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Zhang X, Pan J, Ye X, Chen Y, Wang L, Meng X, Chen W, Wang F. Activation of CYP3A by Accelerated Blood Clearance Phenomenon Potentiates the Hepatocellular Carcinoma-Targeting Therapeutic Effects of PEGylated Anticancer Prodrug Liposomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1651-1662. [PMID: 37775330 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced enzyme activity in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and poor targeting limit the application of enzyme-activating prodrugs, which is also detrimental to the effective treatment of HCC. Here, we investigated whether accelerated blood clearance (ABC) phenomenon occurs in HCC models following repeated injections of PEGylated liposomes (PEG-L), thus inducing prodrug accumulation and activation in the liver and exerting highly effective and low-toxicity therapeutic effects on HCC. First, PEGylated liposomal cyclophosphamide was prepared by solvent injection and characterized. Importantly, preinjection of PEG-L induced the ABC phenomenon and activation of CYP3A in both HCC rats and HCC mice by studying the effects of repeated injections of PEG-L on pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution. Next, the efficacy and toxicity of repeated injections of PEG-L in HCC mice were examined, and our data indicate that repeated injections are administered in a manner that significantly enhances the antitumor effect compared with controls, with little or no toxicity to other organs. To further reveal the pharmacokinetic mechanism of PEG-L repeated administration for the treatment of HCC, the protein expression of hepatic CYP3A and the concentration of cyclophosphamide in the liver and spleen of HCC mice by inhibiting CYP3A were analyzed. These results revealed that inducing CYP3A to accelerate the rapid conversion of prodrugs that accumulate significantly in the liver is a key mechanism for the treatment of HCC with repeated injections of PEG-L. Collectively, this work taps into the application potential of the ABC phenomenon and provides new insights into the clinical application of PEGylated nanoformulations. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study revealed that repeated injections of PEGylated liposomes could induce the accelerated blood clearance (ABC) phenomenon characterized by hepatic accumulation and CYP3A activation based on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) rats and HCC mice. Furthermore, it was verified that induction of the ABC phenomenon dependent on hepatic accumulation and CYP3A activation could enhance the antihepatocellular carcinoma effects of PEGylated anticancer prodrugs in HCC mice. This elucidated the relevant pharmacokinetic mechanisms and unearthed new clues for solving the clinical application of PEGylated nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (X.Z., J.P., L.W., W.C., F.W.); Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University (The Second People's Hospital of Hefei), Hefei, China (X.Y., X.M., F.W.); School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (F.W.); The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Hefei, China (F.W.); and Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (Y.C.)
| | - Jianquan Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (X.Z., J.P., L.W., W.C., F.W.); Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University (The Second People's Hospital of Hefei), Hefei, China (X.Y., X.M., F.W.); School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (F.W.); The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Hefei, China (F.W.); and Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (Y.C.)
| | - Xi Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (X.Z., J.P., L.W., W.C., F.W.); Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University (The Second People's Hospital of Hefei), Hefei, China (X.Y., X.M., F.W.); School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (F.W.); The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Hefei, China (F.W.); and Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (Y.C.)
| | - Yunna Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (X.Z., J.P., L.W., W.C., F.W.); Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University (The Second People's Hospital of Hefei), Hefei, China (X.Y., X.M., F.W.); School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (F.W.); The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Hefei, China (F.W.); and Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (Y.C.)
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (X.Z., J.P., L.W., W.C., F.W.); Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University (The Second People's Hospital of Hefei), Hefei, China (X.Y., X.M., F.W.); School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (F.W.); The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Hefei, China (F.W.); and Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (Y.C.)
| | - Xiangyun Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (X.Z., J.P., L.W., W.C., F.W.); Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University (The Second People's Hospital of Hefei), Hefei, China (X.Y., X.M., F.W.); School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (F.W.); The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Hefei, China (F.W.); and Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (Y.C.)
| | - Weidong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (X.Z., J.P., L.W., W.C., F.W.); Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University (The Second People's Hospital of Hefei), Hefei, China (X.Y., X.M., F.W.); School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (F.W.); The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Hefei, China (F.W.); and Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (Y.C.).
| | - Fengling Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (X.Z., J.P., L.W., W.C., F.W.); Hefei Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University (The Second People's Hospital of Hefei), Hefei, China (X.Y., X.M., F.W.); School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China (F.W.); The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Affiliated to Bengbu Medical College, Hefei, China (F.W.); and Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology (Brain diseases), Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China (Y.C.).
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Kawashima Y, Onishi Y, Tatarazako N, Yamamoto H, Koshio M, Oka T, Horie Y, Watanabe H, Nakamoto T, Yamamoto J, Ishikawa H, Sato T, Yamazaki K, Iguchi T. Summary of 17 chemicals evaluated by OECD TG229 using Japanese Medaka, Oryzias latipes in EXTEND 2016. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:750-777. [PMID: 34725835 PMCID: PMC9297976 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In June 2016, the Ministry of the Environment of Japan announced a program "EXTEND2016" on the implementation of testing and assessment for endocrine active chemicals, consisting of a two-tiered strategy. The aim of the Tier 1 screening and the Tier 2 testing is to identify the impacts on the endocrine system and to characterize the adverse effects to aquatic animals by endocrine disrupting chemicals detected in the aquatic environment in Japan. For the consistent assessment of the effects on reproduction associated with estrogenic, anti-estrogenic, androgenic, and/or anti-androgenic activities of chemicals throughout Tier 1 screening to Tier 2 testing, a unified test species, Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), has been used. For Tier 1 screening, the in vivo Fish Short-Term Reproduction Assay (OECD test guideline No. 229) was conducted for 17 chemicals that were nominated based on the results of environmental monitoring, existing knowledge obtained from a literature survey, and positive results in reporter gene assays using the estrogen receptor of Japanese medaka. In the 17 assays using Japanese medaka, adverse effects on reproduction (i.e., reduction in fecundity and/or fertility) were suggested for 10 chemicals, and a significant increase of hepatic vitellogenin in males, indicating estrogenic (estrogen receptor agonistic) potency, was found for eight chemicals at the concentrations in which no overt toxicity was observed. Based on these results, and the frequency and the concentrations detected in the Japanese environment, estrone, 4-nonylphenol (branched isomers), 4-tert-octylphenol, triphenyl phosphate, and bisphenol A were considered as high priority candidate substances for the Tier 2 testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukio Kawashima
- Environmental Consulting Department, Japan NUS Co., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuta Onishi
- Institute of Environmental Ecology, IDEA Consultants, Inc., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Norihisa Tatarazako
- Department of Science and Technology for Biological Resources and Environment, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.,Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Masaaki Koshio
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Oka
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan.,Resources Recycling Center, Japan Environmental Management Association for Industry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshifumi Horie
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan.,Research Center for Inland Sea (KURCIS), Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Haruna Watanabe
- Health and Environmental Risk Division, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Nakamoto
- Institute of Environmental Ecology, IDEA Consultants, Inc., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Jun Yamamoto
- Institute of Environmental Ecology, IDEA Consultants, Inc., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Hidenori Ishikawa
- Institute of Environmental Ecology, IDEA Consultants, Inc., Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tomomi Sato
- Nanobioscience Department, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Yamazaki
- Environmental Health Department, Ministry of the Environment of Japan, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taisen Iguchi
- Nanobioscience Department, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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Kanda T, Jiang X, Nakamura M, Haga Y, Sasaki R, Wu S, Nakamoto S, Imazeki F, Yokosuka O. Overexpression of the androgen receptor in human hepatoma cells and its effect on fatty acid metabolism. Oncol Lett 2017; 13:4481-4486. [PMID: 28599448 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.5973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a predominantly male disease in which the androgen receptor (AR) serves an important pathogenic role in hepatocarcinogenesis. Fatty acid metabolism also contributes to hepatocarcinogenesis and is associated with the prognosis of cancer. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of the AR on fatty acid metabolism-associated gene expression in human hepatoma cell lines. AR-expression plasmids or control plasmids were transiently transfected into the human HCC cell lines Huh7 and HepG2. After 48 h, cellular protein and RNA were extracted and the expression of AR was confirmed by western blotting. Complementary DNA was synthesized and subjected to a quantitative polymerase chain reaction-based array to examine the expression of 84 fatty acid metabolism-associated genes. Overexpression of AR significantly downregulated the expression of 11 fatty acid metabolism-associated genes in Huh7 cells and 35 in HepG2 cells. The overexpression of AR also resulted in the upregulation of 6 fatty acid metabolism genes in HepG2 cells; however, it had no effect in Huh7 cells. Acyl-coenzyme A (CoA) thioesterase 7 and acyl-CoA oxidase 3 were downregulated in both cell lines. In conclusion, upregulation of AR via overexpression led to the disturbance of fatty acid metabolism-associated gene expression in human HCC cells. Therefore, the AR may serve a role in hepatocarcinogenesis via the regulation of hepatocellular fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kanda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Xia Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050031, P.R. China
| | - Masato Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yuki Haga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Reina Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.,Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Fumio Imazeki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Osamu Yokosuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
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Toselli F, Dodd PR, Gillam EMJ. Emerging roles for brain drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes in neuropsychiatric conditions and responses to drugs. Drug Metab Rev 2016; 48:379-404. [DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2016.1221960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Kanda T, Yokosuka O. The androgen receptor as an emerging target in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatocell Carcinoma 2015; 2:91-9. [PMID: 27508198 PMCID: PMC4918288 DOI: 10.2147/jhc.s48956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the male-dominant liver diseases with poor prognosis, although treatments for HCC have been progressing in the past decades. Androgen receptor (AR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily. Previous studies reported that AR was expressed in human HCC and non-HCC tissues. AR is activated both ligand-dependently and ligand-independently. The latter is associated with a mitogen-activated protein kinase–, v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1–, or signal-transducer and activator of transcription–signaling pathway, which has been implicated in the development of HCC. It has been reported that more than 200 RNA expression levels are altered by androgen treatment. In the liver, androgen-responsive genes are cytochrome P450s, transforming growth factor β, vascular endothelial growth factor, and glucose-regulated protein 78 kDa, which are also associated with human hepatocarcinogenesis. Recent studies also revealed that AR plays a role in cell migration and metastasis. It is possible that cross-talk among AR-signaling, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and innate immune response is important for human hepatocarcinogenesis and HCC development. This review shows that AR could play a potential role in human HCC and represent one of the important target molecules for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuo Kanda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
| | - Osamu Yokosuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Chiba University, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan
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Kaneko S, Yoshida S, Kanai K, Yasui-Furukori N, Iwasa H. Development of individualized medicine for epilepsy based on genetic information. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 1:661-81. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.1.5.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Basile JR, Binmadi NO, Zhou H, Yang YH, Paoli A, Proia P. Supraphysiological doses of performance enhancing anabolic-androgenic steroids exert direct toxic effects on neuron-like cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:69. [PMID: 23675320 PMCID: PMC3648690 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are lipophilic hormones often taken in excessive quantities by athletes and bodybuilders to enhance performance and increase muscle mass. AAS exert well known toxic effects on specific cell and tissue types and organ systems. The attention that androgen abuse has received lately should be used as an opportunity to educate both athletes and the general population regarding their adverse effects. Among numerous commercially available steroid hormones, very few have been specifically tested for direct neurotoxicity. We evaluated the effects of supraphysiological doses of methandienone and 17-α-methyltestosterone on sympathetic-like neuron cells. Vitality and apoptotic effects were analyzed, and immunofluorescence staining and western blot performed. In this study, we demonstrate that exposure of supraphysiological doses of methandienone and 17-α-methyltestosterone are toxic to the neuron-like differentiated pheochromocytoma cell line PC12, as confirmed by toxicity on neurite networks responding to nerve growth factor and the modulation of the survival and apoptosis-related proteins ERK, caspase-3, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase and heat-shock protein 90. We observe, in contrast to some previous reports but in accordance with others, expression of the androgen receptor (AR) in neuron-like cells, which when inhibited mitigated the toxic effects of AAS tested, suggesting that the AR could be binding these steroid hormones to induce genomic effects. We also note elevated transcription of neuritin in treated cells, a neurotropic factor likely expressed in an attempt to resist neurotoxicity. Taken together, these results demonstrate that supraphysiological exposure to the AAS methandienone and 17-α-methyltestosterone exert neurotoxic effects by an increase in the activity of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway and alterations in neurite networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Basile
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School Baltimore, MD, USA ; Marlene and Stuart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland Baltimore, MD, USA
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Su C, Rybalchenko N, Schreihofer DA, Singh M, Abbassi B, Cunningham RL. Cell Models for the Study of Sex Steroid Hormone Neurobiology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; S2. [PMID: 22860237 DOI: 10.4172/2157-7536.s2-003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
To date many aspects of neurons and glia biology remain elusive, due in part to the cellular and molecular complexity of the brain. In recent decades, cell models from different brain areas have been established and proven invaluable toward understanding this complexity. In the field of steroid hormone neurobiology, an important question is: what is the profile of steroid hormone receptor expression in these specific cell lines? Currently, a clear summary of such receptor profiling is lacking. For this reason, we summarized in this review the expression of estrogen, progesterone, and androgen receptors in several widely used cell lines (glial and neuronal) derived from the forebrain and midbrain, based on our own data and that from the literature. Such information will aid in the selection of specific cell lines used to test hypotheses related to the biology of estrogens, progestins, and/or androgens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Su
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107 USA
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Verrotti A, Loiacono G, Laus M, Coppola G, Chiarelli F, Tiboni GM. Hormonal and reproductive disturbances in epileptic male patients: Emerging issues. Reprod Toxicol 2011; 31:519-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Meyer RP, Gehlhaus M. A role for CYP in the drug–hormone crosstalk of the brain. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:675-87. [DOI: 10.1517/17425251003680791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Hagemeyer CE, Bürck C, Schwab R, Knoth R, Meyer RP. 7-Benzyloxyresorufin-O-dealkylase activity as a marker for measuring cytochrome P450 CYP3A induction in mouse liver. Anal Biochem 2010; 398:104-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Meyer RP, Pantazis G, Killer N, Bürck C, Schwab R, Brandt M, Knoth R, Gehlhaus M. Xenobiotics in the limbic system--affecting brain's network function. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2010; 82:87-106. [PMID: 20472134 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(10)82005-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Xenobiotic compounds enter the brain through nutrition, environmentals, and drugs. In order to maintain intrinsic homeostasis, the brain has to adapt to xenobiotic influx. Among others, steroid hormones appear as crucial mediators in this process. However, especially in the therapy of neurological diseases or brain tumors, long-term application of neuroactive drugs is advised. Several clinically important malignancies based on hormonal dysbalance rise up after treatment with neuroactive drugs, for example, sexual and mental disorders or severe cognitive changes. A drug-hormone cross talk proceeding over drug-mediated cytochrome P450 induction predominantly in the limbic system and the blood-brain barrier, consequently altered steroid hormone metabolism, and P450-mediated change of steroid hormone receptor expression and signaling may serve as an explanation for such disorders. Especially, the interplay between the expression of AR and P450 at the blood-brain barrier and in structures of the limbic system is of considerable interest in understanding brain's reaction on xenobiotic treatment. This chapter summarizes present models and concepts on brain's reaction after xenobiotics crossing the blood-brain barrier and invading the limbic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf P Meyer
- Medizinische Fakultät der Universität Freiburg, Breisacherstrasse 64, Freiburg, Germany
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Killer N, Hock M, Gehlhaus M, Capetian P, Knoth R, Pantazis G, Volk B, Meyer RP. Modulation of androgen and estrogen receptor expression by antiepileptic drugs and steroids in hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsia 2009; 50:1875-90. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Wójcikowski J, Daniel WA. The brain dopaminergic system as an important center regulating liver cytochrome P450 in the rat. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2009; 5:631-45. [DOI: 10.1517/17425250902973703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Meyer RP, Gehlhaus M, Schwab R, Bürck C, Knoth R, Hagemeyer CE. Concordant up-regulation of cytochrome P450 Cyp3a11, testosterone oxidation and androgen receptor expression in mouse brain after xenobiotic treatment. J Neurochem 2009; 109:670-81. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.05994.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Darby JK, Pasta DJ, Wilson MG, Herbert J. Long-Term Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Risperidone and Olanzapine Identifies Altered Steady-State Pharmacokinetics. Clin Drug Investig 2008; 28:553-64. [DOI: 10.2165/00044011-200828090-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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