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Parker K, Bollis NE, Ryzhov V. Ion-molecule reactions of mass-selected ions. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2024; 43:47-89. [PMID: 36447431 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase reactions of mass-selected ions with neutrals covers a very broad area of fundamental and applied mass spectrometry (MS). Oftentimes, ion-molecule reactions (IMR) can serve as a viable alternative to collision-induced dissociation and other ion dissociation techniques when using tandem MS. This review focuses on the literature pertaining applications of IMR since 2013. During the past decade considerable efforts have been made in analytical applications of IMR, including advances in one of the major techniques for characterization of unsaturated fatty acids and lipids, ozone-induced dissociation, and the development of a new technique for sequencing of large ions, hydrogen atom attachment/abstraction dissociation. Many advances have also been made in identifying gas-phase chemistry specific to a functional group in organic and biological compounds, which are useful in structure elucidation of analytes and differentiation of isomers/isobars. With "soft" ionization techniques like electrospray ionization having become mainstream for quite some time now, the efforts in the area of metal ion catalysis have firmly moved into exploring chemistry of ligated metal complexes in their "natural" oxidation states allowing to model individual steps of mechanisms in homogeneous catalysis, especially in combination with high-level DFT calculations. Finally, IMR continue to contribute to the body of knowledge in the area of chemistry of interstellar processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Parker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - Nicholas E Bollis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
| | - Victor Ryzhov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois, USA
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2
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Lange T, Thomas A, Görgens C, Bidlingmaier M, Schilbach K, Fichant E, Delahaut P, Thevis M. Comprehensive insights into the formation of metabolites of the ghrelin mimetics capromorelin, macimorelin and tabimorelin as potential markers for doping control purposes. Biomed Chromatogr 2021; 35:e5075. [PMID: 33458843 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Analytical methods to determine the potential misuse of the ghrelin mimetics capromorelin (CP-424,391), macimorelin (macrilen, EP-01572) and tabimorelin (NN703) in sports were developed. Therefore, different extraction strategies, i.e. solid-phase extraction, protein precipitation, as well as a "dilute-and-inject" approach, from urine and EDTA-plasma were assessed and comprehensive in vitro/in vivo experiments were conducted, enabling the identification of reliable target analytes by means of high resolution mass spectrometry. The drugs' biotransformation led to the preliminary identification of 51 metabolites of capromorelin, 12 metabolites of macimorelin and 13 metabolites of tabimorelin. Seven major metabolites detected in rat urine samples collected post-administration of 0.5-1.0 mg of a single oral dose underwent in-depth characterization, facilitating their implementation into future confirmatory test methods. In particular, two macimorelin metabolites exhibiting considerable abundances in post-administration rat urine samples were detected, which might contribute to an improved sensitivity, specificity, and detection window in case of human sports drug testing programs. Further, the intact drugs were implemented into World Anti-Doping Agency-compliant initial testing (limits of detection 0.02-0.60 ng/ml) and confirmation procedures (limits of identification 0.18-0.89 ng/ml) for human urine and blood matrices. The obtained results allow extension of the test spectrum of doping agents in multitarget screening assays for growth hormone-releasing factors from human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Lange
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne, 50933, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne, 50933, Germany
| | - Christian Görgens
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne, 50933, Germany
| | - Martin Bidlingmaier
- Endocrine Laboratory, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstraße 1, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Katharina Schilbach
- Endocrine Laboratory, Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Ziemssenstraße 1, Munich, 80336, Germany
| | - Eric Fichant
- Département Santé, CER Groupe, Rue du Point du Jour 8, Marloie, 6900, Belgium
| | - Philippe Delahaut
- Département Santé, CER Groupe, Rue du Point du Jour 8, Marloie, 6900, Belgium
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research/Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne, 50933, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, Cologne, 50933, Germany
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3
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Cobalt(II), nickel(II) and zinc(II) coordination chemistry of the N,N′-disubstituted hydroxylamine-(diamido) ligand, 3,3′-(hydroxyazanediyl)dipropanamide. Polyhedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Exploring the Metabolism of (+)-[ 18F]Flubatine in Vitro and in Vivo: LC-MS/MS Aided Identification of Radiometabolites in a Clinical PET Study. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020464. [PMID: 29461507 PMCID: PMC6017759 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Both (+)-[18F]flubatine and its enantiomer (−)-[18F]flubatine are radioligands for the neuroimaging of α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) by positron emission tomography (PET). In a clinical study in patients with early Alzheimer’s disease, (+)-[18F]flubatine ((+)-[18F]1) was examined regarding its metabolic fate, in particular by identification of degradation products detected in plasma and urine. The investigations included an in vivo study of (+)-flubatine ((+)-1) in pigs and structural elucidation of formed metabolites by LC-MS/MS. Incubations of (+)-1 and (+)-[18F]1 with human liver microsomes were performed to generate in vitro metabolites, as well as radiometabolites, which enabled an assignment of their structures by comparison of LC-MS/MS and radio-HPLC data. Plasma and urine samples taken after administration of (+)-[18F]1 in humans were examined by radio-HPLC and, on the basis of results obtained in vitro and in vivo, formed radiometabolites were identified. In pigs, (+)-1 was monohydroxylated at different sites of the azabicyclic ring system of the molecule. Additionally, one intermediate metabolite underwent glucuronidation, as also demonstrated in vitro. In humans, a fraction of 95.9 ± 1.9% (n = 10) of unchanged tracer remained in plasma, 30 min after injection. However, despite the low metabolic degradation, both radiometabolites formed in humans could be characterized as (i) a product of C-hydroxylation at the azabicyclic ring system, and (ii) a glucuronide conjugate of the precedingly-formed N8-hydroxylated (+)-[18F]1.
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Sheng H, Tang W, Yerabolu R, Kong JY, Williams PE, Zhang M, Kenttämaa HI. Mass spectrometric identification of the N-monosubstituted N-hydroxylamino functionality in protonated analytes via ion/molecule reactions in tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:730-734. [PMID: 26406487 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE N-Monosubstituted hydroxylamines correspond to an important class of metabolites for many bioactive molecules. In this study, a tandem mass spectrometric method based on ion/molecule reactions was developed for the identification of compounds with the N-monosubstituted hydroxylamino functionality. METHODS The diagnostic ion/molecule reaction occurs between protonated analytes with 2-methoxypropene (MOP) inside a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. RESULTS Most protonated compounds with N-monosubstituted and disubstituted hydroxylamino and oxime functional groups react with MOP via proton transfer and formation of a stable adduct in a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. However, only protonated compounds with N-monosubstituted hydroxylamino groups form the characteristic MOP adduct-MeOH product. Possible mechanisms of this reaction are discussed. CONCLUSIONS A method based on functional group-selective ion/molecule reactions in a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer has been demonstrated to allow the identification of protonated compounds with the N-monosubstituted hydroxylamino functionality. Only N-monosubstituted hydroxylamines react with MOP via formation of an adduct that has eliminated methanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaming Sheng
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Weijuan Tang
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Ravikiran Yerabolu
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - John Y Kong
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Peggy E Williams
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | | | - Hilkka I Kenttämaa
- Purdue University, Department of Chemistry, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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Tziouris PA, Tsiafoulis CG, Vlasiou M, Miras HN, Sigalas MP, Keramidas AD, Kabanos TA. Interaction of chromium(III) with a N,N'-disubstituted hydroxylamine-(diamido) ligand: a combined experimental and theoretical study. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:11404-14. [PMID: 25329981 DOI: 10.1021/ic501778d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of hydroxylamine hydrochloride with prop-2-enamide in dichloromethane in the presence of triethylamine resulted in the isolation of the N,N'-disubstituted hydroxylamine-(diamido) ligand, 3,3'-(hydroxyazanediyl)dipropanamide (Hhydia). The ligand Hhydia was characterized by multinuclear NMR, high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), and X-ray structure analysis. Interaction of Hhydia with trans-[Cr(III)Cl2(H2O)4]Cl·2H2O in ethanol yields the ionization isomers [Cr(III)(Hhydia)2]Cl3·2H2O(1·2H2O) and cis/trans-[Cr(III)Cl2(Hhydia)2]Cl·2H2O (2·2H2O). The X-ray structure analysis of 1 revealed that the chromium atom in [Cr(III)(Hhydia)2](3+) is bonded to two neutral tridentate O,N,O-Hhydia ligands. The twist angle, θ, in [Cr(III)(Hhydia)2](3+) is 54.5(6)(0), that is, very close to an ideal octahedron. The intramolecular hydrogen bonds developed between the N-OH group of the first ligand and the amidic oxygen atom of the second ligand and vice versa contribute to the overall stability of the cation [Cr(III)(Hhydia)2](3+). The reaction rate constant of the formation of Cr(III) complexes 1·2H2O and 2·2H2O was found to be 8.7(±0.8) × 10(-5) M(-1) s(-1) at 25 °C in methyl alcohol and follows a first-order law kinetics based on the biologically relevant ligand Hhydia. The reaction rate constant is considerably faster in comparison with the corresponding water exchange rate constant for the hydrated chromium(III). The modification of the kinetics is of fundamental importance for the chromium(III) chemistry in biological systems. Ultraviolet-visible and electron paramagnetic resonance studies, both in solution and in the solid state, ESI-MS, and conductivity measurements support the fact that, irrespective of the solvent used in the interaction of Hhydia with trans-[Cr(III)Cl2(H2O)4]Cl·2H2O, the ionization isomers[Cr(III)(Hhydia)2]Cl3·2H2O (1·2H2O) and cis/trans-[Cr(III)Cl2(Hhydia)2]Cl·2H2O (2·2H2O) are produced.The reaction medium affects only the relevant percentage of the isomers in the solid state. The thermodynamic stability of the ionization isomers 1·2H2O and cis/trans-2·2H2O, their molecular structures as well as the vibrational spectra and the energetics of the Cr(III)- Hhydia/hydia(-) were studied by means of density functional theory calculations and found to be in excellent agreement with our experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petros A Tziouris
- Section of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and #NMR Center, University of Ioannina , Ioannina 45110, Greece
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Bolleddula J, DeMent K, Driscoll JP, Worboys P, Brassil PJ, Bourdet DL. Biotransformation and bioactivation reactions of alicyclic amines in drug molecules. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:379-419. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.924962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Meyer MR, Lindauer C, Welter J, Maurer HH. Dimethocaine, a synthetic cocaine analogue: studies on its in-vivo metabolism and its detectability in urine by means of a rat model and liquid chromatography–linear ion-trap (high-resolution) mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:1845-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7539-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Uldam HK, Juhl M, Pedersen H, Dalgaard L. Biosynthesis and Identification of an N-Oxide/N-Glucuronide Metabolite and First Synthesis of an N-O-Glucuronide Metabolite of Lu AA21004. Drug Metab Dispos 2011; 39:2264-74. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.040428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Tsujikawa K, Mikuma T, Kuwayama K, Miyaguchi H, Kanamori T, Iwata YT, Inoue H. Urinary excretion profiles of N-hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in rats. Xenobiotica 2011; 41:578-584. [PMID: 21425955 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2011.565821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
N-hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (N-OH-MDMA) is a psychedelic illicit drug that has recently been circulating in Japan. The aims of this study were (i) to optimise enzymatic hydrolysis conditions of the conjugated forms of N-OH-MDMA and its demethylated metabolite N-hydroxy-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (N-OH-MDA), (ii) to investigate the urinary excretion profiles of N-OH-MDMA in rats, and (iii) to compare urinary excretion profiles of N-OH-MDMA and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA). Conjugated forms of the N-hydroxylated compounds (N-OH-MDMA and N-OH-MDA) were almost successfully hydrolysed to their nonconjugated forms under anaerobic conditions after helium purging of the solution. The sum of N-OH-MDMA and N-OH-MDA was used to evaluate the amount of excreted N-hydroxylated metabolites because of degradation of N-OH-MDMA to N-OH-MDA during hydrolysis. Up to 24 h after oral administration of N-OH-MDMA oxalate, the main urinary metabolites were MDMA (14.3% of dose) and 3,4-MDA (7.7% of dose). Most of the N-hydroxylated forms were excreted as glucuronide conjugates. The total amount of N-hydroxylated metabolites after hydrolysis was 1.1% of dose. Urinary excretion profiles of MDMA were similar to that of N-OH-MDMA. It may be difficult to differentiate between abuse of MDMA and N-OH-MDMA by urine analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Tsujikawa
- Third Department of Forensic Science, National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan.
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Shaffer CL, Gunduz M, Ryder TF, O'Connell TN. Species differences in the biotransformation of an alpha 4 beta 2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist: the effects of distinct glucuronide metabolites on overall compound disposition. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 38:292-301. [PMID: 19910512 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.030171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism and disposition of (1R,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-(trifluoromethyl)-1,5-methano-1H-3-benzazepine (1), an alpha(4)beta(2) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, was investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats and cynomolgus monkeys receiving (1R,5S)-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-7-(trifluoromethyl)-1,5-methano-1H-4[(14)C]-3- benzazepine hydrochloride ([(14)C]1) orally. Although both species chiefly (>or=62%) cleared 1 metabolically, species-specific dispositional profiles were observed for both 1 and total radioactivity. Radioactivity was excreted equally in the urine and feces of intact rats but largely (72%) in bile in bile duct-cannulated animals. In monkeys, radioactivity recoveries were 50-fold greater in urine than feces and minimal (<5%) in bile. Both species metabolized 1 similarly: four-electron oxidation to one of four amino acids or two lactams (minor) and glucuronide formation (major). In rats, the latter pathway predominantly formed an N-carbamoyl glucuronide (M6), exclusively present in bile (69% of dose), whereas in monkeys it afforded an N-O-glucuronide (M5), a minor biliary component (4%) but the major plasma (62%) and urinary (42%) entity. In rats, first-pass hepatic conversion of 1 to M6, which was confirmed in rat hepatocytes, and its biliary secretion resulted in the indirect enterohepatic cycling of 1 via M6 and manifested in double-humped plasma concentration-time curves and long t(1/2) for both 1 and total radioactivity. In monkeys, in which only M5 was formed, double-humped plasma concentration-time curves were absent, and moderate t(1/2) for both 1 and total radioactivity were observed. A seemingly subtle, yet critical, difference in the chemical structures of these two glucuronide metabolites considerably affected the overall disposition of 1 in rats versus monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Shaffer
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton/New London Laboratories, Pfizer Inc., Eastern Point Road, MS 8220-4186, Groton, CT 06340, USA.
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Baughman TM, Talarico CL, Soglia JR. Evaluation of the metabolism of propranolol by linear ion trap technology in mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human cryopreserved hepatocytes. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2009; 23:2146-2150. [PMID: 19517456 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Propranolol is a widely used quality control and validation compound for liver microsome and hepatocyte metabolism studies. A multitude of literature reports describing the identification of propranolol metabolites exists today. However, no literature reports currently exist showing hepatocyte metabolism across the five species commonly used during pre-clinical drug discovery, namely mouse, rat, dog, monkey, and human. Herein, we present full metabolic profiles of propranolol in mouse, rat, dog, monkey and human hepatocytes. As expected, extensive phase I and phase II metabolism was observed across all five species and species-specific metabolites were detected in monkey and dog hepatocytes. Of particular interest was the detection of an N-hydroxylamine glucuronide metabolite in monkey and dog hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Baughman
- Infectious Diseases CEDD DMPK, GlaxoSmithKline, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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Shaffer CL, Ryder TF, Venkatakrishnan K, Henne IK, O'Connell TN. Biotransformation of an α4β2 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Partial Agonist in Sprague-Dawley Rats and the Dispositional Characterization of Its N-Carbamoyl Glucuronide Metabolite. Drug Metab Dispos 2009; 37:1480-9. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.109.027037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Fitch WL, He L, Tu YP, Alexandrova L. Application of polarity switching in the identification of the metabolites of RO9237. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:1661-8. [PMID: 17465015 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Polarity switching mass spectrometry is an efficient way to collect structural data on drug metabolites. The value of this approach is illustrated with the in vitro metabolism of RO9237. Metabolites are identified by positive and negative electrospray ionization (ESI) full scan mass spectrometry, MS/MS and MS(3) using unlabelled and (14)C-radiolabelled versions of the drug. Comparison of the relative detectability of these metabolites by +ESI and -ESI shows that neither ESI mode is universal. It is advantageous to screen for metabolites using both positive and negative ionization modes. This is especially true for phase II metabolism which tends to make molecules more polar and often more acidic. Identification of phase II metabolites also benefits greatly from MS(3) experiments because the conjugating groups typically are cleaved in MS/MS and information on the core structure is only obtained in MS(3). A special case of phase II metabolism is the generation of glutathione (GSH) conjugates from reactive metabolites. The detection of GSH conjugates also benefits from generating both positive and negative ESI mass spectral data.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Fitch
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics Department, Roche Palo Alto, LLC, 3431 Hillview Ave., Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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