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Li XL, Zhang JQ, Shen XJ, Zhang Y, Guo DA. Overview and limitations of database in global traditional medicines: A narrative review. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024:10.1038/s41401-024-01353-1. [PMID: 39095509 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01353-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The study of traditional medicine has garnered significant interest, resulting in various research areas including chemical composition analysis, pharmacological research, clinical application, and quality control. The abundance of available data has made databases increasingly essential for researchers to manage the vast amount of information and explore new drugs. In this article we provide a comprehensive overview and summary of 182 databases that are relevant to traditional medicine research, including 73 databases for chemical component analysis, 70 for pharmacology research, and 39 for clinical application and quality control from published literature (2000-2023). The review categorizes the databases by functionality, offering detailed information on websites and capacities to facilitate easier access. Moreover, this article outlines the primary function of each database, supplemented by case studies to aid in database selection. A practical test was conducted on 68 frequently used databases using keywords and functionalities, resulting in the identification of highlighted databases. This review serves as a reference for traditional medicine researchers to choose appropriate databases and also provides insights and considerations for the function and content design of future databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lan Li
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jian-Qing Zhang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Xuan-Jing Shen
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - De-An Guo
- Shanghai Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, National Engineering Research Center of TCM Standardization Technology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Alharbi NFM, Ahad A, Bin Jardan YA, Al-Jenoobi FI. Effect of eugenol on cytochrome P450 1A2, 2C9, 2D6, and 3A4 activity in human liver microsomes. Saudi Pharm J 2024; 32:102118. [PMID: 38841106 PMCID: PMC11152732 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2024.102118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to provide an understanding of the influence of eugenol on CYP1A2, 2C9, 2D6, and 3A4 in human liver microsomes (HLM). Specific substrate for CYP1A2, 2C9, 2D6, and 3A4 were incubated in HLM with or without eugenol. The formation of their respective metabolites was assessed with HPLC analytical methods. Eugenol at 1, 10 and 100 µM levels inhibited the activity of CYP1A2 and CYP2C9 by 23.38 %, 23.57 %, 39.80 % and 62.82 %, 63.27 %, 67.70 % respectively. While, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 activity was decreased by 40.70 %, 45.88 %, 62.68 % and 37.41 %, 42.58 % and 67.86 % at 1, 10 and 100 µM eugenol level respectively. The IC50 value of eugenol for CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 was calculated as 11.09 ± 3.49 µM and 13.48 ± 3.86 µM respectively. Potential herb-drug interactions was noted when eugenol is administered simultaneously with medications metabolized by these enzymes, most notably CYP2C9, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naif Fahad M. Alharbi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Ahad
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yousef A. Bin Jardan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad I. Al-Jenoobi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Ng CYJ, Zhao Y, Wang N, Chia KL, Teo CH, Peh W, Yeo P, Zhong LLD. A multi-center cross-sectional study of Chinese Herbal Medicine-Drug adverse reactions using active surveillance in Singapore's Traditional Chinese Medicine clinics. Chin Med 2024; 19:44. [PMID: 38454483 PMCID: PMC10918936 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-024-00915-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the rates and causality of patient-reported adverse events (AEs) associated with concomitant Chinese Herbal Medicine (CHM) and Western Medicine prescription drug (WMPD) consumption through active surveillance in Singapore's Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) clinics. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted at five TCM clinics across Singapore from 8th May till 8th July 2023. Patients were screened to determine rates of CHM and WMPD consumption, and then interviewed if an AE was reported. An expert committee assessed the AE reports to determine causality. Along with descriptive statistics, odds ratios were calculated to determine AE occurrence likelihoods for patients who consumed both CHM and WMPD compared to CHM consumption alone. RESULTS 1028 patients were screened and 62.65% of them reported concurrent CHM-WMPD consumption. Patients who consumed CHM and WMPD were 3.65 times more likely to experience an AE as compared to CHM consumption alone. 18 AE reports were adjudicated, with most AEs deemed unlikely due to CHM consumption. CONCLUSIONS A large proportion of patients consumed CHM and WMPD concurrently, thus increasing their risk of experiencing AEs compared to those consuming CHM only. Active surveillance is applicable for detecting AEs, collecting data for causality assessment, and analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chester Yan Jie Ng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kwan Leung Chia
- Woodcroft Medical Centre, 1 Sir James Hardy Way, Woodcroft, SA, 5162, Australia
| | - Chun Huat Teo
- Singapore Thong Chai Medical Institution, 50 Chin Swee Road #01-01, Singapore, 169874, Singapore
| | - William Peh
- Operation and Medical Department, Singapore Chung Hwa Medical Institution, 640 Lorong 4 Toa Payoh, Singapore, 319522, Singapore
| | - Pansy Yeo
- Chong Hoe Healthcare, 144 Upper Bukit Timah Rd, #02-14, Singapore, 588177*, Singapore
| | - Linda L D Zhong
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
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Czigle S, Nagy M, Mladěnka P, Tóth J. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic herb-drug interactions-part I. Herbal medicines of the central nervous system. PeerJ 2023; 11:e16149. [PMID: 38025741 PMCID: PMC10656908 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Unlike conventional drug substances, herbal medicines are composed of a complex of biologically active compounds. Therefore, the potential occurrence of herb-drug interactions is even more probable than for drug-drug interactions. Interactions can occur on both the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic level. Herbal medicines may affect the resulting efficacy of the concomitantly used (synthetic) drugs, mainly on the pharmacokinetic level, by changing their absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Studies on the pharmacodynamic interactions of herbal medicines and conventional drugs are still very limited. This interaction level is related to the mechanism of action of different plant constituents. Herb-drug interactions can cause changes in drug levels and activities and lead to therapeutic failure and/or side effects (sometimes toxicities, even fatal). This review aims to provide a summary of recent information on the potential drug interactions involving commonly used herbal medicines that affect the central nervous system (Camellia, Valeriana, Ginkgo, Hypericum, Humulus, Cannabis) and conventional drugs. The survey databases were used to identify primary scientific publications, case reports, and secondary databases on interactions were used later on as well. Search keywords were based on plant names (botanical genera), officinal herbal drugs, herbal drug preparations, herbal drug extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Czigle
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Milan Nagy
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Přemysl Mladěnka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Tóth
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - the OEMONOM.
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Botany, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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Luo X, Lu F, Yin Z, Zhou Z, Wang Z, Zhang H. Hormetic effects of EGC and EGCG on CES1 activity and its rescue from oxidative stress in rat liver S9. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 382:110612. [PMID: 37353134 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Carboxylesterase 1 (CES1) is a hydrolytic enzyme that plays an important role in the activation or deactivation of many therapeutic agents, thus affecting their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic outcomes. Using rat liver S9 as an enzyme source and enalapril as a CES1 substrate, the present study examined effects of a number of flavonoids on the formation of enalaprilat (the active form of enalapril) produced by CES1-mediated hydrolysis. While a majority of flavonoids tested showed inhibition on CES1, an unexpected hormetic effect was observed for epigallocatechin (EGC) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), i.e., stimulatory effect at low concentrations and enzyme inhibition at high concentrations. Further experiments revealed that oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide, arachidonic acid plus iron, and oxidized low density lipoproteins (oxLOL) reduced CES1 activity in rat liver S9 and the loss of CES1 enzyme activity could be rescued largely by EGC or EGCG. In contrast, such effects were minimal in human liver S9, probably due to the presence of a higher ratio of reduced vs oxidized forms of glutathione. The above findings suggest that the polyphenolic nature of EGC or EGCG might be responsible for rescuing CES1 activity under oxidative stress. Because of the importance of CES1 in drug activation or deactivation and rat liver S9 as a versatile in vitro system used for drug metabolism studies and drug safety assessment, caution should be exercised to avoid potential biases for data interpretation and decision making when CES1 activity in rat liver S9 is evaluated with dependency on experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoting Luo
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Feifei Lu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhiyue Yin
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhiyun Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhongmin Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, 199 Renai Road, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Everyday Evaluation of Herb/Dietary Supplement–Drug Interaction: A Pilot Study. MEDICINES 2023; 10:medicines10030020. [PMID: 36976309 PMCID: PMC10055849 DOI: 10.3390/medicines10030020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
A lack of reliable information hinders the clinician evaluation of suspected herb–drug interactions. This pilot study was a survey-based study conceived as a descriptive analysis of real-life experiences with herb–drug interaction from the perspective of herbalists, licensed health-care providers, and lay persons. Reported dietary supplement–drug interactions were evaluated against the resources most commonly cited for the evaluation of potential supplement–drug interactions. Disproportionality analyses were performed using tools available to most clinicians using data from the U.S. Federal Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) and the US Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition (CFSAN) Adverse Event Reporting System (CAERS). Secondary aims of the study included exploration of the reasons for respondent use of dietary supplements and qualitative analysis of respondent’s perceptions of dietary supplement–drug interaction. While agreement among reported supplement–drug interactions with commonly cited resources for supplement–drug interaction evaluation and via disproportionality analyses through FAERS was low, agreement using data from CAERS was high.
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