1
|
Cho S, Cheruzel L, Cai J, Wrigley SK, Gemmell RT, Kokubun T, Steele JCP, Salphati L, Zhang D, Khojasteh SC. Discovery of Unprecedented Human Stercobilin Conjugates. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:981-987. [PMID: 38991780 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.124.001725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Two unique metabolites (M18 and M19) were detected in feces of human volunteers dosed orally with [14C]inavolisib with a molecular ion of parent plus 304 Da. They were generated in vitro by incubation with fecal homogenates and we have evidence that they are formed chemically and possibly enzymatically. Structural elucidation by high resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed that the imidazole ring of inavolisib was covalently bound to partial structures derived from stercobilin, an end-product of heme catabolism produced by the gut microbiome. The structural difference between the two metabolites was the position of methyl and ethyl groups on the pyrrolidin-2-one moieties. We propose a mechanism of M18 and M19 generation from inavolisib and stercobilin whereby nucleophilic attack from the imidazole ring of inavolisib occurs to the bridging carbon of a stercobilin molecule. The proposed mechanism was supported by computational calculations of molecular orbitals and transition geometry. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: We report the characterization of two previously undescribed conjugates of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibitor inavolisib, generated by reaction with stercobilin, an end-product of heme catabolism produced by the gut microbiome. These conjugates were confirmed by generating them using in vitro fecal homogenate incubation via nonenzymatic and possibly enzymatic reactions. Given the unique nature of the conjugate, it is plausible that it may have been overlooked with other small molecule drugs in prior studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (S.C., L.C., J.C., L.S., D.Z., S.C.K.) Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Hypha Discovery (S.K.W., R.T.G., T.K., J.C.P.S.), Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lionel Cheruzel
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (S.C., L.C., J.C., L.S., D.Z., S.C.K.) Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Hypha Discovery (S.K.W., R.T.G., T.K., J.C.P.S.), Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jingwei Cai
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (S.C., L.C., J.C., L.S., D.Z., S.C.K.) Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Hypha Discovery (S.K.W., R.T.G., T.K., J.C.P.S.), Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen K Wrigley
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (S.C., L.C., J.C., L.S., D.Z., S.C.K.) Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Hypha Discovery (S.K.W., R.T.G., T.K., J.C.P.S.), Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Renia T Gemmell
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (S.C., L.C., J.C., L.S., D.Z., S.C.K.) Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Hypha Discovery (S.K.W., R.T.G., T.K., J.C.P.S.), Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Tetsuo Kokubun
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (S.C., L.C., J.C., L.S., D.Z., S.C.K.) Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Hypha Discovery (S.K.W., R.T.G., T.K., J.C.P.S.), Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan C P Steele
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (S.C., L.C., J.C., L.S., D.Z., S.C.K.) Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Hypha Discovery (S.K.W., R.T.G., T.K., J.C.P.S.), Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Laurent Salphati
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (S.C., L.C., J.C., L.S., D.Z., S.C.K.) Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Hypha Discovery (S.K.W., R.T.G., T.K., J.C.P.S.), Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (S.C., L.C., J.C., L.S., D.Z., S.C.K.) Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Hypha Discovery (S.K.W., R.T.G., T.K., J.C.P.S.), Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (S.C., L.C., J.C., L.S., D.Z., S.C.K.) Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California; and Hypha Discovery (S.K.W., R.T.G., T.K., J.C.P.S.), Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang C, Cho S, Napolitano JG, Russell D, Gu C, Deese A, Han C, Chen Y, Ma S. Elucidating the Structure and Cytochrome P450-mediated Mechanism for Novel Metabolites of GDC-0575 in Rats. Xenobiotica 2022; 52:219-228. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2022.2062685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenghong Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.Z, S.C, Y.C, S.M)
| | - Sungjoon Cho
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.Z, S.C, Y.C, S.M)
| | - José G. Napolitano
- Department of Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.G.N, D.R, C.G, A.D, C.H), Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - David Russell
- Department of Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.G.N, D.R, C.G, A.D, C.H), Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Christine Gu
- Department of Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.G.N, D.R, C.G, A.D, C.H), Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Alan Deese
- Department of Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.G.N, D.R, C.G, A.D, C.H), Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Chong Han
- Department of Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences (J.G.N, D.R, C.G, A.D, C.H), Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.Z, S.C, Y.C, S.M)
| | - Shuguang Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.Z, S.C, Y.C, S.M)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu H, Michmerhuizen MJ, Lao Y, Wan K, Salem AH, Sawicki J, Serby M, Vaidyanathan S, Wong SL, Agarwal S, Dunbar M, Sydor J, de Morais SM, Lee AJ. Metabolism and Disposition of a Novel B-Cell Lymphoma-2 Inhibitor Venetoclax in Humans and Characterization of Its Unusual Metabolites. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 45:294-305. [PMID: 27993930 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.071613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Venetoclax (ABT-199), a B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein inhibitor, is currently in clinical development for the treatment of hematologic malignancies. We characterized the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of venetoclax in humans. After a single oral dose of [14C]venetoclax to healthy volunteers, the recovery of total radioactive dose was 100%, with feces being the major route of elimination of the administered dose, whereas urinary excretion was minimal (<0.1%). The extent of absorption was estimated to be at least 65%. Venetoclax was primarily cleared by hepatic metabolism (∼66% of the administered dose). ∼33% of the administered dose was recovered as the parent drug and its nitro reduction metabolite M30 [2-((1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yl)oxy)-N-((3-amino-4-(((tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)methyl)amino)phenyl)sulfonyl)-4-(4-((4'-chloro-5,5-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,1'-biphenyl]-2-yl)methyl)piperazin-1-yl)benzamide] (13%) in feces. Biotransformation of venetoclax in humans primarily involves enzymatic oxidation on the dimethyl cyclohexenyl moiety, followed by sulfation and/or nitro reduction. Nitro reduction metabolites were likely formed by gut bacteria. Unchanged venetoclax was the major drug-related material in circulation, representing 72.8% of total plasma radioactivity. M27 (oxidation at the 6 position of cyclohexenyl ring followed by cyclization at the α-carbon of piperazine ring; 4-[(10aR,11aS)-7-(4-chlorophenyl)-9,9-dimethyl-1,3,4,6,8,10,10a,11a-octahydropyrazino[2,1-b][1,3]benzoxazin-2-yl]-N-[3-nitro-4-(tetrahydropyran-4-ylmethylamino)phenyl]sulfonyl-2-(1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-5-yloxy)benzamide) was identified as a major metabolite, representing 12% of total drug-related material. M27 was primarily formed by cytochrome P450 isoform 3A4 (CYP3A4). Steady-state plasma concentrations of M27 in human and preclinical species used for safety testing suggested that M27 is a disproportionate human metabolite. M27 is not expected to have clinically relevant on- or off-target pharmacologic activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- Bioanalysis and Biotransformation, (H.L., M.J.M., K.W., J.S., M.S., J.S., S.M.M., A.J.L.), Process Chemistry (S.V.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (A.H.S., S.L.W., S.A., M.D.), Research & Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois; Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (A.H.S.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Y.L.)
| | - Melissa J Michmerhuizen
- Bioanalysis and Biotransformation, (H.L., M.J.M., K.W., J.S., M.S., J.S., S.M.M., A.J.L.), Process Chemistry (S.V.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (A.H.S., S.L.W., S.A., M.D.), Research & Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois; Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (A.H.S.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Y.L.)
| | - Yanbin Lao
- Bioanalysis and Biotransformation, (H.L., M.J.M., K.W., J.S., M.S., J.S., S.M.M., A.J.L.), Process Chemistry (S.V.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (A.H.S., S.L.W., S.A., M.D.), Research & Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois; Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (A.H.S.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Y.L.)
| | - Katty Wan
- Bioanalysis and Biotransformation, (H.L., M.J.M., K.W., J.S., M.S., J.S., S.M.M., A.J.L.), Process Chemistry (S.V.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (A.H.S., S.L.W., S.A., M.D.), Research & Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois; Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (A.H.S.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Y.L.)
| | - Ahmed Hamed Salem
- Bioanalysis and Biotransformation, (H.L., M.J.M., K.W., J.S., M.S., J.S., S.M.M., A.J.L.), Process Chemistry (S.V.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (A.H.S., S.L.W., S.A., M.D.), Research & Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois; Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (A.H.S.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Y.L.)
| | - James Sawicki
- Bioanalysis and Biotransformation, (H.L., M.J.M., K.W., J.S., M.S., J.S., S.M.M., A.J.L.), Process Chemistry (S.V.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (A.H.S., S.L.W., S.A., M.D.), Research & Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois; Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (A.H.S.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Y.L.)
| | - Michael Serby
- Bioanalysis and Biotransformation, (H.L., M.J.M., K.W., J.S., M.S., J.S., S.M.M., A.J.L.), Process Chemistry (S.V.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (A.H.S., S.L.W., S.A., M.D.), Research & Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois; Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (A.H.S.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Y.L.)
| | - Srirajan Vaidyanathan
- Bioanalysis and Biotransformation, (H.L., M.J.M., K.W., J.S., M.S., J.S., S.M.M., A.J.L.), Process Chemistry (S.V.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (A.H.S., S.L.W., S.A., M.D.), Research & Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois; Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (A.H.S.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Y.L.)
| | - Shekman L Wong
- Bioanalysis and Biotransformation, (H.L., M.J.M., K.W., J.S., M.S., J.S., S.M.M., A.J.L.), Process Chemistry (S.V.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (A.H.S., S.L.W., S.A., M.D.), Research & Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois; Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (A.H.S.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Y.L.)
| | - Suresh Agarwal
- Bioanalysis and Biotransformation, (H.L., M.J.M., K.W., J.S., M.S., J.S., S.M.M., A.J.L.), Process Chemistry (S.V.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (A.H.S., S.L.W., S.A., M.D.), Research & Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois; Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (A.H.S.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Y.L.)
| | - Martin Dunbar
- Bioanalysis and Biotransformation, (H.L., M.J.M., K.W., J.S., M.S., J.S., S.M.M., A.J.L.), Process Chemistry (S.V.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (A.H.S., S.L.W., S.A., M.D.), Research & Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois; Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (A.H.S.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Y.L.)
| | - Jens Sydor
- Bioanalysis and Biotransformation, (H.L., M.J.M., K.W., J.S., M.S., J.S., S.M.M., A.J.L.), Process Chemistry (S.V.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (A.H.S., S.L.W., S.A., M.D.), Research & Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois; Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (A.H.S.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Y.L.)
| | - Sonia M de Morais
- Bioanalysis and Biotransformation, (H.L., M.J.M., K.W., J.S., M.S., J.S., S.M.M., A.J.L.), Process Chemistry (S.V.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (A.H.S., S.L.W., S.A., M.D.), Research & Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois; Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (A.H.S.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Y.L.)
| | - Anthony J Lee
- Bioanalysis and Biotransformation, (H.L., M.J.M., K.W., J.S., M.S., J.S., S.M.M., A.J.L.), Process Chemistry (S.V.), and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics (A.H.S., S.L.W., S.A., M.D.), Research & Development, AbbVie, North Chicago, Illinois; Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt (A.H.S.); Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|