1
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Ito K, Naoi M, Nishiyama K, Kudo T, Tsuda Y, MacLean C, Ishiguro N. Impact of P-glycoprotein on intracellular drug concentration in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and K562 cells. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2023; 49:100487. [PMID: 36724603 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2022.100487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression in lymphocytes is variable and 2-fold higher in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with treatment resistance than in healthy subjects. To date the information on P-gp-mediated drug interaction in lymphocyte is limited. We analyzed the importance on P-gp in lymphocytes using peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) together with K562, K562/Adr, and K562/Vin cells, which have various P-gp levels, as cell models, and dexamethasone, nintedanib and apafant as weak to good P-gp substrates. P-gp levels in K562, K562/Adr, and K562/Vin cells were 0.3-, 20-, and 106-fold of healthy PBMCs, respectively. While cell accumulation of apafant and nintedanib decreased in all cells with increasing P-gp levels, dexamethasone accumulation in K562/Adr was comparable to that in healthy PBMCs and K562 cells. Cell accumulations of substrates in cells with low P-gp expression were not significantly changed by the P-gp inhibitors at therapeutic concentrations. However, accumulation increased to 1.4-fold at highest in K562/Adr cells with higher P-gp expression than in PBMCs of the RA patients. These results suggest P-gp controls the cellular concentration of P-gp substrates in PBMCs or K562 cells but cellular concentration of a weak P-gp substrate would not be apparently affected even in cells with a sufficient P-gp expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Ito
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan
| | - Marina Naoi
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan
| | - Kotaro Nishiyama
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan
| | - Takashi Kudo
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tsuda
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan
| | - Caroline MacLean
- Department of R&D Project Management and Development Strategies, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH and Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan.
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2
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Bi Y, Wang X, Ding H, He F, Han L, Zhang Y. Transporter-mediated Natural Product-Drug Interactions. PLANTA MEDICA 2023; 89:119-133. [PMID: 35304735 DOI: 10.1055/a-1803-1744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The increasing use of natural products in clinical practice has raised great concerns about the potential natural product-drug interactions (NDIs). Drug transporters mediate the transmembrane passage of a broad range of drugs, and thus are important determinants for drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Generally, transporters can be divided into ATP binding cassette (ABC) family and solute carrier (SLC) family. Numerous natural products have been identified as inhibitors, substrates, inducers, and/or activators of drug transporters. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the recent progress on the research of NDIs, focusing on the main drug transporters, such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), organic anion transporter 1 and 3 (OAT1/OAT3), organic anion-transporting polypeptide 1B1 and 1B3 (OATP1B1/OATP1B3), organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2), multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 and 2-K (MATE1/MATE2-K). Additionally, the challenges and strategies of studying NDIs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, USA
| | - Hui Ding
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Feng He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou, P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Han
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Youcai Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P. R. China
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3
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Saad AAA, Zhang F, Mohammed EAH, Wu X. Clinical Aspects of Drug–Drug Interaction and Drug Nephrotoxicity at Renal Organic Cation Transporters 2 (OCT2) and Multidrug and Toxin Exclusion 1, and 2-K (MATE1/MATE2-K). Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:382-393. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University
| | | | - Xin’an Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University
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4
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Amiloride is a suitable fluorescent substrate for the study of the drug transporter human multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 (MATE1). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 592:113-118. [PMID: 35042121 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Human multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 (MATE1; SLC47A1) is highly expressed in the kidneys and the liver. It plays a significant role in drug and endogenous compound disposition, and therefore, a rapid evaluation of its inhibition is important for drug development and for the understanding of renal and hepatic physiology. Amiloride is a potassium-sparing diuretic used for treating hypertension; it also demonstrates strong fluorescence in organic solvent or detergent solutions. In this study, we investigated the transport characteristics of amiloride by human MATE1. Cellular accumulation of amiloride was evaluated in control vector- or MATE1-transfected HEK293 cells. Cells were lysed with 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, and fluorescence was measured using a microplate reader at wavelengths of 364ex and 409em. With ammonium prepulse-induced intracellular acidification, MATE1 transported amiloride at an extracellular pH of 7.4. The uptake demonstrated an overshoot phenomenon and saturated, with the Km and Vmax being 23.5 μM and 1.01 nmol/mg/min, respectively. MATE1-mediated amiloride transport also presented with a bell-shaped pH profile that reached a maximum pH value of 7.4. The inhibitor sensitivity of MATE1-facilitated amiloride transport was similar to those of known substrates, such as tetraethylammonium and metformin. Among the tested inhibitors, pyrimethamine demonstrated the most potent inhibition with an IC50 value of 0.266 μM. Furthermore, MATE1 was found to be inhibited by fampridine, which was previously considered to be a non-inhibitor of MATE1. This study demonstrates that amiloride is a suitable fluorescent substrate for the in vitro study of the transport activity of MATE1.
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Koepsell H. Update on drug-drug interaction at organic cation transporters: mechanisms, clinical impact, and proposal for advanced in vitro testing. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:635-653. [PMID: 33896325 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1915284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Organic cation transporters collectively called OCTs belong to three gene families (SLC22A1 OCT1, SLC22A2 OCT2, SLC22A3 OCT3, SLC22A4 OCTN1, SLC22A5 OCTN2, SLC29A4 PMAT, SLC47A1 MATE1, and SLC47A1 MATE2-K). OCTs transport structurally diverse drugs with overlapping selectivity. Some OCTs were shown to be critically involved in pharmacokinetics and therapeutic efficacy of cationic drugs. Drug-drug interactions at individual OCTs were shown to result in clinical effects. Procedures for in vitro testing of drugs for interaction with OCT1, OCT2, MATE1, and MATE2-K have been recommended.Areas covered: An overview of functional properties, cation selectivity, location, and clinical impact of OCTs is provided. In addition, clinically relevant drug-drug interactions in OCTs are compiled. Because it was observed that the half maximal concentration of drugs to inhibit transport by OCTs (IC50) is dependent on the transported cation and its concentration, an advanced protocol for in vitro testing of drugs for interaction with OCTs is proposed. In addition, it is suggested to include OCT3 and PMAT for in vitro testing.Expert opinion: Research on clinical roles of OCTs should be reinforced including more transporters and drugs. An improvement of the in vitro testing protocol considering recent data is imperative for the benefit of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Koepsell
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Ott M, Werneke U. Wernicke's encephalopathy - from basic science to clinical practice. Part 1: Understanding the role of thiamine. Ther Adv Psychopharmacol 2020; 10:2045125320978106. [PMID: 33447357 PMCID: PMC7780320 DOI: 10.1177/2045125320978106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Wernicke's encephalopathy (WE) is an acute neuropsychiatric state. Untreated, WE can lead to coma or death, or progress to Korsakoff syndrome (KS) - a dementia characterized by irreversible loss of anterograde memory. Thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency lies at the heart of this condition. Yet, our understanding of thiamine regarding prophylaxis and treatment of WE remains limited. This may contribute to the current undertreatment of WE in clinical practice. The overall aim of this review is to identify the best strategies for prophylaxis and treatment of WE in regard to (a) dose of thiamine, (b) mode of administration, (c) timing of switch from one mode of administration to another, (d) duration of administration, and (e) use of magnesium along thiamine as an essential cofactor. Evidence from randomized controlled trials and other intervention studies is virtually absent. Therefore, we have to resort to basic science for proof of principle instead. Here, we present the first part of our clinical review, in which we explore the physiology of thiamine and the pathophysiology of thiamine deficiency. We first explore both of these in their historical context. We then review the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of thiamine, exploring the roles of the six currently known thiamine compounds, their transporters, and target enzymes. We also explore the significance of magnesium as a cofactor in thiamine-facilitated enzymatic reactions and thiamine transport. In the second (forthcoming) part of this review, we will use the findings of the current review to make evidence-based inferences about strategies for prophylaxis and treatment of WE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ott
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Division of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ursula Werneke
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Psychiatry, Sunderby Research Unit, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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7
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Saito A, Ishiguro N, Takatani M, Bister B, Kusuhara H. Impact of Direction of Transport on the Evaluation of Inhibition Potencies of Multidrug and Toxin Extrusion Protein 1 Inhibitors. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 49:152-158. [PMID: 33262224 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.000136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug and toxin extrusion (MATE) transporters are expressed on the luminal membrane of renal proximal tubule cells and extrude their substrates into the luminal side of the tubules. Inhibition of MATE1 can reduce renal secretory clearance of its substrate drugs and lead to drug-drug interactions (DDIs). To address whether IC50 values of MATE1 inhibitors with regard to their extracellular concentrations are affected by the direction of MATE1-mediated transport, we established an efflux assay of 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) and metformin using the human embryonic kidney 293 model transiently expressing human MATE1. The efflux rate was defined by reduction of the cellular amount of MPP+ and metformin for 0.25 minutes shortly after the removal of extracellular MPP+ and metformin. Inhibition potencies of 12 inhibitors toward MATE1-mediated transport were determined in both uptake and efflux assays. When MPP+ was used as a substrate, 8 out of 12 inhibitors showed comparable IC50 values between assays (<4-fold). IC50 values from the efflux assays were higher for cimetidine (9.9-fold), trimethoprim (10-fold), famotidine (6.4-fold), and cephalexin (>3.8-fold). When metformin was used as a substrate, IC50 values of the tested inhibitors when evaluated using uptake and efflux assays were within 4-fold of each other, with the exception of cephalexin (>4.7-fold). IC50 values obtained from the uptake assay using metformin showed smaller IC50 values than those from the efflux assay. Therefore, the uptake assay is recommended to determine IC50 values for the DDI predictions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this study, a new method to evaluate IC50 values of extracellular added inhibitors utilizing an efflux assay was established. IC50 values were not largely different between uptake and efflux directions but were smaller for uptake. This study supports the rationale for a commonly accepted uptake assay with metformin as an in vitro probe substrate for multidrug and toxin extrusion 1-mediated drug-drug interaction risk assessment in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asami Saito
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan (A.S., N.I, M.T., B.B.) and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Naoki Ishiguro
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan (A.S., N.I, M.T., B.B.) and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Masahito Takatani
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan (A.S., N.I, M.T., B.B.) and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Bojan Bister
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan (A.S., N.I, M.T., B.B.) and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.)
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Pharmacokinetics and Non-Clinical Safety Department, Nippon Boehringer Ingelheim Co., Ltd., Kobe, Japan (A.S., N.I, M.T., B.B.) and Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (H.K.)
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8
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A Physiologically-Based Pharmacokinetic Model of Trimethoprim for MATE1, OCT1, OCT2, and CYP2C8 Drug-Drug-Gene Interaction Predictions. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12111074. [PMID: 33182761 PMCID: PMC7696733 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12111074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Trimethoprim is a frequently-prescribed antibiotic and therefore likely to be co-administered with other medications, but it is also a potent inhibitor of multidrug and toxin extrusion protein (MATE) and a weak inhibitor of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C8. The aim of this work was to develop a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of trimethoprim to investigate and predict its drug–drug interactions (DDIs). The model was developed in PK-Sim®, using a large number of clinical studies (66 plasma concentration–time profiles with 36 corresponding fractions excreted in urine) to describe the trimethoprim pharmacokinetics over the entire published dosing range (40 to 960 mg). The key features of the model include intestinal efflux via P-glycoprotein (P-gp), metabolism by CYP3A4, an unspecific hepatic clearance process, and a renal clearance consisting of glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. The DDI performance of this new model was demonstrated by prediction of DDIs and drug–drug–gene interactions (DDGIs) of trimethoprim with metformin, repaglinide, pioglitazone, and rifampicin, with all predicted DDI and DDGI AUClast and Cmax ratios within 1.5-fold of the clinically-observed values. The model will be freely available in the Open Systems Pharmacology model repository, to support DDI studies during drug development.
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9
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Sudsakorn S, Bahadduri P, Fretland J, Lu C. 2020 FDA Drug-drug Interaction Guidance: A Comparison Analysis and Action Plan by Pharmaceutical Industrial Scientists. Curr Drug Metab 2020; 21:403-426. [DOI: 10.2174/1389200221666200620210522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background:
In January 2020, the US FDA published two final guidelines, one entitled “In vitro Drug
Interaction Studies - Cytochrome P450 Enzyme- and Transporter-Mediated Drug Interactions Guidance for Industry”
and the other entitled “Clinical Drug Interaction Studies - Cytochrome P450 Enzyme- and Transporter-Mediated
Drug Interactions Guidance for Industry”. These were updated from the 2017 draft in vitro and clinical DDI
guidance.
Methods:
This study is aimed to provide an analysis of the updates along with a comparison of the DDI guidelines
published by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and Japanese Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency
(PMDA) along with the current literature.
Results:
The updates were provided in the final FDA DDI guidelines and explained the rationale of those changes
based on the understanding from research and literature. Furthermore, a comparison among the FDA, EMA, and
PMDA DDI guidelines are presented in Tables 1, 2 and 3.
Conclusion:
The new 2020 clinical DDI guidance from the FDA now has even higher harmonization with the
guidance (or guidelines) from the EMA and PMDA. A comparison of DDI guidance from the FDA 2017, 2020,
EMA, and PMDA on CYP and transporter based DDI, mathematical models, PBPK, and clinical evaluation of DDI
is presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirimas Sudsakorn
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi-Genzyme, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Praveen Bahadduri
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi-Genzyme, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Jennifer Fretland
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi-Genzyme, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
| | - Chuang Lu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi-Genzyme, Waltham, MA 02451, United States
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10
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Abstract
The organic cation transporters (OCTs) OCT1, OCT2, OCT3, novel OCT (OCTN)1, OCTN2, multidrug and toxin exclusion (MATE)1, and MATE kidney-specific 2 are polyspecific transporters exhibiting broadly overlapping substrate selectivities. They transport organic cations, zwitterions, and some uncharged compounds and operate as facilitated diffusion systems and/or antiporters. OCTs are critically involved in intestinal absorption, hepatic uptake, and renal excretion of hydrophilic drugs. They modulate the distribution of endogenous compounds such as thiamine, L-carnitine, and neurotransmitters. Sites of expression and functions of OCTs have important impact on energy metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of drugs, and on drug-drug interactions. In this work, an overview about the human OCTs is presented. Functional properties of human OCTs, including identified substrates and inhibitors of the individual transporters, are described. Sites of expression are compiled, and data on regulation of OCTs are presented. In addition, genetic variations of OCTs are listed, and data on their impact on transport, drug treatment, and diseases are reported. Moreover, recent data are summarized that indicate complex drug-drug interaction at OCTs, such as allosteric high-affinity inhibition of transport and substrate dependence of inhibitor efficacies. A hypothesis about the molecular mechanism of polyspecific substrate recognition by OCTs is presented that is based on functional studies and mutagenesis experiments in OCT1 and OCT2. This hypothesis provides a framework to imagine how observed complex drug-drug interactions at OCTs arise. Finally, preclinical in vitro tests that are performed by pharmaceutical companies to identify interaction of novel drugs with OCTs are discussed. Optimized experimental procedures are proposed that allow a gapless detection of inhibitory and transported drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Koepsell
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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11
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Nozaki Y, Izumi S. Recent advances in preclinical in vitro approaches towards quantitative prediction of hepatic clearance and drug-drug interactions involving organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B transporters. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:56-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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12
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Liu X. Transporter-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions and Their Significance. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1141:241-291. [PMID: 31571167 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7647-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Drug transporters are considered to be determinants of drug disposition and effects/toxicities by affecting the absorption, distribution, and excretion of drugs. Drug transporters are generally divided into solute carrier (SLC) family and ATP binding cassette (ABC) family. Widely studied ABC family transporters include P-glycoprotein (P-GP), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and multidrug resistance proteins (MRPs). SLC family transporters related to drug transport mainly include organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs), organic anion transporters (OATs), organic cation transporters (OCTs), organic cation/carnitine transporters (OCTNs), peptide transporters (PEPTs), and multidrug/toxin extrusions (MATEs). These transporters are often expressed in tissues related to drug disposition, such as the small intestine, liver, and kidney, implicating intestinal absorption of drugs, uptake of drugs into hepatocytes, and renal/bile excretion of drugs. Most of therapeutic drugs are their substrates or inhibitors. When they are comedicated, serious drug-drug interactions (DDIs) may occur due to alterations in intestinal absorption, hepatic uptake, or renal/bile secretion of drugs, leading to enhancement of their activities or toxicities or therapeutic failure. This chapter will illustrate transporter-mediated DDIs (including food drug interaction) in human and their clinical significances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
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13
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Miyake T, Mizuno T, Takehara I, Mochizuki T, Kimura M, Matsuki S, Irie S, Watanabe N, Kato Y, Ieiri I, Maeda K, Ando O, Kusuhara H. Elucidation of N 1-methyladenosine as a Potential Surrogate Biomarker for Drug Interaction Studies Involving Renal Organic Cation Transporters. Drug Metab Dispos 2019; 47:1270-1280. [PMID: 31511257 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.087262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous substrates are emerging biomarkers for drug transporters, which serve as surrogate probes in drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies. In this study, the results of metabolome analysis using wild-type and Oct1/2 double knockout mice suggested that N 1-methyladenosine (m1A) was a novel organic cation transporter (OCT) 2 substrate. An in vitro transport study revealed that m1A is a substrate of mouse Oct1, Oct2, Mate1, human OCT1, OCT2, and multidrug and toxin exclusion protein (MATE) 2-K, but not human MATE1. Urinary excretion accounted for 77% of the systemic elimination of m1A in mice. The renal clearance (46.9 ± 4.9 ml/min per kilogram) of exogenously given m1A was decreased to near the glomerular filtration rates by Oct1/2 double knockout or Mate1 inhibition by pyrimethamine (16.6 ± 2.6 and 24.3 ± 0.6 ml/min per kilogram, respectively), accompanied by significantly higher plasma concentrations. In vivo inhibition of OCT2/MATE2-K by a single dose of 7-[(3R)-3-(1-aminocyclopropyl)pyrrolidin-1-yl]-1-[(1R,2S)-2-fluorocyclopropyl]-8-methoxy-4-oxoquinoline-3-carboxylic acid in cynomolgus monkeys resulted in the elevation of the area under the curve of m1A (1.72-fold) as well as metformin (2.18-fold). The plasma m1A concentration profile showed low diurnal and interindividual variation in healthy volunteers. The renal clearance of m1A in younger (21-45 year old) and older (65-79 year old) volunteers (244 ± 58 and 169 ± 22 ml/min per kilogram, respectively) was about 2-fold higher than the creatinine clearance. The renal clearances of m1A and creatinine were 31% and 17% smaller in older than in younger volunteers. Thus, m1A could be a surrogate probe for the evaluation of DDIs involving OCT2/MATE2-K. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Endogenous substrates can serve as surrogate probes for clinical drug-drug interaction studies involving drug transporters or enzymes. In this study, m1A was found to be a novel substrate of renal cationic drug transporters OCT2 and MATE2-K. N 1-methyladenosine was revealed to have some advantages compared to other OCT2/MATE substrates (creatinine and N 1-methylnicotinamide). The genetic or chemical impairment of OCT2 or MATE2-K caused a significant increase in the plasma m1A concentration in mice and cynomolgus monkeys due to the high contribution of tubular secretion to the net elimination of m1A. The plasma m1A concentration profile showed low diurnal and interindividual variation in healthy volunteers. Thus, m1A could be a better biomarker of variations in OCT2/MATE2-K activity caused by inhibitory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Miyake
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Tak.M., Tad.M., Tat.M., K.M., H.K.); Biomarker Department (I.T.) and Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (N.W., O.A.), Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka, Japan (M.K., S.M., S.I.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Tadahaya Mizuno
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Tak.M., Tad.M., Tat.M., K.M., H.K.); Biomarker Department (I.T.) and Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (N.W., O.A.), Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka, Japan (M.K., S.M., S.I.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Issey Takehara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Tak.M., Tad.M., Tat.M., K.M., H.K.); Biomarker Department (I.T.) and Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (N.W., O.A.), Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka, Japan (M.K., S.M., S.I.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Tatsuki Mochizuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Tak.M., Tad.M., Tat.M., K.M., H.K.); Biomarker Department (I.T.) and Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (N.W., O.A.), Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka, Japan (M.K., S.M., S.I.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Miyuki Kimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Tak.M., Tad.M., Tat.M., K.M., H.K.); Biomarker Department (I.T.) and Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (N.W., O.A.), Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka, Japan (M.K., S.M., S.I.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Shunji Matsuki
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Tak.M., Tad.M., Tat.M., K.M., H.K.); Biomarker Department (I.T.) and Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (N.W., O.A.), Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka, Japan (M.K., S.M., S.I.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Shin Irie
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Tak.M., Tad.M., Tat.M., K.M., H.K.); Biomarker Department (I.T.) and Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (N.W., O.A.), Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka, Japan (M.K., S.M., S.I.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Nobuaki Watanabe
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Tak.M., Tad.M., Tat.M., K.M., H.K.); Biomarker Department (I.T.) and Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (N.W., O.A.), Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka, Japan (M.K., S.M., S.I.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Yukio Kato
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Tak.M., Tad.M., Tat.M., K.M., H.K.); Biomarker Department (I.T.) and Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (N.W., O.A.), Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka, Japan (M.K., S.M., S.I.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Ichiro Ieiri
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Tak.M., Tad.M., Tat.M., K.M., H.K.); Biomarker Department (I.T.) and Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (N.W., O.A.), Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka, Japan (M.K., S.M., S.I.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Kazuya Maeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Tak.M., Tad.M., Tat.M., K.M., H.K.); Biomarker Department (I.T.) and Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (N.W., O.A.), Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka, Japan (M.K., S.M., S.I.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Osamu Ando
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Tak.M., Tad.M., Tat.M., K.M., H.K.); Biomarker Department (I.T.) and Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (N.W., O.A.), Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka, Japan (M.K., S.M., S.I.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (I.I.)
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan (Tak.M., Tad.M., Tat.M., K.M., H.K.); Biomarker Department (I.T.) and Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics Research Laboratories (N.W., O.A.), Daiichi-Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan; Fukuoka Mirai Hospital Clinical Research Center, Fukuoka, Japan (M.K., S.M., S.I.); Faculty of Pharmacy, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan (Y.K.); and Department of Clinical Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (I.I.)
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Türková A, Zdrazil B. Current Advances in Studying Clinically Relevant Transporters of the Solute Carrier (SLC) Family by Connecting Computational Modeling and Data Science. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2019; 17:390-405. [PMID: 30976382 PMCID: PMC6438991 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic anion and cation transporting proteins (OATs, OATPs, and OCTs), as well as the Multidrug and Toxin Extrusion (MATE) transporters of the Solute Carrier (SLC) family are playing a pivotal role in the discovery and development of new drugs due to their involvement in drug disposition, drug-drug interactions, adverse drug effects and related toxicity. Computational methods to understand and predict clinically relevant transporter interactions can provide useful guidance at early stages in drug discovery and design, especially if they include contemporary data science approaches. In this review, we summarize the current state-of-the-art of computational approaches for exploring ligand interactions and selectivity for these drug (uptake) transporters. The computational methods discussed here by highlighting interesting examples from the current literature are ranging from semiautomatic data mining and integration, to ligand-based methods (such as quantitative structure-activity relationships, and combinatorial pharmacophore modeling), and finally structure-based methods (such as comparative modeling, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics simulations). We are focusing on promising computational techniques such as fold-recognition methods, proteochemometric modeling or techniques for enhanced sampling of protein conformations used in the context of these ADMET-relevant SLC transporters with a special focus on methods useful for studying ligand selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alžběta Türková
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Divison of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Zdrazil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Divison of Drug Design and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Investigation of non-linear Mate1-mediated efflux of trimethoprim in the mouse kidney as the mechanism underlying drug-drug interactions between trimethoprim and organic cations in the kidney. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2019; 34:87-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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A multiplex HRMS assay for quantifying selected human plasma bile acids as candidate OATP biomarkers. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:645-657. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Selected bile acids (BAs) in plasma have been proposed as endogenous probes for assessing drug–drug interactions involving hepatic drug transporters such as the organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATP1B1 and OATP1B3). Materials & methods: Plasma extracts were analyzed for selected BAs using a triple TOF API6600 high-resolution mass spectrometer. Results: Glycodeoxycholic acid 3-sulfate, glycochenodeoxycholic acid 3-sulfate, glycodeoxycholic acid 3-O-β-glucuronide and glycochenodeoxycholic acid 3-O-β-glucuronide are presented as potential OATP1B1/3 biomarkers.Conclusion: Six BAs are quantified in human plasma using a multiplexed high-resolution mass spectrometry method. Glycodeoxycholic acid 3-sulfate and glycodeoxycholic acid 3-O-β-glucuronide are proposed as potential biomarkers based on observed four- to fivefold increase in plasma AUC (vs placebo), following administration of a compound known to present as an OATP1B1/3 inhibitor in vitro.
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A highly selective and sensitive LC–MS/HRMS assay for quantifying coproporphyrins as organic anion-transporting peptide biomarkers. Bioanalysis 2017; 9:1787-1806. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Coproporphyrin-I (CP-I) and coproporphyrin-III (CP-III) in plasma and urine have been proposed as biomarkers for assessing drug–drug interactions involving hepatic drug transporters such as organic anion-transporting peptides (OATP), 1B1 and 1B3. Materials & methods: Plasma and urine extracts were analyzed for CP-I/CP-III using a TripleTOF API6600 mass spectrometer. Results: Previously unreported, CP-I/CP-III doubly charged ions (m/z 328.14) were used as precursor ions to improve the assay sensitivity and selectivity over the singly charged precursor ions (m/z 655.28). Levels of CP-I and CP-III measured ranged 0.45–1.1 and 0.050–0.50 ng/ml in plasma and 5–35 and 1–35 ng/ml in urine, respectively. Conclusion: The described highly selective and sensitive CP-I/CP-III LC–HRMS assay offers options for earlier characterization and clinical safety projections for OATP1B1/3-mediated drug–drug interactions along with pharmacokinetic analyses of a new chemical entity as part of first-in-human clinical studies.
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Tsuruya Y, Kato K, Sano Y, Imamura Y, Maeda K, Kumagai Y, Sugiyama Y, Kusuhara H. Investigation of Endogenous Compounds Applicable to Drug–Drug Interaction Studies Involving the Renal Organic Anion Transporters, OAT1 and OAT3, in Humans. Drug Metab Dispos 2016; 44:1925-1933. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.071472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Martínez-Guerrero LJ, Morales M, Ekins S, Wright SH. Lack of Influence of Substrate on Ligand Interaction with the Human Multidrug and Toxin Extruder, MATE1. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 90:254-64. [PMID: 27418674 DOI: 10.1124/mol.116.105056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multidrug and toxin extruder (MATE) 1 plays a central role in mediating renal secretion of organic cations, a structurally diverse collection of compounds that includes ∼40% of prescribed drugs. Because inhibition of transport activity of other multidrug transporters, including the organic cation transporter (OCT) 2, is influenced by the structure of the transported substrate, the present study screened over 400 drugs as inhibitors of the MATE1-mediated transport of four structurally distinct organic cation substrates: the commonly used drugs: 1) metformin and 2) cimetidine; and two prototypic cationic substrates, 3) 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), and 4) the novel fluorescent probe, N,N,N-trimethyl-2-[methyl(7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-4-yl)amino]ethanaminium iodide. Transport was measured in Chinese hamster ovary cells that stably expressed the human ortholog of MATE1. Comparison of the resulting inhibition profiles revealed no systematic influence of substrate structure on inhibitory efficacy. Similarly, IC50 values for 26 structurally diverse compounds revealed no significant influence of substrate structure on the kinetic interaction of inhibitor with MATE1. The IC50 data were used to generate three-dimensional quantitative pharmacophores that identified hydrophobic regions, H-bond acceptor sites, and an ionizable (cationic) feature as key determinants for ligand binding to MATE1. In summary, in contrast to the behavior observed with some other multidrug transporters, including OCT2, the results suggest that substrate identity exerts comparatively little influence on ligand interaction with MATE1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy J Martínez-Guerrero
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (L.J.M.-G., M.M., S.H.W.); and Collaborations in Chemistry, Fuquay-Varina, North Carolina (S.E.)
| | - Mark Morales
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (L.J.M.-G., M.M., S.H.W.); and Collaborations in Chemistry, Fuquay-Varina, North Carolina (S.E.)
| | - Sean Ekins
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (L.J.M.-G., M.M., S.H.W.); and Collaborations in Chemistry, Fuquay-Varina, North Carolina (S.E.)
| | - Stephen H Wright
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (L.J.M.-G., M.M., S.H.W.); and Collaborations in Chemistry, Fuquay-Varina, North Carolina (S.E.)
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