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Hama Amin RR, Aziz TA. Gastroprotective Effect of Azilsartan Through Ameliorating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Restoring Hydroxyproline, and Gastrin Levels in Ethanol-Induced Gastric Ulcer. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:2911-2923. [PMID: 35592072 PMCID: PMC9113664 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s365090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The present study was designed to evaluate the possible gastroprotective effects of different doses of azilsartan in ethanol-induced gastric ulcers in rats. Methodology Forty-eight male adult Wistar rats were used and allocated randomly into four groups: negative control treated with distilled water, positive control treated with ethanol, lansoprazole treated group, and azilsartan (1mg, 5mg, and 10mg/kg) treated group. The treatment protocol was for 15 days, and all the groups except for the negative control group received 1mL of ethanol on the last day 1hr before scarification. Gastric content was collected for measuring the volume, free acidity, and pH. The stomach was used for measuring the gastric lesion area and ulcer index. Blood samples were collected for measuring serum hydroxyproline, gastrin, CRP, TNF-α, MDA, and TAOC. Gastric tissues were sent for histopathological examinations. Results Ethanol administration significantly increased gastric lesion, gastric ulcer index, and gastric acidity. Ethanol also decreased serum levels of hydroxyproline and TAOC and increased serum gastrin, CRP, TNF-α, and MDA. Azilsartan 10mg/kg was able to decrease the lesion by 43.6% and increase gastric pH and significantly decreased MDA level. Both 5mg/kg and 10mg/kg azilsartan have successfully restored the level of hydroxyproline, gastrin, and TNF-α. The histopathological finding showed gastroprotection by azilsartan in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusion The study revealed that azilsartan possesses a gastroprotective effect. The proposed mechanisms could be increased blood flow to the stomach, antioxidant capacity, and anti-inflammatory activity along with restoring hydroxyproline and gastrin levels. These findings suggest azilsartan as a promising candidate to be tested in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renas Raouf Hama Amin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
| | - Tavga Ahmed Aziz
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq
- Correspondence: Tavga Ahmed Aziz, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Iraq, Tel +9647701523544, Email
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Gottfried-Blackmore A, Namkoong H, Adler E, Martin B, Gubatan J, Fernandez-Becker N, Clarke JO, Idoyaga J, Nguyen L, Habtezion A. Gastric Mucosal Immune Profiling and Dysregulation in Idiopathic Gastroparesis. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2021; 12:e00349. [PMID: 33979305 PMCID: PMC8132986 DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It is unclear how immune perturbations may influence the pathogenesis of idiopathic gastroparesis, a prevalent functional disorder of the stomach which lacks animal models. Several studies have noted altered immune characteristics in the deep gastric muscle layer associated with gastroparesis, but data are lacking for the mucosal layer, which is endoscopically accessible. We hypothesized that immune dysregulation is present in the gastroduodenal mucosa in idiopathic gastroparesis and that specific immune profiles are associated with gastroparesis clinical parameters. METHODS In this cross-sectional prospective case-control study, routine endoscopic biopsies were used for comprehensive immune profiling by flow cytometry, multicytokine array, and gene expression in 3 segments of the stomach and the duodenal bulb. Associations of immune endpoints with clinical parameters of gastroparesis were also explored. RESULTS The gastric mucosa displayed large regional variation of distinct immune profiles. Furthermore, several-fold increases in innate and adaptive immune cells were found in gastroparesis. Various immune cell types showed positive correlations with duration of disease, proton pump inhibitor dosing, and delayed gastric emptying. DISCUSSION This initial observational study showed immune compartmentalization of the human stomach mucosa and significant immune dysregulation at the level of leukocyte infiltration in idiopathic gastroparesis patients that extends to the duodenum. Select immune cells, such as macrophages, may correlate with clinicopathological traits of gastroparesis. This work supports further mucosal studies to advance our understanding of gastroparesis pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong Namkoong
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,
Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Emerald Adler
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine,
Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Brock Martin
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University,
Stanford, USA
| | - John Gubatan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,
Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Nielsen Fernandez-Becker
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,
Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - John O. Clarke
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,
Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Juliana Idoyaga
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford
University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Linda Nguyen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,
Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Aida Habtezion
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology,
Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
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Ascorbic acid and retinol palmitate modulatory effect on omeprazole-induced oxidative damage, and the cytogenetic changes in S. cerevisiae and S180 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 311:108776. [PMID: 31369745 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.108776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Omeprazole (OM), a prototype proton pump inhibitor, oxidizes thiol groups and induces DNA damage. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative effects of omeprazole and its interactions with ascorbic acid (AA, 50 μM) and retinol palmitate (RP) in proficient and deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains, as well as levels of cytogenetic damage in Sarcoma 180 (S180) cells. Omeprazole was tested at concentrations of 10, 20 and 40 μg/mL, whereas H2O2 (10 mM), cyclophosphamide (20 mg/mL), and saline (0.9% NaCl solution) were employed as stressor, positive control, and negative control, respectively. Results revealed that omeprazole concentration-dependently induces oxidative effects in S. cerevisiae strains. However, omeprazole co-treated with ascorbic acid (50 μM) and retinol palmitate (100 IU) significantly modulated the oxidative damage inflected on the S. cerevisiae strains. Furthermore, omeprazole did not produce micronucleus formation and chromosomal bridges in S180 cells, but induced shoots. Significant increase in karyolysis and karyorrhexis were also observed with the omeprazole treated groups, which was modulated by co-treatment with ascorbic acid and retinol palmitate. Taken all together, it is suggested that ascorbic acid and retinol palmitate can substantially modulate the oxidative damage caused by omeprazole on the S. cerevisiae strains, however, much precaution is recommended with omeprazole and antioxidant co-treatment.
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Hernández C, Barrachina MD, Cosín-Roger J, Ortiz-Masiá D, Álvarez Á, Terrádez L, Nicolau MJ, Alós R, Esplugues JV, Calatayud S. Progastrin represses the alternative activation of human macrophages and modulates their influence on colon cancer epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98458. [PMID: 24901518 PMCID: PMC4047028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage infiltration is a negative prognostic factor for most cancers but gastrointestinal tumors seem to be an exception. The effect of macrophages on cancer progression depends on their phenotype, which may vary between M1 (pro-inflammatory, defensive) to M2 (tolerogenic, pro-tumoral). Gastrointestinal cancers often become an ectopic source of gastrins and macrophages present receptors for these peptides. The aim of the present study is to analyze whether gastrins can affect the pattern of macrophage infiltration in colorectal tumors. We have evaluated the relationship between gastrin expression and the pattern of macrophage infiltration in samples from colorectal cancer and the influence of these peptides on the phenotype of macrophages differentiated from human peripheral monocytes in vitro. The total number of macrophages (CD68+ cells) was similar in tumoral and normal surrounding tissue, but the number of M2 macrophages (CD206+ cells) was significantly higher in the tumor. However, the number of these tumor-associated M2 macrophages correlated negatively with the immunoreactivity for gastrin peptides in tumor epithelial cells. Macrophages differentiated from human peripheral monocytes in the presence of progastrin showed lower levels of M2-markers (CD206, IL10) with normal amounts of M1-markers (CD86, IL12). Progastrin induced similar effects in mature macrophages treated with IL4 to obtain a M2-phenotype or with LPS plus IFNγ to generate M1-macrophages. Macrophages differentiated in the presence of progastrin presented a reduced expression of Wnt ligands and decreased the number and increased cell death of co-cultured colorectal cancer epithelial cells. Our results suggest that progastrin inhibits the acquisition of a M2-phenotype in human macrophages. This effect exerted on tumor associated macrophages may modulate cancer progression and should be taken into account when analyzing the therapeutic value of gastrin immunoneutralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Hernández
- FISABIO, Hospital Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biomedicina y Farmacología FISABIO - Hospital Dr.Peset - UVEG, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Dolores Barrachina
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBER, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biomedicina y Farmacología FISABIO - Hospital Dr.Peset - UVEG, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jesús Cosín-Roger
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBER, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biomedicina y Farmacología FISABIO - Hospital Dr.Peset - UVEG, Valencia, Spain
| | - Dolores Ortiz-Masiá
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBER, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biomedicina y Farmacología FISABIO - Hospital Dr.Peset - UVEG, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ángeles Álvarez
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBER, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biomedicina y Farmacología FISABIO - Hospital Dr.Peset - UVEG, Valencia, Spain
- Fundación General Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | - Juan Vicente Esplugues
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBER, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- FISABIO, Hospital Dr. Peset, Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biomedicina y Farmacología FISABIO - Hospital Dr.Peset - UVEG, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sara Calatayud
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBER, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
- Unidad Mixta de Investigación en Biomedicina y Farmacología FISABIO - Hospital Dr.Peset - UVEG, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
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5
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Orden S, De Pablo C, Rios-Navarro C, Martinez-Cuesta MA, Peris JE, Barrachina MD, Esplugues JV, Alvarez A. Efavirenz induces interactions between leucocytes and endothelium through the activation of Mac-1 and gp150,95. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013; 69:995-1004. [PMID: 24275118 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkt468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The potential cardiovascular (CV) toxicity associated with combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has been attributed mainly to the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors abacavir and didanosine. However, the other two components of cART--non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs)--may also be implicated, either directly or by influencing the action of the other drugs. This study evaluates the acute direct effects of the NNRTIs efavirenz and nevirapine and one of the most widely employed PIs, lopinavir, on leucocyte-endothelium interactions, a hallmark of CV disease. METHODS Drugs were analysed in vitro in human cells (interactions of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear or mononuclear cells with human umbilical vein endothelial cells) using a flow chamber system, and in vivo in rat mesenteric vessels by means of intravital microscopy. The expression of adhesion molecules in leucocytes and endothelial cells was studied by flow cytometry, and the role of these molecules in white cell recruitment was evaluated by pre-treating human cells or rats with blocking antibodies. RESULTS Efavirenz and nevirapine, but not lopinavir, increased the rolling flux and adhesion of leucocytes in vitro and in vivo while inducing emigration in rat venules. Efavirenz, but not nevirapine, augmented the levels of CD11b, CD11c and CD18 in neutrophils and monocytes. The actions of efavirenz, but not of nevirapine, were reversed by antibodies against Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18), gp150,95 (CD11c/CD18) or ICAM-1 (CD54). CONCLUSIONS NNRTIs, but not PIs, interfere with leucocyte-endothelial interactions. However, differences between efavirenz and nevirapine suggest a specific CV profile for each compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Orden
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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John-Baptiste A, Huang W, Kindt E, Wu A, Vitsky A, Scott W, Gross C, Yang AH, Schaiff WT, Ramaiah SK. Evaluation of Potential Gastrointestinal Biomarkers in a PAK4 Inhibitor-treated Preclinical Toxicity Model to Address Unmonitorable Gastrointestinal Toxicity. Toxicol Pathol 2012; 40:482-90. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623311432289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Annette John-Baptiste
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Drug Safety Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Wenhu Huang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Drug Safety Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Erick Kindt
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Annette Wu
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Allison Vitsky
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Drug Safety Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Wes Scott
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Drug Safety Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Cindy Gross
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Drug Safety Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy H. Yang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Drug Safety Research and Development, San Diego, California, USA
| | - W. Timothy Schaiff
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Drug Safety Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shashi K. Ramaiah
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Drug Safety Research and Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Kohler JE, Blass AL, Liu J, Tai K, Soybel DI. Antioxidant pre-treatment prevents omeprazole-induced toxicity in an in vitro model of infectious gastritis. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:786-91. [PMID: 20554018 PMCID: PMC2910817 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2010] [Revised: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 05/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Omeprazole is a mainstay of therapy for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and gastritis, and is increasingly used as an over-the-counter remedy for dyspepsia. Omeprazole acts by selectively oxidizing thiol targets in the gastric proton pump, but it also appears to be toxic to the gastric mucosa. We hypothesized that omeprazole toxicity is due to non-specific oxidation of cell structures other than the proton pump, and tested the efficacy of antioxidants to prevent omeprazole-induced toxicity in isolated rabbit gastric glands. Toxicity was measured by uptake and converstion of calcein-AM, following three hours of exposure to omeprazole and a non-selective thiol-oxidant, monochloramine. Intracellular concentration of Zn(2+) and the capacity to maintain luminal acidity were monitored using the fluorescent reporters fluozin-3 and Lysosensor DND-160, respectively. Both omeprazole and monochloramine caused marked reduction in cell viability. The toxicity of omeprazole was independent of monochloramine toxicity. The thiol reducing agent dithiothreitol protected gastric glands from injury. The oxidant scavenger Vitamin C also protected, and did not impair the anti-secretory effects of omeprazole. Thus, omeprazole toxicity appears to be oxidative and preventable with antioxidant therapy, including Vitamin C. Vitamin C may be a safe and efficacious addition to treatments requiring the use of PPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E Kohler
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Ibiza S, Alvarez A, Romero W, Barrachina MD, Esplugues JV, Calatayud S. Gastrin induces the interaction between human mononuclear leukocytes and endothelial cells through the endothelial expression of P-selectin and VCAM-1. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 297:C1588-95. [PMID: 19812370 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00082.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gastric mucosal inflammation is frequently associated with hypergastrinemia, and a correlation exists between the level of gastrin and degree of gastritis. We have previously observed that gastrin promotes leukocyte-endothelial interactions and contributes to Helicobacter-induced inflammation in the rat mesentery. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate a possible proinflammatory activity of gastrin in humans. The interaction between human leukocytes [U-937 cells, peripheral blood polymorphonuclear (PMN), and peripheral blood mononuclear (PBMC) cells] and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) was analyzed in static and dynamic conditions. The endothelial expression of adhesion molecules [P-selectin, E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1] was analyzed by flow cytometry and fluorescent microscopy screening. Gastrin increased the static adhesion of U-937 cells to HUVEC (1 h; 10(-9) M: 122 +/- 9%; 10(-8) M: 143 +/- 17%; 10(-7) M: 162 +/- 14% vs. control, all P < 0.05). Incubation of HUVEC with gastrin (4 h) also increased PBMC rolling (vehicle: 63 +/- 12; 10(-9) M: 109 +/- 29; 10(-8) M: 141 +/- 24; 10(-7) M: 261 +/- 16 leukocytes/min, P < 0.05) and adhesion (vehicle: 3 +/- 2, 10(-9) M: 11 +/- 4, 10(-8) M: 17 +/- 5, 10(-7) M: 15 +/- 5 leukocytes/mm(2), all P < 0.05) in the parallel-plate flow chamber. Treatment of PBMC with gastrin had no effects. The cholecystokinin (CCK)-2 receptor antagonist (L-365,260, 10(-7) M) prevented the effects of gastrin. P-selectin and VCAM-1 expression were enhanced by gastrin, and neutralizing antibodies against these molecules prevented PBMC rolling and adhesion. Gastrin did not affect the interactions between HUVEC and PMN. Gastrin induces interactions between human mononuclear leukocytes and endothelial cells through the activation of CCK-2 receptors and the enhancement of endothelial P-selectin and VCAM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sales Ibiza
- Departamento de Farmacología and CIBERehd, Universidad de Valencia, Spain
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