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Baba K, Goto Y. Lorlatinib as a treatment for ALK-positive lung cancer. Future Oncol 2022; 18:2745-2766. [PMID: 35787143 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2022-0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lorlatinib, a third-generation ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitor, has been approved as a treatment for ALK-positive lung cancer. This review provides information regarding the pharmacology and clinical features of lorlatinib, including its efficacy and associated adverse events. Pivotal clinical trials are discussed along with the current status of lorlatinib as a treatment for ALK-positive lung cancer and future therapeutic challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Baba
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasushi Goto
- Department of Thoracic Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Goldstein MJ, Peters M, Weber BL, Davis CB. Optimizing the Therapeutic Window of Targeted Drugs in Oncology: Potency-Guided First-in-Human Studies. Clin Transl Sci 2020; 14:536-543. [PMID: 33048459 PMCID: PMC7993318 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Many targeted therapies are administered at or near the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). With the advent of precision medicine, a larger therapeutic window is expected. Therefore, dose optimization will require a new approach to early clinical trial design. We analyzed publicly available data for 21 therapies targeting six kinases, and four poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase inhibitors, focusing on potency and exposure to gain insight into dose selection. The free average steady‐state concentration (Css) at the approved dose was compared to the in vitro cell potency (half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50)). Average steady‐state area under the plasma concentration‐time curve, the fraction unbound drug in plasma, and the cell potency were taken from the US drug labels, US and European regulatory reviews, and peer‐reviewed journal articles. The Css was remarkably similar to the IC50. The median Css/IC50 value was 1.2, and 76% of the values were within 3‐fold of unity. However, three drugs (encorafenib, erlotinib, and ribociclib) had a Css/IC50 value > 25. Seven other therapies targeting the same 3 kinases had much lower Css/IC50 values ranging from 0.5 to 4. These data suggest that these kinase inhibitors have a large therapeutic window that is not fully exploited; lower doses may be similarly efficacious with improved tolerability. We propose a revised first‐in‐human trial design in which dose cohort expansion is initiated at doses less than the MTD when there is evidence of clinical activity and Css exceeds a potency threshold. This potency‐guided approach is expected to maximize the therapeutic window thereby improving patient outcomes.
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Iida H, Fujikawa R, Kozaki R, Harada R, Hosokawa Y, Ogawara KI, Ohno T. Pharmacokinetic-Pharmacodynamic-Efficacy Modeling of ONO-7579, a Novel Pan-Tropomyosin Receptor Kinase Inhibitor, in a Murine Xenograft Tumor Model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 373:361-369. [PMID: 32217770 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.264499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The orally available and novel small molecule ONO-7579 (N-{2-[4-(2-amino-5-chloropyridin-3-yl)phenoxy]pyrimidin-5-yl}-N'-[2-(methanesulfonyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea) is a highly potent and selective pan-tropomyosin receptor kinase (TRK) inhibitor. The objective of the present study was to characterize the pharmacokinetic (PK), pharmacodynamic (PD), and antitumor efficacy relationships of ONO-7579 in mice xenografted with a human colorectal cancer cell line, KM12 (harboring the tropomyosin 3 (TPM3) -neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase 1 fusion gene), via a PK/PD modeling approach. Plasma and tumor concentrations of ONO-7579, tumor levels of phosphorylated TPM3-TRKA (pTRKA), and tumor volumes in the murine model were measured with a single or multiple dose of ONO-7579 (0.06-0.60 mg/kg) administered once daily. The PK/PD/efficacy models were developed in a sequential manner. Changes in plasma concentrations of ONO-7579 were described with an oral one-compartment model. Tumor concentrations of ONO-7579 were higher than plasma concentrations, and changes in ONO-7579 tumor concentrations were described with an additional tumor compartment that had no influence on plasma concentrations. pTRKA in tumors was described with a direct Emax model, and the tumor ONO-7579 concentration causing 50% of the maximum effect was estimated to be 17.6 ng/g. In addition, a pTRKA-driven tumor growth inhibition model indicated that ONO-7579 started to sharply increase the antitumor effect at pTRKA inhibition rates >60% and required >91.5% to reduce tumors. In conclusion, the developed PK/PD/efficacy models revealed a "switch-like" relationship between pTRKA inhibition rate and antitumor effect in a murine KM12 xenograft model, demonstrating that pTRKA in tumors could serve as an effective biomarker for scheduling the dose regimen in early-stage clinical studies. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In recent years, clinical development of TRK inhibitors in patients with neurotrophic tyrosine receptor kinase fusion-positive solid tumors has been accelerated. This research found that phosphorylated TRKA was a useful biomarker for explaining the antitumor efficacy of TRK inhibitors using a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling approach in xenograft mice. This finding suggests a rational dosing regimen in early-stage clinical studies for ONO-7579 (N-{2-[4-(2-amino-5-chloropyridin-3-yl)phenoxy]pyrimidin-5-yl}-N'-[2-(methanesulfonyl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]urea), a novel pan-TRK inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Iida
- Clinical Pharmacology (H.I., T.O.), Research Center of Oncology (R.F., R.K.), and Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories (R.H., Y.H.), Ono Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Osaka, Japan; and Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan (H.I., K.O.)
| | - Ryu Fujikawa
- Clinical Pharmacology (H.I., T.O.), Research Center of Oncology (R.F., R.K.), and Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories (R.H., Y.H.), Ono Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Osaka, Japan; and Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan (H.I., K.O.)
| | - Ryohei Kozaki
- Clinical Pharmacology (H.I., T.O.), Research Center of Oncology (R.F., R.K.), and Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories (R.H., Y.H.), Ono Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Osaka, Japan; and Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan (H.I., K.O.)
| | - Ryuichi Harada
- Clinical Pharmacology (H.I., T.O.), Research Center of Oncology (R.F., R.K.), and Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories (R.H., Y.H.), Ono Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Osaka, Japan; and Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan (H.I., K.O.)
| | - Yuya Hosokawa
- Clinical Pharmacology (H.I., T.O.), Research Center of Oncology (R.F., R.K.), and Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories (R.H., Y.H.), Ono Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Osaka, Japan; and Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan (H.I., K.O.)
| | - Ken-Ichi Ogawara
- Clinical Pharmacology (H.I., T.O.), Research Center of Oncology (R.F., R.K.), and Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories (R.H., Y.H.), Ono Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Osaka, Japan; and Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan (H.I., K.O.)
| | - Tomoya Ohno
- Clinical Pharmacology (H.I., T.O.), Research Center of Oncology (R.F., R.K.), and Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories (R.H., Y.H.), Ono Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Osaka, Japan; and Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, Kobe Pharmaceutical University, Higashinada-ku, Kobe, Japan (H.I., K.O.)
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Recent advances in physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic models for anticancer nanomedicines. Arch Pharm Res 2020; 43:80-99. [PMID: 31975317 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-020-01209-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have distinct pharmacokinetic (PK) properties and can potentially improve the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) of small-molecule drugs loaded therein. Owing to the unwanted toxicities of anticancer agents in healthy organs and tissues, their precise delivery to the tumor is an essential requirement. There have been numerous advancements in the development of nanomedicines for cancer therapy. Physiologically based PK (PBPK) models serve as excellent tools for describing and predicting the ADME properties and the efficacy and toxicity of drugs, in combination with pharmacodynamic (PD) models. The recent preliminary application of these modeling approaches to NPs demonstrated their potential benefits in research and development processes relevant to the ADME and pharmacodynamics of NPs and nanomedicines. Here, we comprehensively review the pharmacokinetics of NPs, the developed PBPK models for anticancer NPs, and the developed PD model for anticancer agents.
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Chen W, Shi Y, Qi S, Zhou H, Li C, Jin D, Li G. Pharmacokinetic Study and Tissue Distribution of Lorlatinib in Mouse Serum and Tissue Samples by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2019; 2019:7574369. [PMID: 30949374 PMCID: PMC6425379 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7574369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we developed and validated a rapid and simple liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of lorlatinib in mouse serum and tissue samples, and such a method was successfully applied to investigate the pharmacokinetic study and tissue distribution of lorlatinib after oral administration. Samples were processed with methanol to precipitate protein and extract drugs, and Afatinib-d6 was used as the internal standard (IS). For LC-MS/MS analysis, compounds were separated on a C18 column by gradient elution (0.1% of formic acid and methanol) at 0.5 mL/min in the positive-ion mode with m/z 407.28 [M + H]+ for lorlatinib and m/z 492.10 [M + H]+ for IS. Good linearity was observed within the calibration ranges. Selectivity, accuracy (-6.42% to 8.84%), precision (1.69% to 10.98%), recoveries (91.4% to 115.0%), and matrix effect (84.2% to 110.6%) were all within the acceptable ranges. After oral administration, serum concentration of lorlatinib quickly achieved the maximal concentration (2,705.683 ± 539.779 μg/L) at 0.625 ± 0.231 h. The highest concentration was detected in the liver (3,153.93 ng/100 mg), followed by the stomach (2,159.92 ng/100 mg) and the kidney (548.83 ng/100 mg). In conclusion, a simple and rapid detection method was established and validated for determination of lorlatinib in blood and tissue samples of mouse. The pharmacokinetic study and tissue distribution of lorlatinib were successfully investigated using this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yafei Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Shuya Qi
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Haiyan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Chunyu Li
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Dujia Jin
- Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guohui Li
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100021, China
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Sparidans RW, Li W, Schinkel AH, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH. Bioanalytical liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric assay for the quantification of the ALK inhibitors alectinib, brigatinib and lorlatinib in plasma and mouse tissue homogenates. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 161:136-143. [PMID: 30149189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Several second and third generation ALK inhibitors have been introduced in recent years. A bioanalytical assay for simultaneous quantification of alectinib, brigatinib, and lorlatinib was developed and validated for human plasma. The method was also partially validated for diluted mouse plasma and tissue homogenates of brain, liver, kidney, and spleen. Samples (40 μl) were pretreated in a 96-well plate by protein precipitation with acetonitrile containing the internal standard [2H8]-alectinib. After chromatographic separation on an ethylene bridged octadecyl silica column by gradient elution at 600 μl/min using 1% (v/v) formic acid (in water) and acetonitrile, compounds were ionized by a turbo electrospray and monitored by selected reaction monitoring on a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Validation was performed in a 2-2000 ng/ml concentration range for alectinib and lorlatinib and a 4-4000 ng/ml range for brigatinib. Precisions (within-day and between-day) were in the range 2.2-15.0% and accuracies were in between 87.2 and 110.2% for all matrices and levels. Compounds were sufficiently stable under most investigated conditions. Results of a pilot pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution study for brigatinib in mice are reported. Finally, successful incurred samples reanalysis of tissue homogenate samples containing brigatinib and lorlatinib is presented. Lorlatinib homogenate samples were also successfully reanalyzed using a second independent assay (cross-validation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf W Sparidans
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Chemical Biology & Drug Development, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Wenlong Li
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Alfred H Schinkel
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jan H M Schellens
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands; The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands; The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; MC Slotervaart, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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7
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Spatari C, Li W, Schinkel AH, Ragno G, Schellens JHM, Beijnen JH, Sparidans RW. Bioanalytical assay for the quantification of the ALK inhibitor lorlatinib in mouse plasma using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1083:204-208. [PMID: 29550682 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A bio-analytical assay for the first third generation ALK inhibitor lorlatinib in mouse plasma was developed and validated. Ten-μl plasma samples were prepared by adding rucaparib as the internal standard and precipitation of the plasma proteins. For LC-MS/MS analysis, compounds were eluted at 0.5 mL/min and separated on a 3-μm particle-size, polar embedded octadecyl silica column by gradient elution using 0.1% of formic acid (in water) and methanol. Compounds were monitored with positive electrospray ionization using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer in selected reaction monitoring mode. The assay was fully validated in the 2-2000 ng/mL calibration range. Within-day (8.0-11.6%) and between-day (10.0-15.0%) precisions and accuracies (99.0-113.3%) were within acceptable range. Plasma samples were deemed stable for 6 h at ambient temperature, during three freeze-thaw cycles and for 2 months at -30 °C. Finally, the new assay was applied successfully to pilot pharmacokinetic studies in male and female wild-type mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Spatari
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Polifunzionale, 87036 Rende, Italy.
| | - Wenlong Li
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Alfred H Schinkel
- The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Division of Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Gaetano Ragno
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Polifunzionale, 87036 Rende, Italy.
| | - Jan H M Schellens
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Jos H Beijnen
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands; MC Slotervaart, Department of Pharmacy & Pharmacology, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rolf W Sparidans
- Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacoepidemiology & Clinical Pharmacology, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, Faculty of Science, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Chemical Biology & Drug Development, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Carrara L, Lavezzi SM, Borella E, De Nicolao G, Magni P, Poggesi I. Current mathematical models for cancer drug discovery. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2017; 12:785-799. [PMID: 28595492 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2017.1340271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pharmacometric models represent the most comprehensive approaches for extracting, summarizing and integrating information obtained in the often sparse, limited, and less-than-optimally designed experiments performed in the early phases of oncology drug discovery. Whilst empirical methodologies may be enough for screening and ranking candidate drugs, modeling approaches are needed for optimizing and making economically viable the learn-confirm cycles within an oncology research program and anticipating the dose regimens to be investigated in the subsequent clinical development. Areas covered: Papers appearing in the literature of approximately the last decade reporting modeling approaches applicable to anticancer drug discovery have been listed and commented. Papers were selected based on the interest in the proposed methodology or in its application. Expert opinion: The number of modeling approaches used in the discovery of anticancer drugs is consistently increasing and new models are developed based on the current directions of research of new candidate drugs. These approaches have contributed to a better understanding of new oncological targets and have allowed for the exploitation of the relatively sparse information generated by preclinical experiments. In addition, they are used in translational approaches for guiding and supporting the choice of dosing regimens in early clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Carrara
- a Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell'Informazione , Università degli Studi di Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Silvia Maria Lavezzi
- a Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell'Informazione , Università degli Studi di Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Elisa Borella
- a Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell'Informazione , Università degli Studi di Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Nicolao
- a Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell'Informazione , Università degli Studi di Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Paolo Magni
- a Dipartimento di Ingegneria Industriale e dell'Informazione , Università degli Studi di Pavia , Pavia , Italy
| | - Italo Poggesi
- b Global Clinical Pharmacology , Janssen Research and Development , Cologno Monzese , Italy
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Synthesis and preliminary PET imaging of 11C and 18F isotopologues of the ROS1/ALK inhibitor lorlatinib. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15761. [PMID: 28594000 PMCID: PMC5472746 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Lorlatinib (PF-06463922) is a next-generation small-molecule inhibitor of the orphan receptor tyrosine kinase c-ros oncogene 1 (ROS1), which has a kinase domain that is physiologically related to anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), and is undergoing Phase I/II clinical trial investigations for non-small cell lung cancers. An early goal is to measure the concentrations of this drug in brain tumour lesions of lung cancer patients, as penetration of the blood–brain barrier is important for optimal therapeutic outcomes. Here we prepare both 11C- and 18F-isotopologues of lorlatinib to determine the biodistribution and whole-body dosimetry assessments by positron emission tomography (PET). Non-traditional radiolabelling strategies are employed to enable an automated multistep 11C-labelling process and an iodonium ylide-based radiofluorination. Carbon-11-labelled lorlatinib is routinely prepared with good radiochemical yields and shows reasonable tumour uptake in rodents. PET imaging in non-human primates confirms that this radiotracer has high brain permeability. Lorlatinib—a ROS1/ALK inhibitor—is currently undergoing clinical trials for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancers. Here the authors develop synthetic routes to 11C- and 18F-labelled lorlatinib, with subsequent PET imaging showing good blood brain barrier permeability in non-human primates.
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Yamazaki S, Spilker ME, Vicini P. Translational modeling and simulation approaches for molecularly targeted small molecule anticancer agents from bench to bedside. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2016; 12:253-65. [PMID: 26799750 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2016.1141895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent advances in molecular biology have enabled personalized cancer therapies with molecularly targeted agents (MTAs), which offer a promising future for cancer therapy. Dynamic modeling and simulation (M&S) is a powerful mathematical approach linking drug exposures to pharmacological responses, providing a quantitative assessment of in vivo drug potency. Accordingly, a growing emphasis is being placed upon M&S to quantitatively understand therapeutic exposure-response relationships of MTAs in nonclinical models. AREAS COVERED An overview of M&S approaches for MTAs in nonclinical models is presented with discussion about mechanistic extrapolation of antitumor efficacy from bench to bedside. Emphasis is placed upon recent advances in M&S approaches linking drug exposures, biomarker responses (e.g. target modulation) and pharmacological outcomes (e.g. antitumor efficacy). EXPERT OPINION For successful personalized cancer therapies with MTAs, it is critical to mechanistically and quantitatively understand their exposure-response relationships in nonclinical models, and to logically and properly apply such knowledge to the clinic. Particularly, M&S approaches to predict pharmacologically active concentrations of MTAs in patients based upon nonclinical data would be highly valuable in guiding the design and execution of clinical trials. Proactive approaches to understand their exposure-response relationships could substantially increase probability of achieving a positive proof-of-concept in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Yamazaki
- a Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism , Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Mary E Spilker
- a Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism , Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - Paolo Vicini
- a Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics & Metabolism , Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development , San Diego , CA , USA
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Guan J, Tucker ER, Wan H, Chand D, Danielson LS, Ruuth K, El Wakil A, Witek B, Jamin Y, Umapathy G, Robinson SP, Johnson TW, Smeal T, Martinsson T, Chesler L, Palmer RH, Hallberg B. The ALK inhibitor PF-06463922 is effective as a single agent in neuroblastoma driven by expression of ALK and MYCN. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:941-52. [PMID: 27483357 PMCID: PMC5047689 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.024448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The first-in-class inhibitor of ALK, c-MET and ROS1, crizotinib (Xalkori), has shown remarkable clinical efficacy in treatment of ALK-positive non-small cell lung cancer. However, in neuroblastoma, activating mutations in the ALK kinase domain are typically refractory to crizotinib treatment, highlighting the need for more potent inhibitors. The next-generation ALK inhibitor PF-06463922 is predicted to exhibit increased affinity for ALK mutants prevalent in neuroblastoma. We examined PF-06463922 activity in ALK-driven neuroblastoma models in vitro and in vivo In vitro kinase assays and cell-based experiments examining ALK mutations of increasing potency show that PF-06463922 is an effective inhibitor of ALK with greater activity towards ALK neuroblastoma mutants. In contrast to crizotinib, single agent administration of PF-06463922 caused dramatic tumor inhibition in both subcutaneous and orthotopic xenografts as well as a mouse model of high-risk neuroblastoma driven by Th-ALK(F1174L)/MYCN Taken together, our results suggest PF-06463922 is a potent inhibitor of crizotinib-resistant ALK mutations, and highlights an important new treatment option for neuroblastoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Guan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - E R Tucker
- Division of Clinical Studies Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - H Wan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - D Chand
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - L S Danielson
- Division of Clinical Studies Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - K Ruuth
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden Department of Molecular Biology, Building 6L, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - A El Wakil
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden Department of Molecular Biology, Building 6L, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - B Witek
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden Department of Molecular Biology, Building 6L, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Y Jamin
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - G Umapathy
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - S P Robinson
- Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - T W Johnson
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - T Smeal
- La Jolla Laboratories, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - T Martinsson
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - L Chesler
- Division of Clinical Studies Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London and Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, Sutton SM2 5NG, UK
| | - R H Palmer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
| | - B Hallberg
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg SE-405 30, Sweden
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12
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Liu D, Ma X, Liu Y, Zhou H, Shi C, Wu F, Jiang J, Hu P. Quantitative prediction of human pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of imigliptin, a novel DPP-4 inhibitor, using allometric scaling, IVIVE and PK/PD modeling methods. Eur J Pharm Sci 2016; 89:73-82. [PMID: 27108678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To predict the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) profiles of imigliptin, a novel DPP-4 inhibitor, in first-in-human (FIH) study based on the data from preclinical species. METHODS Imigliptin was intravenously and orally administered to rats, dogs, and monkeys to assess their PK/PD properties. DPP-4 activity was the PD biomarker. PK/PD profiles of sitagliptin and alogliptin in rats and humans were obtained and digitized from literatures. PK/PD profiles of all dose levels for each drug in each species were analyzed using modeling approach. Human CL, Vss and PK profiles of imigliptin were then predicted using Allometric Scaling (AS), in vitro in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE), and the steady-state plasma drug concentration - mean residence time (Css-MRT) methods. In vitro EC50 corrected by fu and in vivo EC50 in rats corrected by interspecies difference of sitagliptin and alogliptin were utilized separately to predict imigliptin human EC50. The prediction by integrating all above methods was evaluated by comparing observed and simulated PK/PD profiles in healthy subjects. RESULTS Full PK/PD profiles in animal were summarized for imigliptin, sitagliptin and alogliptin. Imigliptin CL, Vss, and Fa were predicted to be 19.1L/h, 247L, and 0.81 in humans, respectively. Predicted imigliptin AUCs, AUECs, and Emax in humans were within 0.8-1.2 times of observed values whereas other predicted PK/PD parameters were within 0.5-1.5 times of observed values. CONCLUSIONS By integrating available preclinical and clinical data, FIH PK/PD profiles of imigliptin could be accurately predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xifeng Ma
- XuanZhu Pharma Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huimin Zhou
- XuanZhu Pharma Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chongtie Shi
- XuanZhu Pharma Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Frank Wu
- XuanZhu Pharma Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ji Jiang
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Hu
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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13
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Katayama R, Lovly CM, Shaw AT. Therapeutic targeting of anaplastic lymphoma kinase in lung cancer: a paradigm for precision cancer medicine. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 21:2227-35. [PMID: 25979929 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-2791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) receptor tyrosine kinase was initially discovered as a component of the fusion protein nucleophosmin (NPM)-ALK in anaplastic large-cell lymphoma (ALCL). Genomic alterations in ALK, including rearrangements, point mutations, and genomic amplification, have now been identified in several malignancies, including lymphoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), neuroblastoma, inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, and others. Importantly, ALK serves as a validated therapeutic target in these diseases. Several ALK tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI), including crizotinib, ceritinib, and alectinib, have been developed, and some of them have already been approved for clinical use. These ALK inhibitors have all shown remarkable clinical outcomes in ALK-rearranged NSCLC. Unfortunately, as is the case for other kinase inhibitors in clinical use, sensitive tumors inevitably relapse due to acquired resistance. This review focuses on the discovery, function, and therapeutic targeting of ALK, with a particular focus on ALK-rearranged NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Katayama
- Cancer Chemotherapy Center, Japanese Foundation for Cancer Research, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Alice T Shaw
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, Massachusetts. Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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14
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Reichel A, Lienau P. Pharmacokinetics in Drug Discovery: An Exposure-Centred Approach to Optimising and Predicting Drug Efficacy and Safety. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 232:235-260. [PMID: 26330260 DOI: 10.1007/164_2015_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The role of pharmacokinetics (PK) in drug discovery is to support the optimisation of the absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) properties of lead compounds with the ultimate goal to attain a clinical candidate which achieves a concentration-time profile in the body that is adequate for the desired efficacy and safety profile. A thorough characterisation of the lead compounds aiming at the identification of the inherent PK liabilities also includes an early generation of PK/PD relationships linking in vitro potency and target exposure/engagement with expression of pharmacological activity (mode-of-action) and efficacy in animal studies. The chapter describes an exposure-centred approach to lead generation, lead optimisation and candidate selection and profiling that focuses on a stepwise generation of an understanding between PK/exposure and PD/efficacy relationships by capturing target exposure or surrogates thereof and cellular mode-of-action readouts in vivo. Once robust PK/PD relationship in animal PD models has been constructed, it is translated to anticipate the pharmacologically active plasma concentrations in patients and the human therapeutic dose and dosing schedule which is also based on the prediction of the PK behaviour in human as described herein. The chapter outlines how the level of confidence in the predictions increases with the level of understanding of both the PK and the PK/PD of the new chemical entities (NCE) in relation to the disease hypothesis and the ability to propose safe and efficacious doses and dosing schedules in responsive patient populations. A sound identification of potential drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics (DMPK)-related development risks allows proposing of an effective de-risking strategy for the progression of the project that is able to reduce uncertainties and to increase the probability of success during preclinical and clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reichel
- Research Pharmacokinetics, Global Drug Discovery, Bayer Pharma, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Philip Lienau
- Research Pharmacokinetics, Global Drug Discovery, Bayer Pharma, Berlin, Germany.
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15
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Optimization of human dose prediction by using quantitative and translational pharmacology in drug discovery. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:2351-69. [PMID: 26599348 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this perspective article, we explain how quantitative and translational pharmacology, when well-implemented, is believed to lead to improved clinical candidates and drug targets that are differentiated from current treatment options. Quantitative and translational pharmacology aims to build and continuously improve the quantitative relationship between drug exposure, target engagement, efficacy, safety and its interspecies relationship at every phase of drug discovery. Drug hunters should consider and apply these concepts to develop compounds with a higher probability of interrogating the clinical biological hypothesis. We offer different approaches to set an initial effective concentration or pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic target in man and to predict human pharmacokinetics that determine together the predicted human dose and dose schedule. All concepts are illustrated with ample literature examples.
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