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Xing Y, Xie SY, Deng W, Tang QZ. Cardiolipin in myocardial ischaemia-reperfusion injury: From molecular mechanisms to clinical strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 176:116936. [PMID: 38878685 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Myocardial reperfusion injury occurs when blood flow is restored after ischemia, an essential process to salvage ischemic tissue. However, this phenomenon is intricate, characterized by various harmful effects. Tissue damage in ischemia-reperfusion injury arises from various factors, including the production of reactive oxygen species, the sequestration of proinflammatory immune cells in ischemic tissues, the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress, and the occurrence of postischemic capillary no-reflow. Secretory phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) plays a crucial role in the eicosanoid pathway by releasing free arachidonic acid from membrane phospholipids' sn-2 position. This liberated arachidonic acid serves as a substrate for various eicosanoid biosynthetic enzymes, including cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and cytochromes P450, ultimately resulting in inflammation and an elevated risk of reperfusion injury. Therefore, the activation of sPLA2 directly correlates with the heightened and accelerated damage observed in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI). Presently, clinical trials are in progress for medications aimed at sPLA2, presenting promising avenues for intervention. Cardiolipin (CL) plays a crucial role in maintaining mitochondrial function, and its alteration is closely linked to mitochondrial dysfunction observed in MIRI. This paper provides a critical analysis of CL modifications concerning mitochondrial dysfunction in MIRI, along with its associated molecular mechanisms. Additionally, it delves into various pharmacological approaches to prevent or alleviate MIRI, whether by directly targeting mitochondrial CL or through indirect means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xing
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Sai-Yang Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Qi-Zhu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan 430060, PR China.
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Wagner MP, Formaglio P, Gorgette O, Dziekan JM, Huon C, Berneburg I, Rahlfs S, Barale JC, Feinstein SI, Fisher AB, Ménard D, Bozdech Z, Amino R, Touqui L, Chitnis CE. Human peroxiredoxin 6 is essential for malaria parasites and provides a host-based drug target. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110923. [PMID: 35705035 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The uptake and digestion of host hemoglobin by malaria parasites during blood-stage growth leads to significant oxidative damage of membrane lipids. Repair of lipid peroxidation damage is crucial for parasite survival. Here, we demonstrate that Plasmodium falciparum imports a host antioxidant enzyme, peroxiredoxin 6 (PRDX6), during hemoglobin uptake from the red blood cell cytosol. PRDX6 is a lipid-peroxidation repair enzyme with phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity. Inhibition of PRDX6 with a PLA2 inhibitor, Darapladib, increases lipid-peroxidation damage in the parasite and disrupts transport of hemoglobin-containing vesicles to the food vacuole, causing parasite death. Furthermore, inhibition of PRDX6 synergistically reduces the survival of artemisinin-resistant parasites following co-treatment of parasite cultures with artemisinin and Darapladib. Thus, PRDX6 is a host-derived drug target for development of antimalarial drugs that could help overcome artemisinin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Paulus Wagner
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines Unit, Paris, France
| | - Pauline Formaglio
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Malaria Infection and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Gorgette
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Centre for Innovation and Technological Research, Ultrastructural Bioimaging Unit, Paris, France
| | - Jerzy Michal Dziekan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christèle Huon
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines Unit, Paris, France
| | - Isabell Berneburg
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Centre, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Stefan Rahlfs
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Centre, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jean-Christophe Barale
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 3528, Structural Microbiology Unit, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Pasteur International Unit, Pasteur International Network, Malaria Translational Research Unit, Phnom Penh, Cambodia and Paris, France
| | | | - Aron B Fisher
- Peroxitech, Inc., Philadelphia, PA, USA; Institute for Environmental Medicine, Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Didier Ménard
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, INSERM U1201, Malaria Genetics and Resistance Unit, Paris, France; Dynamics of Host-Pathogen Interactions, EA 7292, IPPTS, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
| | - Zbynek Bozdech
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rogerio Amino
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Malaria Infection and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - Lhousseine Touqui
- Cystic Fibrosis, Physiopathology and Phenogenomics, INSERM Unit 938, Saint-Antoine, Paris, France; Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Laboratory of Cystic Fibrosis and Chronic Bronchopathies, Paris, France
| | - Chetan E Chitnis
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris, Malaria Parasite Biology and Vaccines Unit, Paris, France.
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A new drug-drug interaction-tilmicosin reduces the metabolism of enrofloxacin through CYP3A4. Res Vet Sci 2022; 148:33-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Guibbal F, Meneyrol V, Ait-Arsa I, Diotel N, Patché J, Veeren B, Bénard S, Gimié F, Yong-Sang J, Khantalin I, Veerapen R, Jestin E, Meilhac O. Synthesis and Automated Labeling of [ 18F]Darapladib, a Lp-PLA 2 Ligand, as Potential PET Imaging Tool of Atherosclerosis. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:743-748. [PMID: 31097993 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis and its associated clinical complications are major health issues in industrialized countries. Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) was demonstrated to play an important role in atherogenesis and to be a potential risk prediction factor of plaque rupture. Darapladib is one of the most potent Lp-PLA2 inhibitors with an IC50 of 0.25 nM. Using its affinity for Lp-PLA2, we describe herein the total synthesis of darapladib radiolabeling precursor and the automated radiolabeling process for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging via an arylboronate moiety. The tracer thus obtained was tested in a mouse model of atherosclerosis (ApoE KO) and compared with the widely used [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) PET tracer, known to label metabolically active cells. [18F]Darapladib showed a significant accumulation within mice aortic atheromatous plaques dissected out ex vivo compared to [18F]FDG. Incubation of the radiotracer with human carotid samples showed a strong accumulation within the atherosclerotic plaques and supports its potential for use in PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Guibbal
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Vincent Meneyrol
- CYclotron Réunion Océan Indien CYROI, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France
| | - Imade Ait-Arsa
- CYclotron Réunion Océan Indien CYROI, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France
| | - Nicolas Diotel
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Jessica Patché
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Bryan Veeren
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Sébastien Bénard
- CYclotron Réunion Océan Indien CYROI, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France
| | - Fanny Gimié
- CYclotron Réunion Océan Indien CYROI, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France
| | - Jennyfer Yong-Sang
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | | | - Reuben Veerapen
- Clinique de Sainte-Clotilde, 127, Route de Bois de Nèfles, Sainte-Clotilde, Réunion, France
| | - Emmanuelle Jestin
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
- CYclotron Réunion Océan Indien CYROI, 2 rue Maxime Rivière, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France
| | - Olivier Meilhac
- Université de La Réunion, INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète athérothrombose Thérapies Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
- CHU de La Réunion, Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
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Di L. Reaction phenotyping to assess victim drug-drug interaction risks. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:1105-1115. [DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1367280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Di
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Inc, Groton, CT, USA
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Heriansyah T, Adam AA, Wihastuti TA, Saifur Rohman M. Elaborate evaluation of serum and tissue oxidized LDL level with darapladib therapy: A feasible diagnostic marker for early atherogenesis. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Higher Levels of Lipoprotein Associated Phospholipase A2 is associated with Increased Prevalence of Cognitive Impairment: the APAC Study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33073. [PMID: 27609335 PMCID: PMC5017024 DOI: 10.1038/srep33073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) is a unique circulating phospholipase with inflammatory and oxidative activities and the limited data regarding the relationship between Lp-PLA2 and cognitive impairment are conflicted. We conducted a cross-sectional study including 1,374 Chinese adults recruited from 2010 to 2011, aiming to evaluate the relationship between Lp-PLA2 levels and the prevalence of cognitive impairment in a Chinese community-based population. Participants underwent standardized evaluation. Serum Lp-PLA2 mass was measured by ELISA. Cognition status was evaluated via the Mini-Mental Status Exam (MMSE) and cognitive impairment was identified as MMSE <24. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the associations of Lp-PLA2 mass with cognitive impairment. Lp-PLA2 mass was significantly associated with the prevalence of cognitive impairment after adjusting for other potential confounding factors (compared with the first quartile, adjusted ORs of the second, third, and fourth quartile were 2.058 (95% CI, 0.876–4.835), 2.834 (95% CI, 1.255–6.398), and 4.882 (95% CI, 2.212–10.777), p < 0.0001). In conclusion, elevated level of Lp-PLA2 mass was independently associated with the prevalence of cognitive impairment in Chinese adults.
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Chen X, Xu W, Wang K, Mo M, Zhang W, Du L, Yuan X, Xu Y, Wang Y, Shen J. Discovery of a Novel Series of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidine Derivatives as Potent and Orally Bioavailable Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:8529-41. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xinde Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wenwei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingguang Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lili Du
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaojing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yechun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yiping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jianhua Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug
Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
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Hu C, Tompson D, Magee M, Chen Q, Liu YM, Zhu W, Zhao H, Gross AS, Liu Y. Single and Multiple Dose Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Safety of the Novel Lipoprotein-Associated Phospholipase A2 Enzyme Inhibitor Darapladib in Healthy Chinese Subjects: An Open Label Phase-1 Clinical Trial. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139862. [PMID: 26465780 PMCID: PMC4605839 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Darapladib is a lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) inhibitor. This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety of darapladib in healthy Chinese subjects. Methods Twenty-four subjects received darapladib 160 mg orally, approximately 1 hour after a standard breakfast, as a single dose and once daily for 28 days. Non-compartmental methods were used to determine the single and multiple dose pharmacokinetics of darapladib and its metabolite SB-553253. Repeat dose Lp-PLA2 activity and safety were evaluated. Results Systemic exposure (AUC(0-T), Cmax geometric mean (CVb%)) of darapladib was higher after multiple-dosing (519 ng.h/mL (33.3%), 34.4 ng/mL (49.9%)) compared to single-dose administration (153 ng.h/mL (69.0%), 17.9 ng/mL (55.2%). The steady-state accumulation ratio was less than unity (Rs = 0.80), indicating time-dependent pharmacokinetics of darapladib. Darapladib steady-state was reached by Day 14 of once daily dosing. Systemic exposure to SB-553253 was lower than darapladib with median (SB-553253: darapladib) ratios for AUC(0-τ) of 0.0786 for single dose and 0.0532 for multiple dose administration. On Day 28, pre-dose and maximum inhibition of Lp-PLA2 activity was approximately 70% and 75% relative to the baseline value, respectively and was dependent of darapladib concentration. The most common adverse events (≥ 21% subjects) were abnormal faeces, abnormal urine odour, diarrhoea and nasopharyngitis. Conclusion Darapladib 160 mg single and repeat doses were profiled in healthy Chinese subjects. Single dose systemic exposure to darapladib in healthy Chinese subjects was consistent with that observed previously in Western subjects whereas steady-state systemic exposure was approximately 65% higher in Chinese than Western subjects. The Lp-PLA2 activity and adverse event profile were similar in healthy Chinese and previous reports in Western subjects. Ethnic-specific dose adjustment of darapladib is not considered necessary for the Chinese population. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02000804
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoying Hu
- Phase I Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Debra Tompson
- Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation, GSK Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (YL); (DT)
| | - Mindy Magee
- Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Qian Chen
- Phase I Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Mei Liu
- Phase I Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjing Zhu
- China Medicine Development, GlaxoSmithKline (China) R&D Company Limited, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongxin Zhao
- China Medicine Development, GlaxoSmithKline (China) R&D Company Limited, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Yun Liu
- Phase I Clinical Research Unit, Shanghai Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (YL); (DT)
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Beaumont C, Young GC, Cavalier T, Young MA. Human absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion properties of drug molecules: a plethora of approaches. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 78:1185-200. [PMID: 25041729 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Human radiolabel studies are traditionally conducted to provide a definitive understanding of the human absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties of a drug. However, advances in technology over the past decade have allowed alternative methods to be employed to obtain both clinical ADME and pharmacokinetic (PK) information. These include microdose and microtracer approaches using accelerator mass spectrometry, and the identification and quantification of metabolites in samples from classical human PK studies using technologies suitable for non-radiolabelled drug molecules, namely liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. These recently developed approaches are described here together with relevant examples primarily from experiences gained in support of drug development projects at GlaxoSmithKline. The advantages of these study designs together with their limitations are described. We also discuss special considerations which should be made for a successful outcome to these new approaches and also to the more traditional human radiolabel study in order to maximize knowledge around the human ADME properties of drug molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Beaumont
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, GlaxoSmithKline, Park Road, Ware, Hertfordshire, SG12 0DP, UK
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Magee MH, Shaddinger B, Collins D, Siddiqi S, Soffer J. The pharmacokinetics and safety of darapladib in subjects with severe renal impairment. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 80:654-61. [PMID: 25953363 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Darapladib is a potent and reversible orally active inhibitor of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2 ). The aim of the study was to assess the effects of severe renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics and safety/tolerability of darapladib compared with normal renal function. METHODS This was an open label, parallel group study of darapladib following 10 day once daily 160 mg oral dosing in subjects with normal (n = 8) and severe renal impairment (estimated glomerular filtration rate <30 ml min(-1) 1.73 m(-2) , n = 8). Plasma concentrations of total and unbound darapladib as well as total darapladib metabolites were determined in samples obtained over 24 h on day 10. RESULTS Plasma concentrations of total and unbound darapladib as well as all three metabolites were higher in subjects with severe renal impairment. Area under the plasma concentration vs. time curve between time zero and 24 h (AUC(0,24 h) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ) of total darapladib in severely renally impaired subjects were 52% and 59% higher than those in the matched healthy subjects, respectively. Similar results were found with the darapladib metabolites. Darapladib was highly plasma protein bound with 0.047% and 0.034% unbound circulating in plasma in severely renally impaired and healthy subjects, respectively. Unbound plasma darapladib exposures were more than two-fold higher in severely renally impaired subjects than in healthy controls. Adverse events (AE) were reported in 38% of healthy subjects and 75% of severely renally impaired subjects, most of which were mild or moderate in intensity. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study showed that darapladib exposure was increased in subjects with severe renal impairment compared with healthy controls. However, darapladib was generally well tolerated in both groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy He Magee
- Clinical Pharmacology Modeling and Simulation, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
| | - Bonnie Shaddinger
- Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
| | - David Collins
- Clinical Statistics, GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Shabana Siddiqi
- Clincal Pharmacology Sciences and Study Operations, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Soffer
- Metabolic Pathways and Cardiovascular Therapeutic Area, GlaxoSmithKline, King of Prussia, PA
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