1
|
Thakur A, Saradhi Mettu V, Singh DK, Prasad B. Effect of probenecid on blood levels and renal elimination of furosemide and endogenous compounds in rats: Discovery of putative organic anion transporter biomarkers. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 218:115867. [PMID: 37866801 PMCID: PMC10900896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are assessed using probe drugs and in vitro and in vivo models during drug development. The utility of endogenous metabolites as transporter biomarkers is emerging for prediction of DDIs during early phases of clinical trials. Endogenous metabolites such as pyridoxic acid and kynurenic acid have shown potential to predict DDIs mediated by organic anion transporters (OAT1 and OAT3). However, these metabolites have not been assessed in rats as potential transporter biomarkers. We carried out a rat pharmacokinetic DDI study using probenecid and furosemide as OAT inhibitor and substrate, respectively. Probenecid administration led to a 3.8-fold increase in the blood concentrations and a 3-fold decrease in renal clearance of furosemide. High inter-individual and intra-day variability in pyridoxic acid and kynurenic acid, and no or moderate effect of probenecid administration on these metabolites suggest their limited utility for prediction of Oat-mediated DDI in rats. Therefore, rat blood and urine samples were further analysed using untargeted metabolomics. Twenty-one m/z features (out of >8000 detected features) were identified as putative biomarkers of rat Oat1 and Oat3 using a robust biomarker qualification approach. These m/z features belong to metabolic pathways such as fatty acid analogues, peptides, prostaglandin analogues, bile acid derivatives, flavonoids, phytoconstituents, and steroids, and can be used as a panel to decrease variability caused by processes other than Oats. When validated, these putative biomarkers will be useful in predicting DDIs caused by Oats in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aarzoo Thakur
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Vijaya Saradhi Mettu
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Dilip K Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Bhagwat Prasad
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, WA 99202, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lin K, Kong X, Tao X, Zhai X, Lv L, Dong D, Yang S, Zhu Y. Research Methods and New Advances in Drug-Drug Interactions Mediated by Renal Transporters. Molecules 2023; 28:5252. [PMID: 37446913 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The kidney is critical in the human body's excretion of drugs and their metabolites. Renal transporters participate in actively secreting substances from the proximal tubular cells and reabsorbing them in the distal renal tubules. They can affect the clearance rates (CLr) of drugs and their metabolites, eventually influence the clinical efficiency and side effects of drugs, and may produce drug-drug interactions (DDIs) of clinical significance. Renal transporters and renal transporter-mediated DDIs have also been studied by many researchers. In this article, the main types of in vitro research models used for the study of renal transporter-mediated DDIs are membrane-based assays, cell-based assays, and the renal slice uptake model. In vivo research models include animal experiments, gene knockout animal models, positron emission tomography (PET) technology, and studies on human beings. In addition, in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE), ex vivo kidney perfusion (EVKP) models, and, more recently, biomarker methods and in silico models are included. This article reviews the traditional research methods of renal transporter-mediated DDIs, updates the recent progress in the development of the methods, and then classifies and summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of each method. Through the sorting work conducted in this paper, it will be convenient for researchers at different learning stages to choose the best method for their own research based on their own subject's situation when they are going to study DDIs mediated by renal transporters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Xiaorui Kong
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Xufeng Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhai
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Linlin Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Deshi Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Shilei Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Yanna Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Agustina R, Masuo Y, Kido Y, Shinoda K, Ishimoto T, Kato Y. Identification of Food-Derived Isoflavone Sulfates as Inhibition Markers for Intestinal Breast Cancer Resistance Proteins. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:972-984. [PMID: 34413161 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Potential inhibition of the breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), a drug efflux transporter, is a key issue during drug development, and the use of its physiologic substrates as biomarkers can be advantageous to assess inhibition. In this study, we aimed to identify BCRP substrates by an untargeted metabolomic approach. Mice were orally administered lapatinib to inhibit BCRP in vivo, and plasma samples were assessed by liquid chromatography/time of flight/mass spectrometry with all-ion fragmentation acquisition and quantified by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. A differential metabolomic analysis was also performed for plasma from Bcrp -/- and wild-type mice. Plasma peaks of food-derived isoflavone metabolites, daidzein sulfate (DS), and genistein sulfate (GS) increased after lapatinib administration and in Bcrp -/- mice. Administration of lapatinib and another BCRP inhibitor febuxostat increased the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of DS, GS, and equol sulfate (ES) by 3.6- and 1.8-, 5.6- and 4.1-, and 1.6- and 4.8-fold, respectively. BCRP inhibitors also increased the AUC and maximum plasma concentration of DS and ES after coadministration with each parent compound. After adding parent compounds to the apical side of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived small intestinal epithelial-like cells, DS, GS, and ES in the basal compartment significantly increased in the presence of lapatinib and febuxostat, suggesting the inhibition of intestinal BCRP. ATP-dependent uptake of DS and ES in BCRP-expressing membrane vesicles was reduced by both inhibitors, indicating inhibition of BCRP-mediated DS and ES transport. Thus, we propose the first evidence of surrogate markers for BCRP inhibition. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study performed untargeted metabolomics to identify substrates of BCRP/ABCG2 to assess changes in its transport activity in vivo by BCRP/ABCG2 inhibitors. Food-derived isoflavone sulfates were identified as useful markers for evaluating changes in BCRP-mediated transport in the small intestine by its inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rina Agustina
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (R.A., Y.M., K.S., T.I., Y.Ka.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia (R.A.); and Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan (Y.Ki.)
| | - Yusuke Masuo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (R.A., Y.M., K.S., T.I., Y.Ka.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia (R.A.); and Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan (Y.Ki.)
| | - Yasuto Kido
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (R.A., Y.M., K.S., T.I., Y.Ka.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia (R.A.); and Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan (Y.Ki.)
| | - Kyosuke Shinoda
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (R.A., Y.M., K.S., T.I., Y.Ka.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia (R.A.); and Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan (Y.Ki.)
| | - Takahiro Ishimoto
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (R.A., Y.M., K.S., T.I., Y.Ka.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia (R.A.); and Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan (Y.Ki.)
| | - Yukio Kato
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (R.A., Y.M., K.S., T.I., Y.Ka.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia (R.A.); and Laboratory for Drug Discovery and Development, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan (Y.Ki.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ganguly S, Finkelstein D, Shaw TI, Michalek RD, Zorn KM, Ekins S, Yasuda K, Fukuda Y, Schuetz JD, Mukherjee K, Schuetz EG. Metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis reveals endogenous substrates and metabolic adaptation in rats lacking Abcg2 and Abcb1a transporters. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0253852. [PMID: 34255797 PMCID: PMC8277073 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0253852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abcg2/Bcrp and Abcb1a/Pgp are xenobiotic efflux transporters limiting substrate permeability in the gastrointestinal system and brain, and increasing renal and hepatic drug clearance. The systemic impact of Bcrp and Pgp ablation on metabolic homeostasis of endogenous substrates is incompletely understood. We performed untargeted metabolomics of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma, transcriptomics of brain, liver and kidney from male Sprague Dawley rats (WT) and Bcrp/Pgp double knock-out (dKO) rats, and integrated metabolomic/transcriptomic analysis to identify putative substrates and perturbations in canonical metabolic pathways. A predictive Bayesian machine learning model was used to predict in silico those metabolites with greater substrate-like features for either transporters. The CSF and plasma levels of 169 metabolites, nutrients, signaling molecules, antioxidants and lipids were significantly altered in dKO rats, compared to WT rats. These metabolite changes suggested alterations in histidine, branched chain amino acid, purine and pyrimidine metabolism in the dKO rats. Levels of methylated and sulfated metabolites and some primary bile acids were increased in dKO CSF or plasma. Elevated uric acid levels appeared to be a primary driver of changes in purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis. Alterations in Bcrp/Pgp dKO CSF levels of antioxidants, precursors of neurotransmitters, and uric acid suggests the transporters may contribute to the regulation of a healthy central nervous system in rats. Microbiome-generated metabolites were found to be elevated in dKO rat plasma and CSF. The altered dKO metabolome appeared to cause compensatory transcriptional change in urate biosynthesis and response to lipopolysaccharide in brain, oxidation-reduction processes and response to oxidative stress and porphyrin biosynthesis in kidney, and circadian rhythm genes in liver. These findings present insight into endogenous functions of Bcrp and Pgp, the impact that transporter substrates, inhibitors or polymorphisms may have on metabolism, how transporter inhibition could rewire drug sensitivity indirectly through metabolic changes, and identify functional Bcrp biomarkers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samit Ganguly
- Cancer & Developmental Biology Track, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - David Finkelstein
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Timothy I. Shaw
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Kimberly M. Zorn
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kazuto Yasuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Yu Fukuda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - John D. Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Kamalika Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Erin G. Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Miyake T, Tsutsui H, Haraya K, Tachibana T, Morimoto K, Takehara S, Ayabe M, Kobayashi K, Kazuki Y. Quantitative prediction of P-glycoprotein-mediated drug-drug interactions and intestinal absorption using humanized mice. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:4335-4351. [PMID: 34232502 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE P-glycoprotein (P-gp) exhibits a broad substrate specificity and affects pharmacokinetics, especially intestinal absorption. However, prediction, in vivo, of P-gp-mediated drug-drug interaction (DDI) and non-linear absorption at the preclinical stage, is challenging. Here we evaluate the use of human MDR1 mouse artificial chromosome (hMDR1-MAC) mice carrying human P-gp and lacking their own murine P-gp to quantitatively predict human P-gp-mediated DDI and non-linear absorption. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The P-gp substrates (aliskiren, betrixaban, celiprolol, digoxin, fexofenadine and talinolol) were administered orally to wild-type, Mdr1a/b-knockout (KO) and hMDR1-MAC mice, and their plasma concentrations were measured. We calculated the ratio of area under the curve (AUCR) in mice (AUCMdr1a/b-KO /AUCwild-type or AUCMdr1a/b-KO /AUChMDR1-MAC ) estimated as attributable to complete P-gp inhibition and the human AUCR with and without P-gp inhibitor administration. The correlations of AUCRhuman with AUCRwild-type and AUCRhMDR1-MAC were investigated. For aliskiren, betrixaban and celiprolol, the Km and Vmax values for P-gp in hMDR1-MAC mice and humans were optimized from different dosing studies using GastroPlus. The correlations of Km and Vmax for P-gp between human and hMDR1-MAC mice were investigated. KEY RESULTS A better correlation between AUCRhuman and AUCRhMDR1-MAC (R2 = 0.88) was observed. Moreover, good relationships of Km (R2 = 1.00) and Vmax (R2 = 0.98) for P-gp between humans and hMDR1-MAC mice were observed. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These results suggest that P-gp-mediated DDI and non-linear absorption can be predicted using hMDR1-MAC mice. These mice are a useful in vivo tool for quantitatively predicting P-gp-mediated disposition in drug discovery and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Miyake
- Discovery ADMET Department, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Haruka Tsutsui
- Discovery ADMET Department, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Kenta Haraya
- Discovery ADMET Department, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiko Tachibana
- Discovery ADMET Department, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Gotemba, Japan
| | - Kayoko Morimoto
- Research and Development Department, Trans Chromosomics, Inc., Yonago, Japan
| | - Shoko Takehara
- Research and Development Department, Trans Chromosomics, Inc., Yonago, Japan
| | - Miho Ayabe
- Discovery Technology Research Department, Research Division, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Kamakura, Japan
| | - Kaoru Kobayashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kazuki
- Division of Genome and Cellular Functions, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, School of Life Science, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan.,Chromosome Engineering Research Center, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Miyake T. Estimating Efflux Transporter-Mediated Disposition of Molecules beyond the Rule of Five (bRo5) Using Transporter Gene Knockout Rats. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 43:384-392. [PMID: 31685755 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b19-00641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Transporter gene knockout models are a practical and widely used tool for pharmacokinetic studies in drug discovery. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp) are major efflux transporters that control absorption and bioavailability, and are important when determining oral drug disposition. To the best of our knowledge, beyond the rule of five (bRo5) molecules launched on the market to date tend to be substrates for efflux transporters. The purpose of this study is to evaluate in vivo the impact of efflux transporters on the oral absorption process and systemic clearance using rats which lack P-gp and/or Bcrp expression. We administered five bRo5 substrates (asunaprevir, cyclosporine, danoprevir, ledipasvir, and simeprevir) intravenously or orally to wild-type and Mdr1a, Bcrp, and Mdr1a/Bcrp knockout rats, calculated the clearance, oral bioavailability, and absorption rate profile of each substrate, and compared the results. Systemic clearance of the substrates in knockout rats changed within approximately ±40% compared to wild-types, suggesting the efflux transporters do not have a significant influence on clearance in rats. On the other hand, the oral absorption of substrates in the knockout rats, especially those lacking Mdr1a, increased greatly-between 2- and 5-fold more than in wild-types. This suggests that rat efflux transporters, especially P-gp, greatly reduce the oral exposure of these substrates. Moreover, results on the absorption rate-time profile suggest that efflux transporters are constantly active during the absorption period in rats. Transporter knockout rats are a useful in vivo tool for estimating the transporter-mediated disposition of bRo5 molecules in drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiji Miyake
- Discovery ADMET Dept., Research Div., Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kubo Y, Akanuma SI, Hosoya KI. Recent advances in drug and nutrient transport across the blood-retinal barrier. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2018; 14:513-531. [PMID: 29719158 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2018.1472764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The blood-retinal barrier (BRB) is the barrier separating the blood and neural retina, and transport systems for low-weight molecules at the BRB are expected to be useful for developing drugs for the treatment of ocular neural disorders and maintaining a healthy retina. Areas covered: This review discusses blood-to-retina and retina-to-blood transport of drugs and nutrients at the BRB. In particular, P-gp (ABCB1/MDR1) has low impact on the transport of cationic drugs at the BRB, suggesting a significant role of novel organic cation transporters in influx and efflux transport of lipophilic cationic drugs between blood and the retina. The transport of pravastatin at the BRB involves transporters including organic anion transporting polypeptide 1a4 (Oatp1a4). Recent studies have shown the involvement of solute carrier transporters in the blood-to-retina transport of nutrients including riboflavin, L-ornithine, β-alanine, and L-histidine, implying that dipeptide transport at the BRB is minimal. Expert opinion: Novel organic cation transport systems and the elimination-dominant transport of pravastatin at the BRB are expected to be useful in systemic drug delivery to the neural retina without CNS side effects. The mechanism of nutrient transport at the BRB is expected to provide a new strategy for delivery of nutrient-mimetic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiyuki Kubo
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toyama , Toyama , Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Akanuma
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toyama , Toyama , Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Hosoya
- a Department of Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Toyama , Toyama , Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tatke A, Janga KY, Avula B, Wang X, Jablonski MM, Khan IA, Majumdar S. P-glycoprotein Restricts Ocular Penetration of Loperamide across the Blood-Ocular Barriers: a Comparative Study in Mdr1a Knock-out and Wild Type Sprague Dawley Rats. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018. [PMID: 29520587 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-0979-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The current research was undertaken to determine the existence and magnitude of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression on the blood-ocular barriers by studying the ocular penetration of loperamide, a specific P-gp substrate, in P-gp (Mdr1a) knock-out (KO) and wild type (WT) Sprague Dawley rats. A clear, stable, sterile solution of loperamide (1 mg/mL), for intravenous administration, was formulated and evaluated. Ocular distribution was studied in P-gp KO and WT rats following intravenous administration of loperamide (at two doses). The drug levels in plasma, aqueous humor (AH), and vitreous humor (VH) samples were determined with the aid of UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS, and the AH/plasma (D AH ) and VH/plasma (D VH ) distribution ratios were estimated. Electroretinography (ERG), ultrastructural analyses, and histology studies were carried out, in both KO and WT rats, to detect any drug-induced functional and/or structural alterations in the retina. Dose-related loperamide levels were observed in the plasma of both WT and KO rats. The loperamide concentrations in the AH and VH of KO rats were significantly higher compared to that observed in the WT rats, at the lower dose. However, a marked increase in the D AH and D VH was noted in the KO rats. ERG, ultrastructure, and histology studies did not indicate any drug-induced toxic effects in the retina under the test conditions. The results from these studies demonstrate that P-gp blocks the penetration of loperamide into the ocular tissues from the systemic circulation and that the effect is more pronounced at lower plasma loperamide concentrations.
Collapse
|
9
|
Cheng Y, Freeden C, Zhang Y, Abraham P, Shen H, Wescott D, Humphreys WG, Gan J, Lai Y. Biliary excretion of pravastatin and taurocholate in rats with bile salt export pump (Bsep) impairment. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2017; 37:276-86. [PMID: 27059119 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The bile salt export pump (BSEP) is expressed on the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes regulating liver bile salt excretion, and impairment of BSEP function may lead to cholestasis in humans. This study explored drug biliary excretion, as well as serum chemistry, individual bile acid concentrations and liver transporter expressions, in the SAGE Bsep knockout (KO) rat model. It was observed that the Bsep protein in KO rats was decreased to 15% of that in the wild type (WT), as quantified using LC-MS/MS. While the levels of Ntcp and Mrp2 were not significantly altered, Mrp3 expression increased and Oatp1a1 decreased in KO animals. Compared with the WT rats, the KO rats had similar serum chemistry and showed normal liver transaminases. Although the total plasma bile salts and bile flow were not significantly changed in Bsep KO rats, individual bile acids in plasma and liver demonstrated variable changes, indicating the impact of Bsep KO. Following an intravenous dose of deuterium labeled taurocholic acid (D4-TCA, 2 mg/kg), the D4-TCA plasma exposure was higher and bile excretion was delayed by approximately 0.5 h in the KO rats. No differences were observed for the pravastatin plasma concentration-time profile or the biliary excretion after intravenous administration (1 mg/kg). Collectively, the results revealed that these rats have significantly lower Bsep expression, therefore affecting the biliary excretion of endogenous bile acids and Bsep substrates. However, these rats are able to maintain a relatively normal liver function through the remaining Bsep protein and via the regulation of other transporters. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaofeng Cheng
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Research and Development Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Chris Freeden
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Research and Development Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yueping Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Research and Development Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Pamela Abraham
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Research and Development Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Hong Shen
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Research and Development Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Debra Wescott
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Research and Development Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - W Griffith Humphreys
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Research and Development Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Jinping Gan
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Research and Development Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Yurong Lai
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Research and Development Bristol-Myers Squibb, Princeton, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Dzierlenga AL, Clarke JD, Klein DM, Anumol T, Snyder SA, Li H, Cherrington NJ. Biliary Elimination of Pemetrexed Is Dependent on Mrp2 in Rats: Potential Mechanism of Variable Response in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 358:246-53. [PMID: 27233293 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.234310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) provides the biliary elimination pathway for many xenobiotics. Disruption of this pathway contributes to retention of these compounds and may ultimately lead to adverse drug reactions. MRP2 mislocalization from the canalicular membrane has been observed in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), the late stage of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, which is characterized by fat accumulation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis. MRP2/Mrp2 mislocalization is observed in both human NASH and the rodent methionine and choline-deficient (MCD) diet model, but the extent to which it impacts overall transport capacity of MRP2 is unknown. Pemetrexed is an antifolate chemotherapeutic indicated for non-small cell lung cancer, yet its hepatobiliary elimination pathway has yet to be determined. The purpose of this study was to quantify the loss of Mrp2 function in NASH using an obligate Mrp2 transport substrate. To determine whether pemetrexed is an obligate Mrp2 substrate, its cumulative biliary elimination was compared between wild-type and Mrp2(-/-) rats. No pemetrexed was detected in the bile of Mrp2(-/-) rats, indicating pemetrexed is completely reliant on Mrp2 function for biliary elimination. Comparing the biliary elimination of pemetrexed between MCD and control animals identified a transporter-dependent decrease in biliary excretion of 60% in NASH. This study identifies Mrp2 as the exclusive biliary elimination mechanism for pemetrexed, making it a useful in vivo probe substrate for Mrp2 function, and quantifying the loss of function in NASH. This mechanistic feature may provide useful insight into the impact of NASH on interindividual variability in response to pemetrexed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anika L Dzierlenga
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.L.D., J.D.C., D.M.K., H.Y.L., N.J.C.); Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (T.A., S.A.S.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - John D Clarke
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.L.D., J.D.C., D.M.K., H.Y.L., N.J.C.); Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (T.A., S.A.S.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - David M Klein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.L.D., J.D.C., D.M.K., H.Y.L., N.J.C.); Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (T.A., S.A.S.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Tarun Anumol
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.L.D., J.D.C., D.M.K., H.Y.L., N.J.C.); Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (T.A., S.A.S.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.L.D., J.D.C., D.M.K., H.Y.L., N.J.C.); Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (T.A., S.A.S.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - HongYu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.L.D., J.D.C., D.M.K., H.Y.L., N.J.C.); Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (T.A., S.A.S.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Nathan J Cherrington
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology (A.L.D., J.D.C., D.M.K., H.Y.L., N.J.C.); Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (T.A., S.A.S.), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Altered Expression of Transporters, its Potential Mechanisms and Influences in the Liver of Rodent Models Associated with Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2015; 41:199-210. [PMID: 26597190 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-015-0306-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is becoming an increasingly prevalent disease that concerns patients and healthcare professionals worldwide. Among many anti-diabetic agents in clinical uses, numerous reports are available on their altered pharmacokinetics because of changes in the expression of drug transporters and metabolic enzymes under diabetic states. These changes may affect the safety and efficacy of therapeutic agents and/or drug-drug interaction with co-administered agents. Therefore, the changes in transporter expression should be identified, and the underlying mechanisms should be clarified. This review summarizes the progress of recent studies on the alterations in important uptake and efflux transporters in liver of diabetic animals and their regulatory pathways.
Collapse
|
12
|
Bridges CC, Zalups RK, Joshee L. Toxicological significance of renal Bcrp: Another potential transporter in the elimination of mercuric ions from proximal tubular cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 285:110-7. [PMID: 25868844 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Secretion of inorganic mercury (Hg(2+)) from proximal tubular cells into the tubular lumen has been shown to involve the multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (Mrp2). Considering similarities in localization and substrate specificity between Mrp2 and the breast cancer resistance protein (Bcrp), we hypothesize that Bcrp may also play a role in the proximal tubular secretion of mercuric species. In order to test this hypothesis, the uptake of Hg(2+) was examined initially using inside-out membrane vesicles containing Bcrp. The results of these studies suggest that Bcrp may be capable of transporting certain conjugates of Hg(2+). To further characterize the role of Bcrp in the handling of mercuric ions and in the induction of Hg(2+)-induced nephropathy, Sprague-Dawley and Bcrp knockout (bcrp(-/-)) rats were exposed intravenously to a non-nephrotoxic (0.5 μmol · kg(-1)), a moderately nephrotoxic (1.5 μmol · kg(-1)) or a significantly nephrotoxic (2.0 μmol · kg(-1)) dose of HgCl2. In general, the accumulation of Hg(2+) was greater in organs of bcrp(-/-) rats than in Sprague-Dawley rats, suggesting that Bcrp may play a role in the export of Hg(2+) from target cells. Within the kidney, cellular injury and necrosis was more severe in bcrp(-/-) rats than in controls. The pattern of necrosis, which was localized in the inner cortex and the outer stripe of the outer medulla, was significantly different from that observed in Mrp2-deficient animals. These findings suggest that Bcrp may be involved in the cellular export of select mercuric species and that its role in this export may differ from that of Mrp2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christy C Bridges
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA.
| | - Rudolfs K Zalups
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Lucy Joshee
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Sampson KE, Brinker A, Pratt J, Venkatraman N, Xiao Y, Blasberg J, Steiner T, Bourner M, Thompson DC. Zinc Finger Nuclease–Mediated Gene Knockout Results in Loss of Transport Activity for P-Glycoprotein, BCRP, and MRP2 in Caco-2 Cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 43:199-207. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.057216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
|
14
|
Fuchs H, Kishimoto W, Gansser D, Tanswell P, Ishiguro N. Brain penetration of WEB 2086 (Apafant) and dantrolene in Mdr1a (P-glycoprotein) and Bcrp knockout rats. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1761-5. [PMID: 25053619 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.058545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Transporter gene knockout rat models are attracting increasing interest for mechanistic studies of new drugs as transporter substrates or inhibitors in vivo. However, limited data are available on the functional validity of such models at the blood-brain barrier. Therefore, the present study evaluated Mdr1a [P-glycoprotein (P-gp)], Bcrp, and combined Mdr1a/Bcrp knockout rat strains for the influence of P-gp and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) transport proteins on brain penetration of the selective test substrates [(14)C]WEB 2086 (3-[4-(2-chlorophenyl)-9-methyl-6H-thieno[3,2-f][1,2,4]triazolo-[4,3-a][1,4]-diazepin-2-yl]-1-(4-morpholinyl)-1-propanon) for P-gp and dantrolene for BCRP. Brain-to-plasma concentration ratios (BPR) were measured after intravenous coinfusions of 5.5 µmol/kg per hour [(14)C]WEB 2086 and 2 µmol/kg per hour dantrolene for 2 hours in groups of knockout or wild-type rats. Compared with wild-type controls, mean BPR of [(14)C]WEB 2086 increased 8-fold in Mdr1a knockouts, 9.5-fold in double Mdr1a/Bcrp knockouts, and 7.3-fold in zosuquidar-treated wild-type rats, but was unchanged in Bcrp knockout rats. Mean BPR of dantrolene increased 3.3-fold in Bcrp knockouts and 3.9-fold in double Mdr1a/Bcrp knockouts compared with wild type, but was unchanged in the Mdr1a knockouts. The human intestinal CaCo-2 cell bidirectional transport system in vitro confirmed the in vivo finding that [(14)C]WEB 2086 is a substrate of P-gp but not of BCRP. Therefore, Mdr1a, Bcrp, and combined Mdr1a/Bcrp knockout rats provide functional absence of these efflux transporters at the blood-brain barrier and are a suitable model for mechanistic studies on the brain penetration of drug candidates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holger Fuchs
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany (H.F., D.G.); Kobe Pharma Research Institute, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Kobe, Japan (W.K., N.I.); and PKPharmaExpert, Laupheim, Germany (P.T.)
| | - Wataru Kishimoto
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany (H.F., D.G.); Kobe Pharma Research Institute, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Kobe, Japan (W.K., N.I.); and PKPharmaExpert, Laupheim, Germany (P.T.)
| | - Dietmar Gansser
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany (H.F., D.G.); Kobe Pharma Research Institute, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Kobe, Japan (W.K., N.I.); and PKPharmaExpert, Laupheim, Germany (P.T.)
| | - Paul Tanswell
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany (H.F., D.G.); Kobe Pharma Research Institute, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Kobe, Japan (W.K., N.I.); and PKPharmaExpert, Laupheim, Germany (P.T.)
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany (H.F., D.G.); Kobe Pharma Research Institute, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim, Kobe, Japan (W.K., N.I.); and PKPharmaExpert, Laupheim, Germany (P.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yang K, Pfeifer ND, Hardwick RN, Yue W, Stewart PW, Brouwer KLR. An experimental approach to evaluate the impact of impaired transport function on hepatobiliary drug disposition using Mrp2-deficient TR- rat sandwich-cultured hepatocytes in combination with Bcrp knockdown. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:766-75. [PMID: 24410402 PMCID: PMC3993909 DOI: 10.1021/mp400471e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) are members of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter family located in the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes that mediate biliary excretion of many drugs and endogenous compounds. BCRP and MRP2 have overlapping substrate profiles. Predicting drug disposition in the setting of altered transport function has important clinical significance. This investigation was designed to establish an in vitro model system to evaluate the impact of impaired Mrp2 and Bcrp function on hepatobiliary drug disposition. To achieve Bcrp knockdown by RNA interference (RNAi), sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCH) from Mrp2-deficient (TR(-)) and wild-type (WT) rats were infected with adenoviral vectors to express shRNA targeting Bcrp (Ad-siBcrp) at multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 1-10. MOI of 5 was identified as optimal. At MOI of 5, viral infection as well as WT or TR(-) status was statistically significant predictors of the rosuvastatin (RSV) biliary excretion index (BEI), consistent with the known role of Bcrp and Mrp2 in the biliary excretion of RSV in vivo in rats. Relative to WT rat SCH, marginal mean BEI (%) of RSV in TR(-) rat SCH decreased by 28.6 (95% CI: 5.8-51.3). Ad-siBcrp decreased marginal mean BEI (%) of RSV by 13.3 (7.5-9.1) relative to SCH infected with adenoviral vectors expressing a nontargeting shRNA (Ad-siNT). The BEI of RSV was almost ablated in TR(-) rat SCH with Bcrp knockdown (5.9 ± 3.0%) compared to Ad-siNT-infected WT rat SCH (45.4 ± 6.6%). These results demonstrated the feasibility of Bcrp knockdown in TR(-) rat SCH as an in vitro system to assess the impact of impaired Bcrp and Mrp2 function. At MOI of 5, viral infection had minimal effects on RSV total accumulation, but significantly decreased marginal mean taurocholate total accumulation (pmol/mg of protein) and BEI (%) by 9.9 (7.0-12.8) and 7.5 (3.7-11.3), respectively, relative to noninfected SCH. These findings may be due to off-target effects on hepatic bile acid transporters, even though no changes in protein expression levels of the hepatic bile acid transporters were observed. This study established a strategy for optimization of the knockdown system, and demonstrated the potential use of RNAi in SCH as an in vitro tool to predict altered hepatobiliary drug disposition when canalicular transporters are impaired.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyunghee Yang
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, §Curriculum in Toxicology, and ⊥Department of Biostatistics, UNC Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599-7569, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|