs except for torasemide and nateglinide, or E₂G as a surrogate, is recommended as an in vitro probe in the inhibition experiments, which will help mitigate the risk of false-negative DDI predictions potentially caused by substrate-dependent Ki variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Izumi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Japan, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co. Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan (S.I., Y.N., T.K.); Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Morphotek Inc., Exton, Pennsylvania (O.T.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (K.M., H.K.); and Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Research Cluster for Innovation, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan (Y.S.)
| | - Yoshitane Nozaki
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Japan, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co. Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan (S.I., Y.N., T.K.); Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Morphotek Inc., Exton, Pennsylvania (O.T.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (K.M., H.K.); and Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Research Cluster for Innovation, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan (Y.S.)
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Japan, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co. Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan (S.I., Y.N., T.K.); Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Morphotek Inc., Exton, Pennsylvania (O.T.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (K.M., H.K.); and Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Research Cluster for Innovation, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan (Y.S.)
| | - Takafumi Komori
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Japan, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co. Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan (S.I., Y.N., T.K.); Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Morphotek Inc., Exton, Pennsylvania (O.T.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (K.M., H.K.); and Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Research Cluster for Innovation, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan (Y.S.)
| | - Osamu Takenaka
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Japan, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co. Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan (S.I., Y.N., T.K.); Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Morphotek Inc., Exton, Pennsylvania (O.T.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (K.M., H.K.); and Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Research Cluster for Innovation, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan (Y.S.)
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Japan, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co. Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan (S.I., Y.N., T.K.); Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Morphotek Inc., Exton, Pennsylvania (O.T.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (K.M., H.K.); and Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Research Cluster for Innovation, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan (Y.S.)
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Japan, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co. Ltd., Ibaraki, Japan (S.I., Y.N., T.K.); Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Morphotek Inc., Exton, Pennsylvania (O.T.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (K.M., H.K.); and Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Research Cluster for Innovation, RIKEN, Kanagawa, Japan (Y.S.)
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16
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Vivian D, Polli JE. Mechanistic interpretation of conventional Michaelis-Menten parameters in a transporter system. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 64:44-52. [PMID: 25169756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim was to elucidate how steps in drug translocation by a solute carrier transporter impact Michaelis-Menten parameters Km, Ki, and Vmax. The first objective was to derive a model for carrier-mediated substrate translocation and perform sensitivity analysis with regard to the impact of individual microrate constants on Km, Ki, and Vmax. The second objective was to compare underpinning microrate constants between compounds translocated by the same transporter. Equations for Km, Ki, and Vmax were derived from a six-state model involving unidirectional transporter flipping and reconfiguration. This unidirectional model is applicable to co-transporter type solute carriers, like the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) and the proton-coupled peptide cotransporter (PEPT1). Sensitivity analysis identified the microrate constants that impacted Km, Ki, and Vmax. Compound comparison using the six-state model employed regression to identify microrate constant values that can explain observed Km and Vmax values. Results yielded some expected findings, as well as some unanticipated effects of microrate constants on Km, Ki, and Vmax. Km and Ki were found to be equal for inhibitors that are also substrates. Additionally, microrate constant values for certain steps in transporter functioning influenced Km and Vmax to be low or high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Vivian
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - James E Polli
- University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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17
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Feng B, Varma MV, Costales C, Zhang H, Tremaine L. In vitroandin vivoapproaches to characterize transporter-mediated disposition in drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:873-90. [DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.922540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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18
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Gozalpour E, Greupink R, Wortelboer HM, Bilos A, Schreurs M, Russel FGM, Koenderink JB. Interaction of digitalis-like compounds with liver uptake transporters NTCP, OATP1B1, and OATP1B3. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:1844-55. [PMID: 24754247 DOI: 10.1021/mp400699p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Digitalis-like compounds (DLCs) such as digoxin, digitoxin, and ouabain, also known as cardiac glycosides, are among the oldest pharmacological treatments for heart failure. The compounds have a narrow therapeutic window, while at the same time, DLC pharmacokinetics is prone to drug-drug interactions at the transport level. Hepatic transporters organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1, OATP1B3, and Na(+)-dependent taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) influence the disposition of a variety of drugs by mediating their uptake from blood into hepatocytes. The interaction of digoxin, digitoxin, and ouabain with hepatic uptake transporters has been studied before. However, here, we systematically investigated a much wider range of structurally related DLCs for their capability to inhibit or to be transported by these transporters in order to better understand the relation between the activity and chemical structure of this compound type. We studied the uptake and inhibitory potency of a series of 14 structurally related DLCs in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing NTCP (CHO-NTCP) and human embryonic kidney cells expressing OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 (HEK-OATP1B1 and HEK-OATP1B3). The inhibitory effect of the DLCs was measured against taurocholic acid (TCA) uptake in CHO-NTCP cells and against uptake of β-estradiol 17-β-d-glucuronide (E217βG) in HEK-OATP1B1 and HEK-OATP1B3 cells. Proscillaridin A was the most effective inhibitor of NTCP-mediated TCA transport (IC50 = 22 μM), whereas digitoxin and digitoxigenin were the most potent inhibitors of OATP1B1 and OAPTP1B3, with IC50 values of 14.2 and 36 μM, respectively. Additionally, we found that the sugar moiety and hydroxyl groups of the DLCs play different roles in their interaction with NTCP, OATP1B1, and OATP1B3. The sugar moiety decreases the inhibition of NTCP and OATP1B3 transport activity, whereas it enhances the inhibitory potency against OATP1B1. Moreover, the hydroxyl group at position 12 reinforces the inhibition of NTCP but decreases the inhibition of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. To investigate whether DLCs can be translocated, we quantified their uptake in transporter-expressing cells by LC-MS. We demonstrated that convallatoxin, ouabain, dihydroouabain, and ouabagenin are substrates of OATP1B3. No transport was observed for the other compounds in any of the studied transporters. In summary, this work provides a step toward an improved understanding of the interaction of DLCs with three major hepatic uptake transporters. Ultimately, this can be of use in the development of DLCs that are less prone to transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Gozalpour
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences , 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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19
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Vildhede A, Karlgren M, Svedberg EK, Wisniewski JR, Lai Y, Norén A, Artursson P. Hepatic uptake of atorvastatin: influence of variability in transporter expression on uptake clearance and drug-drug interactions. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1210-8. [PMID: 24799396 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.056309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Differences in the expression and function of the organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) transporters contribute to interindividual variability in atorvastatin clearance. However, the importance of the bile acid transporter sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP, SLC10A1) in atorvastatin uptake clearance (CLupt) is not yet clarified. To elucidate this issue, we investigated the relative contribution of NTCP, OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OATP2B1 to atorvastatin CLupt in 12 human liver samples. The impact of inhibition on atorvastatin CLupt was also studied, using inhibitors of different isoform specificities. Expression levels of the four transport proteins were quantified by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. These data, together with atorvastatin in vitro kinetics, were used to predict the maximal transport activity (MTA) and interindividual differences in CLupt of each transporter in vivo. Subsequently, hepatic uptake impairment on coadministration of five clinically interacting drugs was predicted using in vitro inhibitory potencies. NTCP and OATP protein expression varied 3.7- to 32-fold among the 12 sample donors. The rank order in expression was OATP1B1 > OATP1B3 ≈ NTCP ≈ OATP2B1. NTCP was found to be of minor importance in atorvastatin disposition. Instead, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 were confirmed as the major atorvastatin uptake transporters. The average contribution to atorvastatin uptake was OATP1B1 > OATP1B3 >> OATP2B1 > NTCP, although this rank order varied among individuals. The interindividual differences in transporter expression and CLupt resulted in marked differences in drug-drug interactions due to isoform-specific inhibition. We conclude that this variation should be considered in in vitro to in vivo extrapolations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vildhede
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V., M.K., E.K.S., P.A.); Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (M.K., P.A.), Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany (J.R.W.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (Y.L.); and Department of Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.N.)
| | - Maria Karlgren
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V., M.K., E.K.S., P.A.); Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (M.K., P.A.), Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany (J.R.W.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (Y.L.); and Department of Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.N.)
| | - Elin K Svedberg
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V., M.K., E.K.S., P.A.); Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (M.K., P.A.), Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany (J.R.W.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (Y.L.); and Department of Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.N.)
| | - Jacek R Wisniewski
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V., M.K., E.K.S., P.A.); Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (M.K., P.A.), Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany (J.R.W.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (Y.L.); and Department of Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.N.)
| | - Yurong Lai
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V., M.K., E.K.S., P.A.); Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (M.K., P.A.), Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany (J.R.W.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (Y.L.); and Department of Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.N.)
| | - Agneta Norén
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V., M.K., E.K.S., P.A.); Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (M.K., P.A.), Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany (J.R.W.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (Y.L.); and Department of Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.N.)
| | - Per Artursson
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.V., M.K., E.K.S., P.A.); Uppsala University Drug Optimization and Pharmaceutical Profiling Platform (UDOPP), Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden (M.K., P.A.), Uppsala, Sweden; Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany (J.R.W.); Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Drug Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (Y.L.); and Department of Surgery, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden (A.N.)
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20
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Soars MG, Barton P, Elkin LL, Mosure KW, Sproston JL, Riley RJ. Application of anin vitroOAT assay in drug design and optimization of renal clearance. Xenobiotica 2014; 44:657-65. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.879625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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21
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Di L, Feng B, Goosen TC, Lai Y, Steyn SJ, Varma MV, Obach RS. A perspective on the prediction of drug pharmacokinetics and disposition in drug research and development. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1975-93. [PMID: 24065860 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.054031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Prediction of human pharmacokinetics of new drugs, as well as other disposition attributes, has become a routine practice in drug research and development. Prior to the 1990s, drug disposition science was used in a mostly descriptive manner in the drug development phase. With the advent of in vitro methods and availability of human-derived reagents for in vitro studies, drug-disposition scientists became engaged in the compound design phase of drug discovery to optimize and predict human disposition properties prior to nomination of candidate compounds into the drug development phase. This has reaped benefits in that the attrition rate of new drug candidates in drug development for reasons of unacceptable pharmacokinetics has greatly decreased. Attributes that are predicted include clearance, volume of distribution, half-life, absorption, and drug-drug interactions. In this article, we offer our experience-based perspectives on the tools and methods of predicting human drug disposition using in vitro and animal data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Di
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
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22
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Tang H, Shen DR, Han YH, Kong Y, Balimane P, Marino A, Gao M, Wu S, Xie D, Soars MG, O’Connell JC, Rodrigues AD, Zhang L, Cvijic ME. Development of Novel, 384-Well High-Throughput Assay Panels for Human Drug Transporters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 18:1072-83. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057113494807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Transporter proteins are known to play a critical role in affecting the overall absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion characteristics of drug candidates. In addition to efflux transporters (P-gp, BCRP, MRP2, etc.) that limit absorption, there has been a renewed interest in influx transporters at the renal (OATs, OCTs) and hepatic (OATPs, BSEP, NTCP, etc.) organ level that can cause significant clinical drug-drug interactions (DDIs). Several of these transporters are also critical for hepatobiliary disposition of bilirubin and bile acid/salts, and their inhibition is directly implicated in hepatic toxicities. Regulatory agencies took action to address transporter-mediated DDI with the goal of ensuring drug safety in the clinic and on the market. To meet regulatory requirements, advanced bioassay technology and automation solutions were implemented for high-throughput transporter screening to provide structure-activity relationship within lead optimization. To enhance capacity, several functional assay formats were miniaturized to 384-well throughput including novel fluorescence-based uptake and efflux inhibition assays using high-content image analysis as well as cell-based radioactive uptake and vesicle-based efflux inhibition assays. This high-throughput capability enabled a paradigm shift from studying transporter-related issues in the development space to identifying and dialing out these concerns early on in discovery for enhanced mechanism-based efficacy while circumventing DDIs and transporter toxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaping Tang
- Department of Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Ding Ren Shen
- Department of Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yong-Hae Han
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yan Kong
- Department of Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Praveen Balimane
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Anthony Marino
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Mian Gao
- Department of Protein Science, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Sophie Wu
- Department of Protein Science, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Dianlin Xie
- Department of Protein Science, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Matthew G. Soars
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Jonathan C. O’Connell
- Department of Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - A. David Rodrigues
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Litao Zhang
- Department of Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Mary Ellen Cvijic
- Department of Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
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23
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Izumi S, Nozaki Y, Komori T, Maeda K, Takenaka O, Kusano K, Yoshimura T, Kusuhara H, Sugiyama Y. Substrate-dependent inhibition of organic anion transporting polypeptide 1B1: comparative analysis with prototypical probe substrates estradiol-17β-glucuronide, estrone-3-sulfate, and sulfobromophthalein. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1859-66. [PMID: 23920221 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.052290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 plays an important role in the hepatic uptake of many drugs, and the evaluation of OATP1B1-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs) is emphasized in the latest DDI (draft) guidance documents from U.S. and E.U. regulatory agencies. It has been suggested that some OATP1B1 inhibitors show a discrepancy in their inhibitory potential, depending on the substrates used in the cell-based assay. In this study, inhibitory effects of 14 compounds on the OATP1B1-mediated uptake of the prototypical substrates [³H]estradiol-17β-glucuronide (E₂G), [³H]estrone-3-sulfate (E₁S), and [³H]sulfobromophthalein (BSP) were studied in OATP1B1-transfected cells. Inhibitory potencies of tested compounds varied depending on the substrates. Ritonavir, gemfibrozil, and erythromycin caused remarkable substrate-dependent inhibition with up to 117-, 14-, and 13-fold difference in their IC₅₀ values, respectively. Also, the clinically relevant OATP inhibitors rifampin and cyclosporin A exhibited up to 12- and 6-fold variation in their IC₅₀ values, respectively. Regardless of the inhibitors tested, the most potent OATP1B1 inhibition was observed when [³H]E₂G was used as a substrate. Mutual inhibition studies of OATP1B1 indicated that E₂G and E₁S competitively inhibited each other, whereas BSP noncompetitively inhibited E₂G uptake. In addition, BSP inhibited E₁S in a competitive manner, but E₁S caused an atypical kinetics on BSP uptake. This study showed substrate-dependent inhibition of OATP1B1 and demonstrated that E₂G was the most sensitive in vitro OATP1B1 probe substrate among three substrates tested. This will give us an insight into the assessment of clinically relevant OATP1B1-mediated DDI in vitro with minimum potential of false-negative prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Izumi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Japan, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., Tokodai, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan (S.I., Y.N., T.K., O.T., K.K., T.Y.); Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (K.M., H.K.); and Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, Research Cluster for Innovation, RIKEN, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan (Y.S.)
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24
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De Bruyn T, van Westen GJP, IJzerman AP, Stieger B, de Witte P, Augustijns PF, Annaert PP. Structure-Based Identification of OATP1B1/3 Inhibitors. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 83:1257-67. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.112.084152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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25
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Williamson B, Soars AC, Owen A, White P, Riley RJ, Soars MG. Dissecting the relative contribution of OATP1B1-mediated uptake of xenobiotics into human hepatocytes using siRNA. Xenobiotica 2013; 43:920-31. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2013.776194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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26
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Barton HA, Lai Y, Goosen TC, Jones HM, El-Kattan AF, Gosset JR, Lin J, Varma MV. Model-based approaches to predict drug–drug interactions associated with hepatic uptake transporters: preclinical, clinical and beyond. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2013; 9:459-72. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2013.759210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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Shen H, Yang Z, Mintier G, Han YH, Chen C, Balimane P, Jemal M, Zhao W, Zhang R, Kallipatti S, Selvam S, Sukrutharaj S, Krishnamurthy P, Marathe P, Rodrigues AD. Cynomolgus monkey as a potential model to assess drug interactions involving hepatic organic anion transporting polypeptides: in vitro, in vivo, and in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 344:673-85. [PMID: 23297161 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.112.200691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATP) 1B1, 1B3, and 2B1 can serve as the loci of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). In the present work, the cynomolgus monkey was evaluated as a potential model for studying OATP-mediated DDIs. Three cynomolgus monkey OATPs (cOATPs), with a high degree of amino acid sequence identity (91.9, 93.5, and 96.6% for OATP1B1, 1B3, and 2B1, respectively) to their human counterparts, were cloned, expressed, and characterized. The cOATPs were stably transfected in human embryonic kidney cells and were functionally similar to the corresponding human OATPs (hOATPs), as evident from the similar uptake rate of typical substrates (estradiol-17β-d-glucuronide, cholecystokinin octapeptide, and estrone-3-sulfate). Moreover, six known hOATP inhibitors exhibited similar IC(50) values against cOATPs. To further evaluate the appropriateness of the cynomolgus monkey as a model, a known hOATP substrate [rosuvastatin (RSV)]-inhibitor [rifampicin (RIF)] pair was examined in vitro; the monkey-derived parameters (RSV K(m) and RIF IC(50)) were similar (within 3.5-fold) to those obtained with hOATPs and human primary hepatocytes. In vivo, the area under the plasma concentration-time curve of RSV (3 mg/kg, oral) given 1 hour after a single RIF dose (15 mg/kg, oral) was increased 2.9-fold in cynomolgus monkeys, consistent with the value (3.0-fold) reported in humans. A number of in vitro-in vivo extrapolation approaches, considering the fraction of the pathways affected and free versus total inhibitor concentrations, were also explored. It is concluded that the cynomolgus monkey has the potential to serve as a useful model for the assessment of OATP-mediated DDIs in a nonclinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
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