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Uno Y, Uehara S, Yamazaki H. Drug-oxidizing and conjugating non-cytochrome P450 (non-P450) enzymes in cynomolgus monkeys and common marmosets as preclinical models for humans. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 197:114887. [PMID: 34968483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Many drug oxidations and conjugations are mediated by a variety of cytochromes P450 (P450) and non-P450 enzymes in humans and non-human primates. These non-P450 enzymes include aldehyde oxidases (AOX), carboxylesterases (CES), flavin-containing monooxygenases (FMO), glutathione S-transferases (GST), arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NAT),sulfotransferases (SULT), and uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGT) and their substrates include both endobiotics and xenobiotics. Cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis, an Old-World monkey) are widely used in preclinical studies because of their genetic and physiological similarities to humans. However, many reports have indicated the usefulness of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus, a New World monkey) as an alternative non-human primate model. Although knowledge of the drug-metabolizing properties of non-P450 enzymes in non-human primates is relatively limited, new research has started to provide an insight into the molecular characteristics of these enzymes in cynomolgus macaques and common marmosets. This mini-review provides collective information on the isoforms of non-P450 enzymes AOX, CES, FMO, GST, NAT, SULT, and UGT and their enzymatic profiles in cynomolgus macaques and common marmosets. In general, these non-P450 cynomolgus macaque and marmoset enzymes have high sequence identities and similar substrate recognitions to their human counterparts. However, these enzymes also exhibit some limited differences in function between species, just as P450 enzymes do, possibly due to small structural differences in amino acid residues. The findings summarized here provide a foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms of polymorphic non-P450 enzymes and should contribute to the successful application of non-human primates as model animals for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima-city, Kagoshima 890-8580, Japan
| | - Shotaro Uehara
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamazaki
- Showa Pharmaceutical University, Machida, Tokyo 194-8543, Japan.
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Teffera Y, Liu J, Krolikowski P, Zhao Z. The Role of Aldehyde Oxidase in the Metabolic Clearance of Substituted Benzothiazoles. Drug Metab Lett 2021; 14:126-136. [PMID: 34818997 DOI: 10.2174/1872312814666210405101419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A group of substituted benzothiazoles from a research project was found to have low microsomal clearance. However, these compounds had very high clearance in vivo. METHODS In the present study, the clearance mechanism of two of the structural analogs, was investigated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS In vitro studies showed the formation of corresponding non-P450 dependent oxidative metabolites in S9, cytosol, and hepatocytes. The in vitro formation of these metabolites was observed in mice, rats, non-human primates, and humans. The dog did not form the corresponding metabolites in any of the matrices. Inhibition studies with S9 fraction and incubation with human recombinant aldehyde oxidase (AO) showed that the formation of the corresponding metabolites was AO dependent. To investigate the role of this pathway in vivo, mice were dosed with compound A and bile and plasma were analyzed. Most of the metabolites in bile contained the AO-dependent oxidized benzothiazole moiety, indicating that metabolism involving AO was probably the main pathway for clearance. The same metabolites were also observed circulating in plasma. Mass spectrometric analysis of the metabolite showed that the oxidation was on the benzothiazole moiety, but the exact position could not be identified. Isolation of the metabolite of compound A and analysis by NMR confirmed the structure of the metabolite as C2 carbon oxidation of the thiazole ring resulting in carboxamide moiety. Further comparison of both metabolites with corresponding authentic standards confirmed the structures. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, such an observation of in vitro and in vivo oxidation of substituted benzothiazole by AO has not been reported before. The results helped the medicinal chemists design compounds that avoid AO-mediated metabolism and with better ADME property.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Teffera
- Chimerix, 2505 Meridian Pkwy, Suite 100, Durham, NC 27713, United States
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El Akkaoui A, Koubachi J, Guillaumet G, El Kazzouli S. Synthesis and Functionalization of Imidazo[1,2‐
b
]Pyridazine by Means of Metal‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed El Akkaoui
- Laboratory of Analytical and Molecular Chemistry (LCAM) Polydisciplinary Faculty of Safi Cadi Ayyad University, Sidi Bouzid, B.P. 4162 46000 Safi Morocco
| | - Jamal Koubachi
- Polydisciplinary Faculty of Taroudant Laboratory of Applied and Environmental Chemistry (LACAPE) Faculty of Sciences Ibn Zohr University of Agadir, B.P 271 83000 Taroudant Morocco
| | - Gérald Guillaumet
- Institute of Organic and Analytical Chemistry University of Orleans, UMR CNRS 7311, BP 6759 45067 Orleans Cedex 2 France
- Euromed Research Centre School of Engineering in Biomedical and Biotechnology Euromed University of Fes (UEMF) Route de Meknès 30000 Fez Morocco
| | - Saïd El Kazzouli
- Euromed Research Centre School of Engineering in Biomedical and Biotechnology Euromed University of Fes (UEMF) Route de Meknès 30000 Fez Morocco
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Patel M, Naidu BN, Dicker I, Higley H, Lin Z, Terry B, Protack T, Krystal M, Jenkins S, Parker D, Panja C, Rampulla R, Mathur A, Meanwell NA, Walker MA. Design, synthesis and SAR study of bridged tricyclic pyrimidinone carboxamides as HIV-1 integrase inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2020; 28:115541. [PMID: 32389483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2020.115541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The design, synthesis and structure-activity relationships associated with a series of bridged tricyclic pyrimidinone carboxamides as potent inhibitors of HIV-1 integrase strand transfer are described. Structural modifications to these molecules were made in order to examine the effect on potency towards wild-type and clinically-relevant resistant viruses. The [3.2.2]-bridged tricyclic system was identified as an advantageous chemotype, with representatives exhibiting excellent antiviral activity against both wild-type viruses and the G140S/Q148H resistant virus that arises in response to therapy with raltegravir and elvitegravir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Patel
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA; ViiV Healthcare, 36 East Industrial Parkway, Branford, CT 06405, USA.
| | - B Narasimhulu Naidu
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA; ViiV Healthcare, 36 East Industrial Parkway, Branford, CT 06405, USA
| | - Ira Dicker
- Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA; ViiV Healthcare, 36 East Industrial Parkway, Branford, CT 06405, USA
| | - Helen Higley
- Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Zeyu Lin
- Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Brian Terry
- Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Tricia Protack
- Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Mark Krystal
- Virology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA; ViiV Healthcare, 36 East Industrial Parkway, Branford, CT 06405, USA
| | - Susan Jenkins
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA; ViiV Healthcare, 36 East Industrial Parkway, Branford, CT 06405, USA
| | - Dawn Parker
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA; ViiV Healthcare, 36 East Industrial Parkway, Branford, CT 06405, USA
| | - Chiradeep Panja
- Biocon-Bristol-Myers Squibb Research Center, Plot 2 & 3, Bommasandra Industrial Estate - Phase-IV, Bommasandra-Jigani Link Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560099, India
| | - Richard Rampulla
- Department of Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA
| | - Arvind Mathur
- Department of Discovery Chemistry Synthesis, Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA
| | - Michael A Walker
- Departments of Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, CT 06492, USA; Assembly Biosciences, Inc. 331 Oyster Point Blvd, San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Fredenhagen A, Eggimann FK, Kittelmann M, Lochmann T, Kühnöl J. Human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase UGT1A4 forms tertiary N-glucuronides predominately with the energetically less favored tautomer of substituted 1H-indazole (benzpyrazole). J Anal Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1186/s40543-017-0120-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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Ballard TE, Wang S, Cox LM, Moen MA, Krzyzewski S, Ukairo O, Obach RS. Application of a Micropatterned Cocultured Hepatocyte System To Predict Preclinical and Human-Specific Drug Metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 44:172-9. [PMID: 26608083 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.066688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory animal models are the industry standard for preclinical risk assessment of drug candidates. Thus, it is important that these species possess profiles of drug metabolites that are similar to those anticipated in human, since metabolites also could be responsible for biologic activities or unanticipated toxicity. Under most circumstances, preclinical species reflect human in vivo metabolites well; however, there have been several notable exceptions, and understanding and predicting these exceptions with an in vitro system would be very useful. Human micropatterned cocultured (MPCC) hepatocytes have been shown to recapitulate human in vivo qualitative metabolic profiles, but the same demonstration has not been performed yet for laboratory animal species. In this study, we investigated several compounds that are known to produce human-unique metabolites through CYP2C9, UGT1A4, aldehyde oxidase (AO), or N-acetyltransferase that were poorly covered or not detected at all in the selected preclinical species. To perform our investigation we used 24-well MPCC hepatocyte plates having three individual human donors and a single donor each of monkey, dog, and rat to study drug metabolism at four time points per species. Through the use of the multispecies MPCC hepatocyte system, the metabolite profiles of the selected compounds in human donors effectively captured the qualitative in vivo metabolite profile with respect to the human metabolite of interest. Human-unique metabolites that were not detected in vivo in certain preclinical species (normally dog and rat) were also not generated in the corresponding species in vitro, confirming that the MPCC hepatocytes can provide an assessment of preclinical species metabolism. From these results, we conclude that multispecies MPCC hepatocyte plates could be used as an effective in vitro tool for preclinical understanding of species metabolism relative to humans and aid in the choice of appropriate preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Eric Ballard
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (T.E.B., S.W., L.M.C., M.A.M., R.S.O.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (S.K., O.U.),
| | - Shuai Wang
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (T.E.B., S.W., L.M.C., M.A.M., R.S.O.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (S.K., O.U.)
| | - Loretta M Cox
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (T.E.B., S.W., L.M.C., M.A.M., R.S.O.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (S.K., O.U.)
| | - Mark A Moen
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (T.E.B., S.W., L.M.C., M.A.M., R.S.O.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (S.K., O.U.)
| | - Stacy Krzyzewski
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (T.E.B., S.W., L.M.C., M.A.M., R.S.O.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (S.K., O.U.)
| | - Okechukwu Ukairo
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (T.E.B., S.W., L.M.C., M.A.M., R.S.O.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (S.K., O.U.)
| | - R Scott Obach
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (T.E.B., S.W., L.M.C., M.A.M., R.S.O.); Hepregen Corporation, Medford, Massachusetts (S.K., O.U.)
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