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Omura K, Motoki K, Kobashi S, Miyata K, Yamano K, Iwanaga T. Identification of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase and sulfotransferase as responsible for the metabolism of dotinurad, a novel selective urate reabsorption inhibitor. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:1016-1024. [PMID: 34380635 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dotinurad, a novel selective urate reabsorption inhibitor, is used to treat hyperuricemia. In humans, orally administered dotinurad is excreted mainly as glucuronide and sulfate conjugates in urine. To identify the isoforms of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) and sulfotransferase (SULT) involved in dotinurad glucuronidation and sulfation, microsome and cytosol fractions of liver, intestine, kidney, and lung tissues (cytosol only) were analyzed along with recombinant human UGT and SULT isoforms. Dotinurad was mainly metabolized to its glucuronide conjugate by human liver microsomes (HLMs), and the glucuronidation followed the two-enzyme Michaelis-Menten equation. Among the recombinant human UGT isoforms expressed in the liver, UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 catalyzed dotinurad glucuronidation. Based on inhibition analysis using HLMs, bilirubin, imipramine, and diflunisal decreased glucuronosyltransferase activities by 45.5, 22.3, and 22.2%, respectively. Diflunisal and 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, in the presence of 1% BSA, decreased glucuronosyltransferase activities by 21.1 and 13.4%, respectively. Dotinurad was metabolized to its sulfate conjugate by human liver cytosol (HLC) and human intestinal cytosol (HIC) samples, with the sulfation reaction in HLC samples following the two-enzyme Michaelis-Menten equation and that in HIC samples following the Michaelis-Menten equation. All eight recombinant human SULT isoforms used herein catalyzed dotinurad sulfation. Gavestinel decreased sulfotransferase activity by 15.3% in HLC samples, and salbutamol decreased sulfotransferase activity by 68.4% in HIC samples. These results suggest that dotinurad glucuronidation is catalyzed mainly by UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7, whereas its sulfation is catalyzed by many SULT isoforms, including SULT1B1 and SULT1A3. Significance Statement The identification of enzymes involved in drug metabolism is important to predicting drug-drug interactions (DDIs) and interindividual variability for safe drug use. The present study revealed that dotinurad glucuronidation is catalyzed mainly by UGT1A1, UGT1A3, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7 and that its sulfation is catalyzed by many SULT isoforms, including SULT1B1 and SULT1A3. Therefore, dotinurad, a selective urate reabsorption inhibitor, is considered safe for use with a small risk of DDIs and low interindividual variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Omura
- Research Institute, FUJI YAKUHIN CO., LTD., Japan
| | | | | | - Kengo Miyata
- Research Institute, FUJI YAKUHIN CO., LTD., Japan
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Kong R, Ma J, Hwang S, Moon YC, Welch EM, Weetall M, Colacino JM, Almstead N, Babiak J, Goodwin E. In vitro metabolism, reaction phenotyping, enzyme kinetics, CYP inhibition and induction potential of ataluren. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2021; 8:e00576. [PMID: 32196986 PMCID: PMC7083565 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataluren promotes ribosomal readthrough of premature termination codons in mRNA which result from nonsense mutations. In vitro studies were performed to characterize the metabolism and enzyme kinetics of ataluren and its interaction potential with CYP enzymes. Incubation of [14C]‐ataluren with human liver microsomes indicated that the major metabolic pathway for ataluren is via direct glucuronidation and that the drug is not metabolized via cytochrome P450 (CYP). Glucuronidation was also observed in the incubation in human intestinal and kidney microsomes, but not in human pulmonary microsomes. UGT1A9 was found to be the major uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) responsible for ataluren glucuronidation in the liver and kidney microsomes. Enzyme kinetic analysis of the formation of ataluren acyl glucuronide, performed in human liver, kidney, and intestinal microsomes and recombinant human UGT1A9, found that increasing bovine serum albumin (BSA) levels enhanced the glucuronidation Michaelis‐Menten constant (Km) and ataluren protein binding but had a minimal effect on maximum velocity (Vmax) of glucuronidation. Due to the decreased unbound Michaelis‐Menten constant (Km,u), the ataluren unbound intrinsic clearance (CLint,u) increased for all experimental systems and BSA concentrations. Human kidney microsomes were about 3.7‐fold more active than human liver microsomes, in terms of CLint,u/mg protein, indicating that the kidney is also a key organ for the metabolism and disposition of ataluren in humans. Ataluren showed no or little potential to inhibit or induce most of the CYP enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Kong
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, NJ, USA
| | - Jiyuan Ma
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, NJ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John Babiak
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, NJ, USA
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3
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Lichota A, Szewczyk EM, Gwozdzinski K. Factors Affecting the Formation and Treatment of Thrombosis by Natural and Synthetic Compounds. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7975. [PMID: 33121005 PMCID: PMC7663413 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) refers to deep vein thrombosis (DVT), whose consequence may be a pulmonary embolism (PE). Thrombosis is associated with significant morbidity and mortality and is the third most common cardiovascular disease after myocardial infarction and stroke. DVT is associated with the formation of a blood clot in a deep vein in the body. Thrombosis promotes slowed blood flow, hypoxia, cell activation, and the associated release of many active substances involved in blood clot formation. All thrombi which adhere to endothelium consist of fibrin, platelets, and trapped red and white blood cells. In this review, we summarise the impact of various factors affecting haemostatic disorders leading to blood clot formation. The paper discusses the causes of thrombosis, the mechanism of blood clot formation, and factors such as hypoxia, the involvement of endothelial cells (ECs), and the activation of platelets and neutrophils along with the effects of bacteria and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mechanisms related to the action of anticoagulants affecting coagulation factors including antiplatelet drugs have also been discussed. However, many aspects related to the pathogenesis of thrombosis still need to be clarified. A review of the drugs used to treat and prevent thrombosis and natural anticoagulants that occur in the plant world and are traditionally used in Far Eastern medicine has also been carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lichota
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 90-235 Lodz, Poland; (A.L.); (E.M.S.)
| | - Eligia M. Szewczyk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology and Microbiological Diagnostic, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, 90-235 Lodz, Poland; (A.L.); (E.M.S.)
| | - Krzysztof Gwozdzinski
- Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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4
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Meech R, Hu DG, McKinnon RA, Mubarokah SN, Haines AZ, Nair PC, Rowland A, Mackenzie PI. The UDP-Glycosyltransferase (UGT) Superfamily: New Members, New Functions, and Novel Paradigms. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1153-1222. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00058.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze the covalent addition of sugars to a broad range of lipophilic molecules. This biotransformation plays a critical role in elimination of a broad range of exogenous chemicals and by-products of endogenous metabolism, and also controls the levels and distribution of many endogenous signaling molecules. In mammals, the superfamily comprises four families: UGT1, UGT2, UGT3, and UGT8. UGT1 and UGT2 enzymes have important roles in pharmacology and toxicology including contributing to interindividual differences in drug disposition as well as to cancer risk. These UGTs are highly expressed in organs of detoxification (e.g., liver, kidney, intestine) and can be induced by pathways that sense demand for detoxification and for modulation of endobiotic signaling molecules. The functions of the UGT3 and UGT8 family enzymes have only been characterized relatively recently; these enzymes show different UDP-sugar preferences to that of UGT1 and UGT2 enzymes, and to date, their contributions to drug metabolism appear to be relatively minor. This review summarizes and provides critical analysis of the current state of research into all four families of UGT enzymes. Key areas discussed include the roles of UGTs in drug metabolism, cancer risk, and regulation of signaling, as well as the transcriptional and posttranscriptional control of UGT expression and function. The latter part of this review provides an in-depth analysis of the known and predicted functions of UGT3 and UGT8 enzymes, focused on their likely roles in modulation of levels of endogenous signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Meech
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dong Gui Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ross A. McKinnon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Siti Nurul Mubarokah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alex Z. Haines
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Pramod C. Nair
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Rowland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter I. Mackenzie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
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5
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Lv X, Zhang JB, Hou J, Dou TY, Ge GB, Hu WZ, Yang L. Chemical Probes for Human UDP-Glucuronosyltransferases: A Comprehensive Review. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800002. [PMID: 30192065 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
UGTs play crucial roles in the metabolism and detoxification of both endogenous and xenobiotic compounds. The key roles of UGTs in human health have garnered great interest in the design and development of specific probes for human UGTs. However, in contrast to other human enzymes, the probe substrates for human UGTs are rarely reported, owing to the highly overlapping substrate specificities of UGTs and the lack of the integrated crystal structures of UGTs. Over the past decades, many efforts are made to develop specific probe substrates for UGTs and use them in both basic research and drug discovery. This review focuses on recent progress in the development of probe substrates for UGTs and their biomedical applications. A long list of chemical probes for UGTs, including non-fluorescent and fluorescent probes along with their structural information and kinetic parameters, are prepared and analyzed. Additionally, challenges and future directions in this field are highlighted in the final section. All information and knowledge presented in this review provide practical tools/methods for measuring UGT activities in complex biological samples, which will be very helpful for rapid screening and characterization of UGT modulators, and for exploring the relevance of UGT enzymes to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Lv
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China.,Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | | | - Jie Hou
- Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116044, China
| | - Tong-Yi Dou
- School of Life Science and Medicine, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China
| | - Guang-Bo Ge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Wen-Zhong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biotechnology and Bioresources Utilization, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian, 116600, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
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6
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Wang X, Jiang C, Wu X, Zou P, Wu Z. Substrate Selectivity for UDP-glucuronosyltransferase1A8 using the Pharmacophore Approach. INT J PHARMACOL 2018. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2018.320.328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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7
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Rao P, Burkart T. Advances in oral anticoagulation therapy – What's in the pipeline? Blood Rev 2017; 31:205-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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8
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Ge S, Wei Y, Yin T, Xu B, Gao S, Hu M. Transport–Glucuronidation Classification System and PBPK Modeling: New Approach To Predict the Impact of Transporters on Disposition of Glucuronides. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:2884-2898. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.6b00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shufan Ge
- Department
of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Yingjie Wei
- Key
Laboratory of New Drug Delivery System of Chinese Materia Medica, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Chinese Medicine, 100 Shizi Street, Nanjing 210028, China
| | - Taijun Yin
- Department
of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Beibei Xu
- Department
of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Song Gao
- Department
of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
| | - Ming Hu
- Department
of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Houston, 1441 Moursund Street, Houston, Texas 77030, United States
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9
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Romand S, Rudaz S, Guillarme D. Separation of substrates and closely related glucuronide metabolites using various chromatographic modes. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1435:54-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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10
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Hu DG, Meech R, McKinnon RA, Mackenzie PI. Transcriptional regulation of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase genes. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:421-58. [PMID: 25336387 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.973037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glucuronidation is an important metabolic pathway for many small endogenous and exogenous lipophilic compounds, including bilirubin, steroid hormones, bile acids, carcinogens and therapeutic drugs. Glucuronidation is primarily catalyzed by the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A and two subfamilies, including nine functional UGT1A enzymes (1A1, 1A3-1A10) and 10 functional UGT2 enzymes (2A1, 2A2, 2A3, 2B4, 2B7, 2B10, 2B11, 2B15, 2B17 and 2B28). Most UGTs are expressed in the liver and this expression relates to the major role of hepatic glucuronidation in systemic clearance of toxic lipophilic compounds. Hepatic glucuronidation activity protects the body from chemical insults and governs the therapeutic efficacy of drugs that are inactivated by UGTs. UGT mRNAs have also been detected in over 20 extrahepatic tissues with a unique complement of UGT mRNAs seen in almost every tissue. This extrahepatic glucuronidation activity helps to maintain homeostasis and hence regulates biological activity of endogenous molecules that are primarily inactivated by UGTs. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying tissue-specific UGT expression has been the subject of a large number of studies over the last two decades. These studies have shown that the constitutive and inducible expression of UGTs is primarily regulated by tissue-specific and ligand-activated transcription factors (TFs) via their binding to cis-regulatory elements (CREs) in UGT promoters and enhancers. This review first briefly summarizes published UGT gene transcriptional studies and the experimental models and tools utilized in these studies, and then describes in detail the TFs and their respective CREs that have been identified in the promoters and/or enhancers of individual UGT genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gui Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University School of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre , Bedford Park, SA , Australia
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11
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Zientek MA, Youdim K. Reaction phenotyping: advances in the experimental strategies used to characterize the contribution of drug-metabolizing enzymes. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 43:163-81. [PMID: 25297949 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.058750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During the process of drug discovery, the pharmaceutical industry is faced with numerous challenges. One challenge is the successful prediction of the major routes of human clearance of new medications. For compounds cleared by metabolism, accurate predictions help provide an early risk assessment of their potential to exhibit significant interpatient differences in pharmacokinetics via routes of metabolism catalyzed by functionally polymorphic enzymes and/or clinically significant metabolic drug-drug interactions. This review details the most recent and emerging in vitro strategies used by drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic scientists to better determine rates and routes of metabolic clearance and how to translate these parameters to estimate the amount these routes contribute to overall clearance, commonly referred to as fraction metabolized. The enzymes covered in this review include cytochrome P450s together with other enzymatic pathways whose involvement in metabolic clearance has become increasingly important as efforts to mitigate cytochrome P450 clearance are successful. Advances in the prediction of the fraction metabolized include newly developed methods to differentiate CYP3A4 from the polymorphic enzyme CYP3A5, scaling tools for UDP-glucuronosyltranferase, and estimation of fraction metabolized for substrates of aldehyde oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Zientek
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); and Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (K.Y.)
| | - Kuresh Youdim
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc., San Diego, California (M.A.Z.); and Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland (K.Y.)
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12
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Tan B, Cai W, Zhang J, Zhou N, Ma G, Yang P, Zhu Q, Zhu Y. Identification of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase isoforms responsible for leonurine glucuronidation in human liver and intestinal microsomes. Xenobiotica 2014; 44:775-84. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.898808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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13
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Groenendaal D, Strabach G, Garcia-Hernandez A, Kadokura T, Heeringa M, Mol R, Eltink C, Onkels H. The pharmacokinetics of darexaban (YM150), an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor, are not affected by ketoconazole, a strong inhibitor of CYP3A and P-glycoprotein. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2014; 3:194-201. [DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marten Heeringa
- Astellas Pharma Global Development Europe; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Roelof Mol
- Astellas Pharma Global Development Europe; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Charlotte Eltink
- Astellas Pharma Global Development Europe; Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Hartmut Onkels
- Astellas Pharma Global Development Europe; Leiden The Netherlands
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Kadokura T, Oikawa K, Miyata K, Murase T, Nakamura M. Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Safety and Tolerability of Darexaban, an Oral Direct Factor Xa Inhibitor, in Healthy Elderly Japanese Subjects. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2013; 2:328-35. [PMID: 27121937 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The clinical pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of darexaban after single and multiple once-daily doses of 60, 120, and 240 mg in healthy elderly Japanese subjects were assessed. Following oral administration, darexaban was rapidly and extensively metabolized to darexaban glucuronide, which is an active glucuronide metabolite. Plasma concentrations of darexaban glucuronide increased with dose, and Cmax and AUC increased dose-dependently after both single and repeated doses. Cumulative urinary excretion of darexaban glucuronide up to 24 hours after repeated doses ranged from 28.59% to 36.50%. PT-INR, aPTT, and FXa activity were prolonged or decreased dose-dependently after both single and repeated doses of darexaban. The time-profile of pharamcodynamic parameters closely followed the time-concentration profile of darexaban glucuronide. Five adverse events occurred in the present study (4: darexaban [16.7%]; 1: placebo [8.3%]), all of which were mild in severity and required no treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mashio Nakamura
- Department of Clinical Cardiovascular Research, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Mie, Japan
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15
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Kadokura T, Kashiwa M, Groenendaal D, Heeringa M, Mol R, Verheggen F, Garcia-Hernandez A, Onkels H. Clinical pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of darexaban, an oral direct factor Xa inhibitor, in healthy Caucasian and Japanese subjects. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2013; 34:431-41. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.1858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kadokura
- Astellas Pharma Inc; 3-17-1, Hasune, Itabashi-ku; Tokyo; 174-8612; Japan
| | - Makoto Kashiwa
- Astellas Pharma Inc; 3-17-1, Hasune, Itabashi-ku; Tokyo; 174-8612; Japan
| | - Dorien Groenendaal
- Astellas Pharma Global Development Europe; Sylviusweg 62, PO Box 344; 2300 AH; Leiden; the Netherlands
| | - Marten Heeringa
- Astellas Pharma Global Development Europe; Sylviusweg 62, PO Box 344; 2300 AH; Leiden; the Netherlands
| | - Roelof Mol
- Astellas Pharma Global Development Europe; Sylviusweg 62, PO Box 344; 2300 AH; Leiden; the Netherlands
| | - Frank Verheggen
- Astellas Pharma Global Development Europe; Sylviusweg 62, PO Box 344; 2300 AH; Leiden; the Netherlands
| | - Alberto Garcia-Hernandez
- Astellas Pharma Global Development Europe; Sylviusweg 62, PO Box 344; 2300 AH; Leiden; the Netherlands
| | - Hartmut Onkels
- Astellas Pharma Global Development Europe; Sylviusweg 62, PO Box 344; 2300 AH; Leiden; the Netherlands
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16
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Assessment of gene set analysis methods based on microarray data. Gene 2013; 534:383-9. [PMID: 24012817 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.08.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gene set analysis (GSA) incorporates biological information into statistical knowledge to identify gene sets differently expressed between two or more phenotypes. It allows us to gain an insight into the functional working mechanism of cells beyond the detection of differently expressed gene sets. In order to evaluate the competence of GSA approaches, three self-contained GSA approaches with different statistical methods were chosen; Category, Globaltest and Hotelling's T(2) together with their assayed power to identify the differences expressed via simulation and real microarray data. The Category does not take care of the correlation structure, while the other two deal with correlations. In order to perform these methods, R and Bioconductor were used. Furthermore, venous thromboembolism and acute lymphoblastic leukemia microarray data were applied. The results of three GSAs showed that the competence of these methods depends on the distribution of gene expression in a dataset. It is very important to assay the distribution of gene expression data before choosing the GSA method to identify gene sets differently expressed between phenotypes. On the other hand, assessment of common genes among significant gene sets indicated that there was a significant agreement between the result of GSA and the findings of biologists.
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17
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Groenendaal D, Strabach G, Garcia-Hernandez A, Kadokura T, Heeringa M, Mol R, Eltink C, Onkels H. The pharmacokinetics of darexaban are not affected to a clinically relevant degree by rifampicin, a strong inducer of P-glycoprotein and CYP3A4. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 75:440-9. [PMID: 22642721 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS We investigated the effects of rifampicin on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of the direct clotting factor Xa inhibitor darexaban (YM150) and its main active metabolite, darexaban glucuronide (YM-222714), which almost entirely determines the antithrombotic effect. METHODS In this open-label, single-sequence study, 26 healthy men received one dose of darexaban 60 mg on day 1 and oral rifampicin 600 mg once daily on days 4-14. On day 11, a second dose of darexaban 60 mg was given with rifampicin. Blood and urine were collected after study drug administration on days 1-14. The maximal plasma drug concentration (C(max)) and exposure [area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to time of quantifiable measurable concentration; (AUC(last)) or AUC(last) extrapolated to infinity (AUC(∞))] were assessed by analysis of variance of PK. Limits for statistical significance of 90% confidence intervals for AUC and C(max) ratios were predefined as 80-125%. RESULTS Darexaban glucuronide plasma exposure was not affected by rifampicin; the geometric mean ratio (90% confidence interval) of AUC(last) with/without rifampicin was 1.08 (1.00, 1.16). The C(max) of darexaban glucuronide increased by 54% after rifampicin [ratio 1.54 (1.37, 1.73)]. The plasma concentrations of darexaban were very low (<1% of darexaban glucuronide concentrations) with and without rifampicin. Darexaban alone or in combination with rifampicin was generally safe and well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS Overall, rifampicin did not affect the PK profiles of darexaban glucuronide and darexaban to a clinically relevant degree, suggesting that the potential for drug-drug interactions between darexaban and CYP3A4 or P-glycoprotein-inducing agents is low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorien Groenendaal
- Global Clinical Pharmacology and Exploratory Development, Astellas Pharma Global Development Europe, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands.
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The UDP-glucuronosyltransferases: Their role in drug metabolism and detoxification. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1121-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 449] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Manevski N, Troberg J, Svaluto-Moreolo P, Dziedzic K, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Finel M. Albumin stimulates the activity of the human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases 1A7, 1A8, 1A10, 2A1 and 2B15, but the effects are enzyme and substrate dependent. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54767. [PMID: 23372764 PMCID: PMC3553014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) are important enzymes in metabolic elimination of endo- and xenobiotics. It was recently shown that addition of fatty acid free bovine serum albumin (BSA) significantly enhances in vitro activities of UGTs, a limiting factor in in vitro–in vivo extrapolation. Nevertheless, since only few human UGT enzymes were tested for this phenomenon, we have now performed detailed enzyme kinetic analysis on the BSA effects in six previously untested UGTs, using 2–4 suitable substrates for each enzyme. We also examined some of the previously tested UGTs, but using additional substrates and a lower BSA concentration, only 0.1%. The latter concentration allows the use of important but more lipophilic substrates, such as estradiol and 17-epiestradiol. In five newly tested UGTs, 1A7, 1A8, 1A10, 2A1, and 2B15, the addition of BSA enhanced, to a different degree, the in vitro activity by either decreasing reaction’s Km, increasing its Vmax, or both. In contrast, the activities of UGT2B17, another previously untested enzyme, were almost unaffected. The results of the assays with the previously tested UGTs, 1A1, 1A6, 2B4, and 2B7, were similar to the published BSA only as far as the BSA effects on the reactions’ Km are concerned. In the cases of Vmax values, however, our results differ significantly from the previously published ones, at least with some of the substrates. Hence, the magnitude of the BSA effects appears to be substrate dependent, especially with respect to Vmax increases. Additionally, the BSA effects may be UGT subfamily dependent since Km decreases were observed in members of subfamilies 1A, 2A and 2B, whereas large Vmax increases were only found in several UGT1A members. The results shed new light on the complexity of the BSA effects on the activity and enzyme kinetics of the human UGTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Manevski
- Centre for Drug Research, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Hashimoto T, Suzuki K, Kihara Y, Iwatsubo T, Miyashita A, Heeringa M, Onkels H, Groenendaal D, Verheggen F, van Marle S, Usui T. Absorption, metabolism and excretion of darexaban (YM150), a new direct factor Xa inhibitor in humans. Xenobiotica 2012; 43:534-47. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2012.738045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Dong D, Wu B. In Silico Modeling of UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A10 Substrates Using the Volsurf Approach. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3531-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Manevski N, Yli-Kauhaluoma J, Finel M. UDP-glucuronic acid binds first and the aglycone substrate binds second to form a ternary complex in UGT1A9-catalyzed reactions, in both the presence and absence of bovine serum albumin. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:2192-203. [PMID: 22912433 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.047746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA) largely modulates the enzyme kinetics parameters of the human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A9, increasing both the apparent aglycone substrate affinity of the enzyme and its limiting reaction velocity (Drug Metab Dispos 39:2117-2129, 2011). For a better understanding of the BSA effects and an examination of whether its presence changes the catalytic mechanism, we have studied the enzyme kinetics of 4-methylumbelliferone glucuronidation by UGT1A9 in the presence and absence of 0.1% BSA, using bisubstrate enzyme kinetic experiments, in both the forward and reverse directions, as well as product and dead-end inhibition. The combined results strongly suggest that the reaction mechanism of UGT1A9, and presumably other human UGTs as well, involves the formation of a compulsory-order ternary-complex, with UDP-α-d-glucuronic acid (UDPGA) as the first binding substrate. Based on the enzyme kinetic parameters measured for the forward and reverse reactions, the equilibrium constant of the overall reaction was calculated (Keq = 574) and the relative magnitudes of the reaction rate constants were elucidated. The inclusion of BSA in the bisubstrate kinetic experiments quantitatively changed the apparent enzyme kinetic parameters, presumably by removing internal inhibitors that bind to the binary enzyme-UDPGA (E-UDPGA) complex, as well as to the ternary E-UDPGA-aglycone complex. Nevertheless, the underlying compulsory-order ternary-complex mechanism with UDPGA binding first is the same in both the absence and presence of BSA. The results offer a novel understanding of UGT enzyme kinetic mechanism and BSA effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Manevski
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Shiraga T, Yajima K, Teragaki T, Suzuki K, Hashimoto T, Iwatsubo T, Miyashita A, Usui T. Identification of Enzymes Responsible for the N-Oxidation of Darexaban Glucuronide, the Pharmacologically Active Metabolite of Darexaban, and the Glucuronidation of Darexaban N-Oxides in Human Liver Microsomes. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:413-21. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.35.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshifumi Shiraga
- Drug Metabolism Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc
| | - Kanako Yajima
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd
| | - Takuya Teragaki
- Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis Center, Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd
| | - Katsuhiro Suzuki
- Drug Metabolism Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc
| | - Tadashi Hashimoto
- Drug Metabolism Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc
| | - Takafumi Iwatsubo
- Drug Metabolism Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc
| | - Aiji Miyashita
- Drug Metabolism Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc
| | - Takashi Usui
- Drug Metabolism Research Laboratories, Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc
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