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Saganuwan SA. Structure-activity relationship of pharmacophores and toxicophores: the need for clinical strategy. Daru 2024:10.1007/s40199-024-00525-y. [PMID: 38935265 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-024-00525-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sometimes clinical efficacy and potential risk of therapeutic and toxic agents are difficult to predict over a long period of time. Hence there is need for literature search with a view to assessing cause of toxicity and less efficacy of drugs used in clinical practice. METHOD Hence literatures were searched for physicochemical properties, chemical formulas, molecular masses, pH values, ionization, receptor type, agonist and antagonist, therapeutic, toxic and structure-activity relationship of chemical compounds with pharmacophore and toxicophore, with a view to identifying high efficacious and relative low toxic agents. Inclusion criteria were manuscripts published on PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed Central, Google Scholar among others, between 1960 and 2023. Keywords such as pharmacophore, toxicophore, structure-activity-relationship and disease where also searched. The exclusion criteria were the chemicals that lack pharmacophore, toxicophore and manuscripts published before 1960. RESULTS Findings have shown that pharmacophore and toxicophore functional groups determine clinical efficacy and safety of therapeutics, but if they overlap therapeutic and toxicity effects go concurrently. Hence the functional groups, dose, co-administration and concentration of drugs at receptor, drug-receptor binding and duration of receptor binding are the determining factors of pharmacophore and toxicophore activity. Molecular mass, chemical configuration, pH value, receptor affinity and binding capacity, multiple pharmacophores, hydrophilic/lipophilic nature of the chemical contribute greatly to functionality of pharmacophore and toxicophore. CONCLUSION Daily single therapy, avoidance of reversible pharmacology, drugs with covalent adduct, maintenance of therapeutic dose, and the use of multiple pharmacophores for terminal diseases will minimize toxicity and improve efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saganuwan Alhaji Saganuwan
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, P.M.B. 2373, Benue State, Nigeria.
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2
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Sandré F, Moilleron R, Morin C, Garrigue-Antar L. Comprehensive analysis of a widely pharmaceutical, furosemide, and its degradation products in aquatic systems: Occurrence, fate, and ecotoxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 348:123799. [PMID: 38527585 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Many pharmaceutical compounds end up in the environment due to incomplete removal by wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Some compounds are sometimes present in significant concentrations and therefore represent a risk to the aquatic environment. Furosemide is one of the most widely used drugs in the world. Considered as an essential drug by the World Health Organization, this powerful loop diuretic is used extensively to treat hypertension, heart and kidney failure and many other purposes. However, this important consumption also results in a significant release of furosemide in wastewater and in the receiving environment where concentrations of a few hundred ng/L to several thousand have been found in the literature, making furosemide a compound of great concern. Also, during its transport in wastewater systems and WWTPs, furosemide can be degraded by various processes resulting in the production of more than 74 by-products. Furosemide may therefore present a significant risk to ecosystem health due not only to its direct cytotoxic, genotoxic and hepatotoxic effects in animals, but also indirectly through its transformation products, which are poorly characterized. Many articles classify furosemide as a priority pollutant according to its occurrence in the environment, its persistence, its elimination by WWTPs, its toxicity and ecotoxicity. Here, we present a state-of-the-art review of this emerging pollutant of interest, tracking it, from its consumption to its fate in the aquatic environment. Discussion points include the occurrence of furosemide in various matrices, the efficiency of many processes for the degradation of furosemide, the subsequent production of degradation products following these treatments, as well as their toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidji Sandré
- Leesu, Univ Paris Est Creteil, Ecole des Ponts, Creteil, F-94010, France
| | - Régis Moilleron
- Leesu, Univ Paris Est Creteil, Ecole des Ponts, Creteil, F-94010, France
| | - Christophe Morin
- Leesu, Univ Paris Est Creteil, Ecole des Ponts, Creteil, F-94010, France; IUT - Sénart Fontainebleau, 36 Rue Georges Charpak, 77567, Lieusaint, France
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3
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Balaji S. Metabophore-mediated retro-metabolic ('MeMeReMe') approach in drug design. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103736. [PMID: 37586644 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Preclinical toxicity assessments of new drugs require the use of in silico prediction techniques as ethics, cost, time, and complexity limit in vitro and in vivo methods. This review discusses the fundamental concepts of biophores especially toxicophores and their detection methodologies, tools and techniques, as well as ongoing challenges, and methods for overcoming them. This will guide the design community in manipulating lead compounds via a pre-determined pathway based on the MeMeReMe approach. The ideas discussed will be useful both for predicting toxicity and for de-risking leads through optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seetharaman Balaji
- Department of Biotechnology, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 57614, India.
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4
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Tenebrio molitor as a Simple and Cheap Preclinical Pharmacokinetic and Toxicity Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032296. [PMID: 36768618 PMCID: PMC9917132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The progression of drugs into clinical phases requires proper toxicity assessment in animals and the correct identification of possible metabolites. Accordingly, different animal models are used to preliminarily evaluate toxicity and biotransformations. Rodents are the most common models used to preliminarily evaluate the safety of drugs; however, their use is subject to ethical consideration and elevated costs, and strictly regulated by national legislations. Herein, we developed a novel, cheap and convenient toxicity model using Tenebrio molitor coleoptera (TMC). A panel of 15 drugs-including antivirals and antibacterials-with different therapeutic applications was administered to TMC and the LD50 was determined. The values are comparable with those already determined in mice and rats. In addition, a TMC model was used to determine the presence of the main metabolites and in vivo pharmacokinetics (PK), and results were compared with those available from in vitro assays and the literature. Taken together, our results demonstrate that TMC can be used as a novel and convenient preliminary toxicity model to preliminarily evaluate the safety of experimental compounds and the formation of main metabolites, and to reduce the costs and number of rodents, according to 3R principles.
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5
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Zoumpouli GA, Zhang Z, Wenk J, Prasse C. Aqueous ozonation of furans: Kinetics and transformation mechanisms leading to the formation of α,β-unsaturated dicarbonyl compounds. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 203:117487. [PMID: 34384950 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the widespread occurrence of furan moieties in synthetic and natural compounds, their fate in aqueous ozonation has not been investigated in detail. Reaction rate constants of seven commonly used furans with ozone were measured and ranged from kO3 = 8.5 × 104 to 3.2 × 106 M-1 s-1, depending on the type and position of furan ring substituents. Transformation product analysis of the reaction of furans with ozone focusing on the formation of toxic organic electrophiles using a novel amino acid reactivity assay revealed the formation of α,β-unsaturated dicarbonyl compounds, 2-butene-1,4-dial (BDA) and its substituted analogues (BDA-Rs). Their formation can be attributed to ozone attack at the reactive α-C position leading to furan ring opening. The molar yields of α,β-unsaturated dicarbonyl compounds varied with the applied ozone concentration reaching maximum values of 7% for 2-furoic acid. The identified α,β-unsaturated dicarbonyls are well-known toxicophores that are also formed by enzymatic oxidation of furans in the human body. In addition to providing data on kinetics, transformation product analysis and proposed reaction mechanisms for the ozonation of furans, this study raises concern about the presence of α,β-unsaturated dicarbonyl compounds in water treatment and the resulting effects on human and environmental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garyfalia A Zoumpouli
- Centre for Doctoral Training, Centre for Sustainable Chemical Technologies, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Water Innovation and Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Zhuoyue Zhang
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Jannis Wenk
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK; Water Innovation and Research Centre (WIRC), University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Carsten Prasse
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA; Risk Sciences and Public Policy Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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6
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Wang Z, Wang Y, Pasangulapati JP, Stover KR, Liu X, Schier SW, Weaver DF. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of furosemide analogs as therapeutics for the proteopathy and immunopathy of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 222:113565. [PMID: 34118718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
β-Amyloid (Aβ) triggered proteopathic and immunopathic processes are a postulated cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Monomeric Aβ is derived from amyloid precursor protein, whereupon it aggregates into various assemblies, including oligomers and fibrils, which disrupt neuronal membrane integrity and induce cellular damage. Aβ is directly neurotoxic/synaptotoxic, but may also induce neuroinflammation through the concomitant activation of microglia. Previously, we have shown that furosemide is a known anthranilate-based drug with the capacity to downregulate the proinflammatory microglial M1 phenotype and upregulate the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype. To further explore the pharmacologic effects of furosemide, this study reports a series of furosemide analogs that target both Aβ aggregation and neuroinflammation, thereby addressing the combined proteopathic-immunopathic pathogenesis of AD. Forty compounds were synthesized and evaluated. Compounds 3c, 3g, and 20 inhibited Aβ oligomerization; 33 and 34 inhibited Aβ fibrillization. 3g and 34 inhibited the production of TNF-α, IL-6, and nitric oxide, downregulated the expression of COX-2 and iNOS, and promoted microglial phagocytotic activity, suggesting dual activity against Aβ aggregation and neuroinflammation. Our data demonstrate the potential therapeutic utility of the furosemide-like anthranilate platform in the development of drug-like molecules targeting both the proteopathy and immunopathy of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyu Wang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yanfei Wang
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Kurt R Stover
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Donald F Weaver
- Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada; Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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7
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Pellegrini G, Williams DP, Amadio D, Park BK, Kipar A. Morphological and Mechanistic Aspects of Thiourea-Induced Acute Lung Injury and Tolerance in the Rat. Toxicol Pathol 2020; 48:725-737. [PMID: 32815462 DOI: 10.1177/0192623320941465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Thiourea-based molecules cause pulmonary edema when administered to rats at relatively low doses. However, rats survive normally lethal doses after prior exposure to a lower, nonlethal dose; this phenomenon is known as tolerance. The present study investigated the morphological and functional aspects of acute lung injury (ALI) induced by methylphenylthiourea (MPTU) in the Wistar rat and the pulmonary response involved in prevention of the injury. We identified pulmonary endothelial cells as the main target of acute MPTU injury; they exhibited ultrastructural alterations that can result in increased vascular permeability. In tolerant rats, the lungs showed only transient endothelial changes, at 24-hour post dosing, and mild type II pneumocyte hyperplasia on day 7 post dosing. They exhibited glutathione levels similar to the controls and increased expression of flavin-containing monooxygenase 1 (FMO1), the enzyme responsible for bioactivation of small thioureas in the laboratory rat. Incubation of rat pulmonary microsomal preparations with MPTU inhibited FMO activity, indicating that tolerance is related to irreversible inhibition of FMOs. The rat model of thiourea-induced pulmonary toxicity and tolerance represents an interesting approach to investigate certain aspects of the pathogenesis of ALI and therapeutic approaches to lung diseases, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Pellegrini
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology (LAMP), Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Pellegrini is now with Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Dominic Paul Williams
- Safety Platforms, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Daniele Amadio
- Research and Early Development, Respiratory, Inflammation and Autoimmunity, Bio Pharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden.,Amadio is now with Pelago Bioscience AB, Solna, Sweden
| | - Brian Kevin Park
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Anja Kipar
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology (LAMP), Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Institute of Global Health, 4591University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
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8
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Detection and confirmation of the ring-opened carboxylic acid metabolite of a new synthetic opioid furanylfentanyl. Forensic Toxicol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-020-00546-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Recently, the opioid epidemic has become a serious problem, particularly in North America and Europe. The aim of this study was to clarifyQuery the metabolic fate of a new synthetic opioid furanylfentanyl.
Methods
The metabolism of furanylfentanyl was investigated by incubating fresh human hepatocytes with 10 µM furanylfentanyl at 37 °C for 48 h in an atmosphere of 5% CO2. After incubation, the culture medium was deproteinized and analyzed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Results
On the chromatogram, four metabolites of furanylfentanyl were presumably detected: 4´-hydroxy-furanylfentanyl, β-hydroxy-furanylfentanyl, 4´-hydroxy-3´-methoxy-furanylfentanyl, and a ring-opened carboxylic acid metabolite. These newly found metabolites of furanylfentanyl were then definitely identified using chemically synthesized authentic standards.
Conclusions
Four metabolites of furanylfentanyl were newly identified. Although it has been proposed over recent years that a dihydrodiol metabolite, which has the same molecular weight as the ring-opened carboxylic acid metabolite, is formed from furanylfentanyl, this study demonstrated that the ring-opened carboxylic acid metabolite, rather than the dihydrodiol metabolite, is formed from furanylfentanyl.
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9
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Laurencé C, Zeghbib N, Rivard M, Lehri-Boufala S, Lachaise I, Barau C, Le Corvoisier P, Martens T, Garrigue-Antar L, Morin C. A new human pyridinium metabolite of furosemide, inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I, is a candidate inducer of neurodegeneration. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 160:14-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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McGill MR, Jaeschke H. Animal models of drug-induced liver injury. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1865:1031-1039. [PMID: 31007174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) presents unique challenges for consumers, clinicians, and regulators. It is the most common cause of acute liver failure in the US. It is also one of the most common reasons for termination of new drugs during pre-clinical testing and withdrawal of new drugs post-marketing. DILI is generally divided into two forms: intrinsic and idiosyncratic. Many of the challenges with DILI are due in large part to poor understanding of the mechanisms of toxicity. Although useful models of intrinsic DILI are available, they are frequently misused. Modeling idiosyncratic DILI presents greater challenges, but promising new models have recently been developed. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide a critical review of the most popular animal models of DILI, and to discuss the future of DILI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R McGill
- Dept. of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; Dept. of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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11
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Mason CL, Leedale J, Tasoulis S, Jarman I, Antoine DJ, Webb SD. Systems Toxicology Approach to Identifying Paracetamol Overdose. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol 2018; 7:394-403. [PMID: 29667370 PMCID: PMC6027737 DOI: 10.1002/psp4.12298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracetamol (acetaminophen (APAP)) is one of the most commonly used analgesics in the United Kingdom and the United States. However, exceeding the maximum recommended dose can cause serious liver injury and even death. Promising APAP toxicity biomarkers are thought to add value to those used currently and clarification of the functional relationships between these biomarkers and liver injury would aid clinical implementation of an improved APAP toxicity identification framework. The framework currently used to define an APAP overdose is highly dependent upon time since ingestion and initial dose; information that is often highly unpredictable. A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) APAP model has been built in order to understand the relationships between a panel of biomarkers and APAP dose. Visualization and statistical tools have been used to predict initial APAP dose and time since administration. Additionally, logistic regression analysis has been applied to histology data to provide a prediction of the probability of liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantelle L. Mason
- Department of Applied MathematicsLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Joseph Leedale
- EPSRC Liverpool Centre for Mathematics in Healthcare, Department of Mathematical SciencesUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Sotiris Tasoulis
- Department of Applied MathematicsLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Ian Jarman
- Department of Applied MathematicsLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
| | - Daniel J. Antoine
- MRC Centre for Inflammation ResearchQueens Medical Research Institute, University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Steven D. Webb
- Department of Applied MathematicsLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUK
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12
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Deng Y, Fu Y, Xu S, Wang P, Yang N, Li C, Yu Q. Detection and Structural Characterization of Nucleophiles Trapped Reactive Metabolites of Limonin Using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:3797389. [PMID: 29850372 PMCID: PMC5932435 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3797389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Limonin (LIM), a furan-containing limonoid, is one of the most abundant components of Dictamnus dasycarpus Turcz. Recent studies demonstrated that LIM has great potential for inhibiting the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes. However, the mechanisms of LIM-induced enzyme inactivation processes remain unexplored. The main objective of this study was to identify the reactive metabolites of LIM using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Three nucleophiles, glutathione (GSH), N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), and N-acetyl lysine (NAL), were used to trap the reactive metabolites of LIM in in vitro and in vivo models. Two different types of mass spectrometry, a hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight (Q-TOF) mass spectrometry and a LTQ velos Pro ion trap mass spectrometry, were employed to acquire structural information of nucleophile adducts of LIM. In total, six nucleophile adducts of LIM (M1-M6) with their isomers were identified; among them, M1 was a GSH and NAL conjugate of LIM, M2-M4 were glutathione adducts of LIM, M5 was a NAC and NAL conjugate of LIM, and M6 was a NAC adduct of LIM. Additionally, CYP3A4 was found to be the key enzyme responsible for the bioactivation of limonin. This metabolism study largely facilitates the understanding of mechanisms of limonin-induced enzyme inactivation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Deng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yudong Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shumin Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Nailong Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chengqian Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 16 Jiangsu Road, Qingdao 266071, China
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13
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Biomimetic trapping cocktail to screen reactive metabolites: use of an amino acid and DNA motif mixture as light/heavy isotope pairs differing in mass shift. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:3847-3857. [PMID: 29654341 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1057-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Candidate drugs that can be metabolically transformed into reactive electrophilic products, such as epoxides, quinones, and nitroso compounds, are of special concern because subsequent covalent binding to bio-macromolecules can cause adverse drug reactions, such as allergic reactions, hepatotoxicity, and genotoxicity. Several strategies have been reported for screening reactive metabolites, such as a covalent binding assay with radioisotope-labeled drugs and a trapping method followed by LC-MS/MS analyses. Of these, a trapping method using glutathione is the most common, especially at the early stage of drug development. However, the cysteine of glutathione is not the only nucleophilic site in vivo; lysine, histidine, arginine, and DNA bases are also nucleophilic. Indeed, the glutathione trapping method tends to overlook several types of reactive metabolites, such as aldehydes, acylglucuronides, and nitroso compounds. Here, we introduce an alternate way for screening reactive metabolites as follows: A mixture of the light and heavy isotopes of simplified amino acid motifs and a DNA motif is used as a biomimetic trapping cocktail. This mixture consists of [2H0]/[2H3]-1-methylguanidine (arginine motif, Δ 3 Da), [2H0]/[2H4]-2-mercaptoethanol (cysteine motif, Δ 4 Da), [2H0]/[2H5]-4-methylimidazole (histidine motif, Δ 5 Da), [2H0]/[2H9]-n-butylamine (lysine motif, Δ 9 Da), and [13C0,15N0]/[13C1,15N2]-2'-deoxyguanosine (DNA motif, Δ 3 Da). Mass tag triggered data-dependent acquisition is used to find the characteristic doublet peaks, followed by specific identification of the light isotope peak using MS/MS. Forty-two model drugs were examined using an in vitro microsome experiment to validate the strategy. Graphical abstract Biomimetic trapping cocktail to screen reactive metabolites.
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14
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Dynamic and accurate assessment of acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by integrated photoacoustic imaging and mechanistic biomarkers in vivo. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 332:64-74. [PMID: 28755860 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The prediction and understanding of acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury (APAP-ILI) and the response to therapeutic interventions is complex. This is due in part to sensitivity and specificity limitations of currently used assessment techniques. Here we sought to determine the utility of integrating translational non-invasive photoacoustic imaging of liver function with mechanistic circulating biomarkers of hepatotoxicity with histological assessment to facilitate the more accurate and precise characterization of APAP-ILI and the efficacy of therapeutic intervention. Perturbation of liver function and cellular viability was assessed in C57BL/6J male mice by Indocyanine green (ICG) clearance (Multispectral Optoacoustic Tomography (MSOT)) and by measurement of mechanistic (miR-122, HMGB1) and established (ALT, bilirubin) circulating biomarkers in response to the acetaminophen and its treatment with acetylcysteine (NAC) in vivo. We utilised a 60% partial hepatectomy model as a situation of defined hepatic functional mass loss to compared acetaminophen-induced changes to. Integration of these mechanistic markers correlated with histological features of APAP hepatotoxicity in a time-dependent manner. They accurately reflected the onset and recovery from hepatotoxicity compared to traditional biomarkers and also reported the efficacy of NAC with high sensitivity. ICG clearance kinetics correlated with histological scores for acute liver damage for APAP (i.e. 3h timepoint; r=0.90, P<0.0001) and elevations in both of the mechanistic biomarkers, miR-122 (e.g. 6h timepoint; r=0.70, P=0.005) and HMGB1 (e.g. 6h timepoint; r=0.56, P=0.04). For the first time we report the utility of this non-invasive longitudinal imaging approach to provide direct visualisation of the liver function coupled with mechanistic biomarkers, in the same animal, allowing the investigation of the toxicological and pharmacological aspects of APAP-ILI and hepatic regeneration.
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Zhang Z, Lin D, Li W, Gao H, Peng Y, Zheng J. Sensitive bromine-based screening of potential toxic furanoids in Dioscorea bulbifera L. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1057:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Olvera-Vargas H, Leroy S, Rivard M, Oturan N, Oturan M, Buisson D. Microbial biotransformation of furosemide for environmental risk assessment: identification of metabolites and toxicological evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:22691-22700. [PMID: 27557972 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7398-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Some widely prescribed drugs are sparsely metabolized and end up in the environment. They can thus be a focal point of ecotoxicity, either themselves or their environmental transformation products. In this context, we present a study concerning furosemide, a diuretic, which is mainly excreted unchanged. We investigated its biotransformation by two environmental fungi, Aspergillus candidus and Cunninghamella echinulata. The assessment of its ecotoxicity and that of its metabolites was performed using the Microtox test (ISO 11348-3) with Vibrio fischeri marine bacteria. Three metabolites were identified by means of HPLC-MS and 1H/13C NMR analysis: saluamine, a known pyridinium derivative and a hydroxy-ketone product, the latter having not been previously described. This hydroxy-ketone metabolite was obtained with C. echinulata and was further slowly transformed into saluamine. The pyridinium derivative was obtained in low amount with both strains. Metabolites, excepting saluamine, exhibited higher toxicity than furosemide, being the pyridinium structure the one with the most elevated toxic levels (EC50 = 34.40 ± 6.84 mg L-1). These results demonstrate that biotic environmental transformation products may present a higher environmental risk than the starting drug, hence highlighting the importance of boosting toxicological risk assessment related to the impact of pharmaceutical waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Olvera-Vargas
- Laboratoire Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM), UMR 7245 CNRS-MNHN, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, CP 54, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
- Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (LGE), Université Paris-Est, EA 4508, UPEM, 77454, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Sébastien Leroy
- Laboratoire Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM), UMR 7245 CNRS-MNHN, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, CP 54, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Michael Rivard
- Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux de Paris-Est, UMR CNRS UPEC 7182, Université Paris-Est, 94320, Thiais, France
| | - Nihal Oturan
- Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (LGE), Université Paris-Est, EA 4508, UPEM, 77454, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Mehmet Oturan
- Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (LGE), Université Paris-Est, EA 4508, UPEM, 77454, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Didier Buisson
- Laboratoire Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes (MCAM), UMR 7245 CNRS-MNHN, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Universités, CP 54, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005, Paris, France.
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Burkhart KK, Abernethy D, Jackson D. Data Mining FAERS to Analyze Molecular Targets of Drugs Highly Associated with Stevens-Johnson Syndrome. J Med Toxicol 2016; 11:265-73. [PMID: 25876064 DOI: 10.1007/s13181-015-0472-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug features that are associated with Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) have not been fully characterized. A molecular target analysis of the drugs associated with SJS in the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) may contribute to mechanistic insights into SJS pathophysiology. The publicly available version of FAERS was analyzed to identify disproportionality among the molecular targets, metabolizing enzymes, and transporters for drugs associated with SJS. The FAERS in-house version was also analyzed for an internal comparison of the drugs most highly associated with SJS. Cyclooxygenases 1 and 2, carbonic anhydrase 2, and sodium channel 2 alpha were identified as disproportionately associated with SJS. Cytochrome P450 (CYPs) 3A4 and 2C9 are disproportionately represented as metabolizing enzymes of the drugs associated with SJS adverse event reports. Multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP-1), organic anion transporter 1 (OAT1), and PEPT2 were also identified and are highly associated with the transport of these drugs. A detailed review of the molecular targets identifies important roles for these targets in immune response. The association with CYP metabolizing enzymes suggests that reactive metabolites and oxidative stress may have a contributory role. Drug transporters may enhance intracellular tissue concentrations and also have vital physiologic roles that impact keratinocyte proliferation and survival. Data mining FAERS may be used to hypothesize mechanisms for adverse drug events by identifying molecular targets that are highly associated with drug-induced adverse events. The information gained may contribute to systems biology disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith K Burkhart
- Medical Informatics Team, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translational Science, Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bldg 64, Rm 2012, 10903 New Hampshire Ave, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA,
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18
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Singh PK, Negi A, Gupta PK, Chauhan M, Kumar R. Toxicophore exploration as a screening technology for drug design and discovery: techniques, scope and limitations. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:1785-802. [PMID: 26341667 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1587-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity is a common drawback of newly designed chemotherapeutic agents. With the exception of pharmacophore-induced toxicity (lack of selectivity at higher concentrations of a drug), the toxicity due to chemotherapeutic agents is based on the toxicophore moiety present in the drug. To date, methodologies implemented to determine toxicophores may be broadly classified into biological, bioanalytical and computational approaches. The biological approach involves analysis of bioactivated metabolites, whereas the computational approach involves a QSAR-based method, mapping techniques, an inverse docking technique and a few toxicophore identification/estimation tools. Being one of the major steps in drug discovery process, toxicophore identification has proven to be an essential screening step in drug design and development. The paper is first of its kind, attempting to cover and compare different methodologies employed in predicting and determining toxicophores with an emphasis on their scope and limitations. Such information may prove vital in the appropriate selection of methodology and can be used as screening technology by researchers to discover the toxicophoric potentials of their designed and synthesized moieties. Additionally, it can be utilized in the manipulation of molecules containing toxicophores in such a manner that their toxicities might be eliminated or removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Kumar Singh
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151 001, India
| | - Arvind Negi
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151 001, India
| | - Pawan Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Computational Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151 001, India
| | - Monika Chauhan
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151 001, India
| | - Raj Kumar
- Laboratory for Drug Design and Synthesis, Centre for Pharmaceutical Sciences and Natural Products, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, 151 001, India.
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19
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Xu D, Michie SA, Zheng M, Takeda S, Wu M, Peltz G. Humanized thymidine kinase-NOG mice can be used to identify drugs that cause animal-specific hepatotoxicity: a case study with furosemide. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 354:73-8. [PMID: 25962391 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.224493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Interspecies differences have limited the predictive utility of toxicology studies performed using animal species. A drug that could be a safe and effective treatment in humans could cause toxicity in animals, preventing it from being used in humans. We investigated whether the use of thymidine kinase (TK)-NOG mice with humanized livers could prevent this unfortunate outcome (i.e., "rescue" a drug for use in humans). A high dose of furosemide is known to cause severe liver toxicity in mice, but it is a safe and effective treatment in humans. We demonstrate that administration of a high dose of furosemide (200 mg/kg i.p.) causes extensive hepatotoxicity in control mice but not in humanized TK-NOG mice. This interspecies difference results from a higher rate of production of the toxicity-causing metabolite by mouse liver. Comparison of their survival curves indicated that the humanized mice were more resistant than control mice to the hepatotoxicity caused by high doses of furosemide. In this test case, humanized TK-NOG mouse studies indicate that humans could be safely treated with a high dose of furosemide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Xu
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (D.X., M.Z., M.W., G.P.); Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (S.A.M.); and In Vivo Sciences International, Sunnyvale, California (S.T.)
| | - Sara A Michie
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (D.X., M.Z., M.W., G.P.); Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (S.A.M.); and In Vivo Sciences International, Sunnyvale, California (S.T.)
| | - Ming Zheng
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (D.X., M.Z., M.W., G.P.); Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (S.A.M.); and In Vivo Sciences International, Sunnyvale, California (S.T.)
| | - Saori Takeda
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (D.X., M.Z., M.W., G.P.); Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (S.A.M.); and In Vivo Sciences International, Sunnyvale, California (S.T.)
| | - Manhong Wu
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (D.X., M.Z., M.W., G.P.); Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (S.A.M.); and In Vivo Sciences International, Sunnyvale, California (S.T.)
| | - Gary Peltz
- Department of Anesthesia, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California (D.X., M.Z., M.W., G.P.); Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California (S.A.M.); and In Vivo Sciences International, Sunnyvale, California (S.T.)
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20
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McGill MR, Du K, Xie Y, Bajt ML, Ding WX, Jaeschke H. The role of the c-Jun N-terminal kinases 1/2 and receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 in furosemide-induced liver injury. Xenobiotica 2015; 45:442-9. [PMID: 25423287 PMCID: PMC4442771 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2014.986250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
1. The mechanisms of furosemide (FS) hepatotoxicity were explored in mice. Specifically, C57Bl/6 J mice were treated with 500 mg FS/kg bodyweight, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation and receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3) expression were measured by western blotting. Co-treatment with FS and the JNK inhibitor SP600125 was also performed, and FS-induced liver injury was compared in wild-type and RIP3 knockout (KO) mice. 2. JNK phosphorylation and RIP3 expression were increased in livers from the FS-treated mice as early as 6 h after treatment and persisted until at least 24 h. JNK phosphorylation was also observed in primary mouse hepatocytes and human HepaRG cells treated with FS. 3. Phosphorylated JNK translocated into mitochondria in livers, but no evidence of mitochondrial damage was observed. 4. SP600125-treated mice, SP600125 co-treated primary mouse hepatocytes and RIP3 KO mice were not protected against FS hepatotoxicity. These data show that, although JNK activation and RIP3 expression are induced by FS, neither contributes to the liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell R McGill
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center , Kansas City, KS , USA
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21
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Li W, Lin D, Gao H, Xu Y, Meng D, Smith CV, Peng Y, Zheng J. Metabolic activation of furan moiety makes Diosbulbin B hepatotoxic. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:863-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1495-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Laurencé C, Rivard M, Martens T, Morin C, Buisson D, Bourcier S, Sablier M, Oturan MA. Anticipating the fate and impact of organic environmental contaminants: a new approach applied to the pharmaceutical furosemide. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 113:193-199. [PMID: 25065810 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The presence of trace levels of organic contaminants in the environment is currently an environmental concern. When these contaminants are subjected to environmental transformations, environmental transformation products (ETPs) are obtained, whose structures often remain unknown. The absence of information concerning these new compounds makes them unavailable and consequently makes their environmental detection as well as their (eco)toxicological study impossible. This report describes a multidisciplinary approach that seeks to both anticipate the fate and evaluate the impact of organic environmental contaminants. Our approach consists of three steps. First, isolated and fully characterized transformation products (TPs) of the parent molecule are obtained. In the second step, the parent molecule is subjected to environmentally relevant transformations to identify plausible ETPs. The detection of previously characterized TPs allows the concomitant identification of plausible ETPs. The third step is devoted to the toxicological evaluation of the identified plausible ETPs. Such an approach has recently been applied to furosemide and has allowed the identification of its main TPs. This report now seeks to identify and evaluate toxicologically plausible ETPs of this drug, which is also known as an environmental contaminant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Laurencé
- Université Paris-Est, Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux de Paris-Est, UMR CNRS UPEC 7182, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Michael Rivard
- Université Paris-Est, Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux de Paris-Est, UMR CNRS UPEC 7182, 94320 Thiais, France
| | - Thierry Martens
- Université Paris-Est, Institut de Chimie et des Matériaux de Paris-Est, UMR CNRS UPEC 7182, 94320 Thiais, France.
| | - Christophe Morin
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Croissance Réparation et Régénération Tissulaires, EAC CNRS 7149 - UPEC, 94010 Créteil cedex, France
| | - Didier Buisson
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Unité Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Microorganismes, UMR CNRS MNHM 7245, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Bourcier
- Ecole Polytechnique, Laboratoire des Mécanismes Réactionnels, UMR CNRS Ecole Polytechnique 7651, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France
| | - Michel Sablier
- Ecole Polytechnique, Laboratoire des Mécanismes Réactionnels, UMR CNRS Ecole Polytechnique 7651, 91128 Palaiseau cedex, France; Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Centre de Recherche sur la Conservation des Collections, USR CNRS MNHN 3224, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mehmet A Oturan
- Université Paris-Est, Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement, EA 4508, UPEMLV, 77454 Marne-la-Vallée, France.
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Lin D, Li C, Peng Y, Gao H, Zheng J. Cytochrome P450–Mediated Metabolic Activation of Diosbulbin B. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1727-36. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.059261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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24
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Zal F, Taheri R, Khademi F, Keshavarz E, Rajabi S, Mostafavi-Pour Z. The combined effect of furosemide and propranolol on GSH homeostasis in ACHN renal cells. Toxicol Mech Methods 2014; 24:412-6. [PMID: 24845846 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2014.926437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Propranolol, a beta-adrenergic blocker, is used in the treatment of a large number of cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension and arrhythmias. Propranolol, in combination with furosemide, is used to treat hypertensive disorders although their side effect profile is not very obvious. In present study, the effects of the drugs furosemide and propranolol were in corporately investigated both on glutathione homeostasis and their antioxidant effect on ACHN cells. METHODS The cytoxicities and antioxidant effects of these two clinically important drugs on human kidney cell lines were evaluated using MTT following by the determination of glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and measuring the level of reduced glutathione (GSH). RESULTS Propranolol induced a significant cytotoxic effect at 100 µM, while furosemide was cytotoxic at doses of 250 and 1000 µg/ml. A slight increase in GPx and GR activities and GSH level was observed with propranolol and furosemide treatment alone, while the two drugs together caused a significant increase in GPx and GR activities (35% and 42%, respectively) and GSH content (35%) in ACHN cell lysates (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that although high doses of furosemide and propranolol are cytotoxic, co-administration of low doses may improve the antioxidant defense in patients undergoing treatment with these two important drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Zal
- Reproductive Biology Department, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
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25
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Qu Q, Liu J, Zhou HH, Klaassen CD. Nrf2 protects against furosemide-induced hepatotoxicity. Toxicology 2014; 324:35-42. [PMID: 24813929 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Furosemide is a diuretic drug, but its reactive intermediates lead to acute liver injury in mice. Given the essential role of Nrf2 as a cellular defense regulator, we investigated whether Nrf2 would protect against furosemide-induced liver injury using the Nrf2 "gene-dose response" mouse model (Nrf2-null with Nrf2 knock-out, wild-type with normal expression of Nrf2, Keap1-KD with enhanced Nrf2 activation and Keap1-HKO mice with maximum Nrf2 activation). Twenty-four hours after furosemide administration (250mg/kg, i.p.), serum ALT activities and histopathological analysis indicated severe hepatotoxicity in Nrf2-null and WT mice, but significantly less in the Nrf2-overexpressing Keap1-KD and Keap1-HKO mice. Furosemide increased the mRNA of genes involved in the acute phase response (hemeoxygenase-1 and metallothionein-1), ER stress (C/Ebp-homologous protein and Growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible protein), inflammatory cytokine (interleukin 1 beta), chemokines (macrophage inflammatory protein 2 and mouse keratinocyte-derived chemokine), as well as apoptosis (early growth response factor and BCL2-associated X protein) in livers of Nrf2-null and wild-type mice, but these genes increased less in mice with more Nrf2. The two genotypes of over-expressed Nrf2 mice had increased expression of the Nrf2 target genes Gclm, Gclc and Nqo1 prior to furosemide administration, and the expressions of these genes were increased further after furosemide administration. Thus, our findings provide strong evidence that over-expression of Nrf2 in Keap1-KD and Keap1-HKO mice and the increases in mRNA of a number of genes involved in anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, anti-ER stress and anti-apoptosis protect against furosemide-induced hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Qu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, Hunan, China; University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66101, USA; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jie Liu
- University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66101, USA
| | - Hong-Hao Zhou
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
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Shekh K, Khan S, Jena G, Kansara BR, Kushwaha S. 3-Aminobenzamide – a PARP inhibitor enhances the sensitivity of peripheral blood micronucleus and comet assays in mice. Toxicol Mech Methods 2014; 24:332-41. [DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2014.898355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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27
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Pellegrini G, Starkey Lewis PJ, Palmer L, Hetzel U, Goldring CE, Park BK, Kipar A, Williams DP. Intraperitoneal administration of high doses of polyethylene glycol (PEG) causes hepatic subcapsular necrosis and low-grade peritonitis with a rise in hepatic biomarkers. Toxicology 2013; 314:262-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Abstract
Many xenobiotics containing a furan ring are toxic and/or carcinogenic. The harmful effects of these compounds require furan ring oxidation. This reaction generates an electrophilic intermediate. Depending on the furan ring substituents, the intermediate is either an epoxide or a cis-enedione with more ring substitution favoring epoxide formation. Either intermediate reacts with cellular nucleophiles such as protein or DNA to trigger toxicities. The reactivity of the metabolite determines which cellular nucleophiles are targeted. The toxicity of a particular furan is also influenced by the presence of competing metabolic pathways or efficient detoxification routes. GSH plays an important role in modulating the harmful effects of this class of compound by reacting with the reactive metabolite. However, this may not represent a detoxification step in all cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Peterson
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, and Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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29
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Elliott EC, Regan SL, Maggs JL, Bowkett ER, Parry LJ, Williams DP, Park BK, Stachulski AV. Haloarene Derivatives of Carbamazepine with Reduced Bioactivation Liabilities: 2-Monohalo and 2,8-Dihalo Derivatives. J Med Chem 2012; 55:9773-84. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301013n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophie L. Regan
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science,
Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
| | - James L. Maggs
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science,
Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
| | | | - Laura J. Parry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZD, U.K
| | - Dominic P. Williams
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science,
Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
| | - B. Kevin Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science,
Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GE, U.K
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30
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Stachulski AV, Baillie TA, Kevin Park B, Scott Obach R, Dalvie DK, Williams DP, Srivastava A, Regan SL, Antoine DJ, Goldring CEP, Chia AJL, Kitteringham NR, Randle LE, Callan H, Castrejon JL, Farrell J, Naisbitt DJ, Lennard MS. The Generation, Detection, and Effects of Reactive Drug Metabolites. Med Res Rev 2012; 33:985-1080. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V. Stachulski
- Department of Chemistry, Robert Robinson Laboratories; University of Liverpool; Liverpool; L69 7ZD; UK
| | - Thomas A. Baillie
- School of Pharmacy; University of Washington; Box 357631; Seattle; Washington; 98195-7631
| | - B. Kevin Park
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - R. Scott Obach
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development; Groton; Connecticut 06340
| | - Deepak K. Dalvie
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism; Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development; La Jolla; California 94121
| | - Dominic P. Williams
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - Abhishek Srivastava
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - Sophie L. Regan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - Daniel J. Antoine
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - Christopher E. P. Goldring
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - Alvin J. L. Chia
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - Neil R. Kitteringham
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - Laura E. Randle
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science; Liverpool John Moores University; James Parsons Building, Byrom Street; Liverpool L3 3AF; UK
| | - Hayley Callan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - J. Luis Castrejon
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - John Farrell
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - Dean J. Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology; MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science; Institute of Translational Medicine; University of Liverpool; Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street; Liverpool L69 3GE; UK
| | - Martin S. Lennard
- Academic Unit of Medical Education; University of Sheffield; 85 Wilkinson Street; Sheffield S10 2GJ; UK
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Riebeling C, Hayess K, Peters AK, Steemans M, Spielmann H, Luch A, Seiler AEM. Assaying embryotoxicity in the test tube: current limitations of the embryonic stem cell test (EST) challenging its applicability domain. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012; 42:443-64. [PMID: 22512667 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.674483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Testing for embryotoxicity in vitro is an attractive alternative to animal experimentation. The embryonic stem cell test (EST) is such a method, and it has been formally validated by the European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods. A number of recent studies have underscored the potential of this method. However, the EST performed well below the 78% accuracy expected from the validation study using a new set of chemicals and pharmaceutical compounds, and also of toxicity criteria, tested to enlarge the database of the validated EST as part of the Work Package III of the ReProTect Project funded within the 6th Framework Programme of the European Union. To assess the performance and applicability domain of the EST we present a detailed review of the substances and their effects in the EST being nitrofen, ochratoxin A, D-penicillamine, methylazoxymethanol, lovastatin, papaverine, warfarin, β-aminopropionitrile, dinoseb, furosemide, doxylamine, pravastatin, and metoclopramide. By delineation of the molecular mechanisms of the substances we identify six categories of reasons for misclassifications. Some of these limitations might also affect other in vitro methods assessing embryotoxicity. Substances that fall into these categories need to be included in future validation sets and in validation guidelines for embryotoxicity testing. Most importantly, we suggest conceivable improvements and additions to the EST which will resolve most of the limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Riebeling
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), ZEBET - Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments, Berlin, Germany
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32
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Hsiao YW, Petersson C, Svensson MA, Norinder U. A Pragmatic Approach Using First-Principle Methods to Address Site of Metabolism with Implications for Reactive Metabolite Formation. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:686-95. [DOI: 10.1021/ci200523f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Wen Hsiao
- AstraZeneca Research and Development Södertälje, SE-151 85
Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Carl Petersson
- AstraZeneca Research and Development Södertälje, SE-151 85
Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Mats A. Svensson
- AstraZeneca Research and Development Södertälje, SE-151 85
Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Ulf Norinder
- AstraZeneca Research and Development Södertälje, SE-151 85
Södertälje, Sweden
- Department of Pharmacy, Uppsala University, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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33
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Preparative access to transformation products (TPs) of furosemide: a versatile application of anodic oxidation. Tetrahedron 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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34
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Mondal SC, Tripathi DN, Vikram A, Ramarao P, Jena GB. Furosemide-induced genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in the hepatocytes, but weak genotoxicity in the bone marrow cells of mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2011; 26:383-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2011.00927.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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35
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Boitano S, Flynn AN, Schulz SM, Hoffman J, Price TJ, Vagner J. Potent agonists of the protease activated receptor 2 (PAR2). J Med Chem 2011; 54:1308-13. [PMID: 21294569 DOI: 10.1021/jm1013049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Novel peptidomimetic pharmacophores to PAR(2) were designed based on the known activating peptide SLIGRL-NH(2). A set of 15 analogues was evaluated with a model cell line (16HBE14o-) that highly expresses PAR(2). Cells exposed to the PAR(2) activating peptide with N-terminal 2-furoyl modification (2-furoyl-LIGRLO-NH(2)) initiated increases in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i) EC(50) = 0.84 μM) and in vitro physiological responses as measured by the xCELLigence real time cell analyzer (RTCA EC(50) = 138 nM). We discovered two selective PAR(2) agonists with comparable potency: compound 1 (2-aminothiazol-4-yl; Ca(2+) EC(50) = 1.77 μM, RTCA EC(50) = 142 nM) and compound 2 (6-aminonicotinyl; Ca(2+) EC(50) = 2.60 μM, RTCA EC(50) = 311 nM). Unlike the previously described agonist, these novel agonists are devoid of the metabolically unstable 2-furoyl modification and thus provide potential advantages for PAR(2) peptide design for in vitro and in vivo studies. The novel compounds described herein also serve as a starting point for structure-activity relationship (SAR) design and are, for the first time, evaluated via a unique high throughput in vitro physiological assay. Together these will lead to discovery of more potent agonists and antagonists of PAR(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Boitano
- Arizona Respiratory Center and Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, 1501 N Campbell Avenue, Tucson, Arizona 85724, United States
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36
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Watson M. Furosemide. J Exot Pet Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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37
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Pharmacokinetic investigation into the mechanism of toxicity of Furosemide and its thiophene analogue. Toxicology 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2010.08.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Park BK, Laverty H, Srivastava A, Antoine DJ, Naisbitt D, Williams DP. Drug bioactivation and protein adduct formation in the pathogenesis of drug-induced toxicity. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 192:30-6. [PMID: 20846520 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) remain a major complication of drug therapy and can be classified as 'on-target' or 'off-target' (idiosyncratic) reactions. On-target reactions can be predicted from the known primary or secondary pharmacology of the drug and often represent an exaggeration of the pharmacological effect of the drug. In contrast, off-target adverse reactions cannot be predicted from knowledge of the basic pharmacology of the drug. The exact mechanisms of idiosyncratic drug reactions are still unclear; however it is believed that they can be initiated by chemically reactive drug metabolites. It is well known that xenobiotics can undergo metabolic bioactivation reactions which have the potential to cause cellular stress and damage. Bioactivation of drugs is thought to have the potential of initiating covalent linkages between cellular protein and drugs which can be recognised by the adaptive immune system in the absence of detectable cellular stress. This process cannot yet be predicted in pre-clinical models or discovered in clinical trials. Because of this hazard perception, the formation of chemically reactive metabolites in early drug discovery remains a serious impediment to the development of new medicines and can lead to withdrawal of an otherwise effective therapeutic agent. The fear of such reactions occurring at the post-licensing stage - when such problems first become evident - is a major contribution to drug attrition. The first step towards such methodology has been the development of chemically reactive metabolite screens. The chemical basis of drug bioactivation can usually be rationalised and synthetic strategies put in place to prevent such bioactivation. However, there is no simple correlation between drug bioactivation in vitro and adverse drug reactions in the clinic. Such a chemical approach is clearly limited by the facts that (a) not all drugs that can undergo bioactivation by human drug-metabolising enzymes are associated with hypersensitivity in the clinic and (b) drug bioactivation may not always be a mandatory step in drug hypersensitivity. To predict such reactions in early drug development, it will require an integrated understanding of the chemical, immunological and genetic basis of adverse drug reactions in patients, which in turn will depend on the development of novel in vitro experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- B K Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK.
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39
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Antoine DJ, Williams DP, Kipar A, Laverty H, Park BK. Diet restriction inhibits apoptosis and HMGB1 oxidation and promotes inflammatory cell recruitment during acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Mol Med 2010; 16:479-90. [PMID: 20811657 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2010.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is a major cause of acute liver failure and serves as a paradigm to elucidate mechanisms, predisposing factors and therapeutic interventions. The roles of apoptosis and inflammation during APAP hepatotoxicity remain controversial. We investigated whether fasting of mice for 24 h can inhibit APAP-induced caspase activation and apoptosis through the depletion of basal ATP. We also investigated in fasted mice the critical role played by inhibition of caspase-dependent cysteine 106 oxidation within high mobility group box-1 protein (HMGB1) released by ATP depletion in dying cells as a mechanism of immune activation. In fed mice treated with APAP, necrosis was the dominant form of hepatocyte death. However, apoptosis was also observed, indicated by K18 cleavage, DNA laddering and procaspase-3 processing. In fasted mice treated with APAP, only necrosis was observed. Inflammatory cell recruitment as a consequence of hepatocyte death was observed only in fasted mice treated with APAP or fed mice cotreated with a caspase inhibitor. Hepatic inflammation was also associated with loss in detection of serum oxidized-HMGB1. A significant role of HMGB1 in the induction of inflammation was confirmed with an HMGB1-neutralizing antibody. The differential response between fasted and fed mice was a consequence of a significant reduction in basal hepatic ATP, which prevented caspase processing, rather than glutathione depletion or altered APAP metabolism. Thus, the inhibition of caspase-driven apoptosis and HMGB1 oxidation by ATP depletion from fasting promotes an inflammatory response during drug-induced hepatotoxicity/liver pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel James Antoine
- Medical Research Council Centre for Drug Safety Science Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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40
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Cheong SL, Dolzhenko A, Kachler S, Paoletta S, Federico S, Cacciari B, Dolzhenko A, Klotz KN, Moro S, Spalluto G, Pastorin G. The significance of 2-furyl ring substitution with a 2-(para-substituted) aryl group in a new series of pyrazolo-triazolo-pyrimidines as potent and highly selective hA(3) adenosine receptors antagonists: new insights into structure-affinity relationship and receptor-antagonist recognition. J Med Chem 2010; 53:3361-75. [PMID: 20307065 DOI: 10.1021/jm100049f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Among the heterocyclic structures identified as potent human A(3) (hA(3)) adenosine receptor's antagonists, we have demonstrated that the new pyrazolo-triazolo-pyrimidines, bearing an aryl group in replacement of the C(2)-furyl ring, not only confer a good pharmacological profile (with significantly enhanced selectivity against other adenosine receptor subytpes) but also overcome the metabolic transformation of the furan ring into toxic intermediates. All the synthesized [2-(para-substituted) phenyl]-pyrazolo-triazolo-pyrimidines showed affinity at the hA(3) receptor in the low nanomolar range. The most potent derivative of the series presented better affinity and excellent selectivity (compound 31, K(i) hA(3) = 0.108 nM; hA(1)/hA(3) = 5200; hA(2A)/hA(3) = 7200), in comparison to the C(2)-furyl counterpart. A receptor-driven molecular modeling investigation, based on a recently proposed model of A(3) receptor derived from the crystallographic structure of human A(2A) receptor, has been carried out in order to support the experimental binding data and to justify the enhanced selectivity against the other receptor subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Lee Cheong
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 2, Block S15, no. 05-PI-03, Singapore 117543
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41
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Yang KH, Choi YH, Lee U, Lee JH, Lee MG. Effects of cytochrome P450 inducers and inhibitors on the pharmacokinetics of intravenous furosemide in rats: involvement of CYP2C11, 2E1, 3A1 and 3A2 in furosemide metabolism. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.01.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
It has been reported that the non-renal clearance of furosemide was significantly faster in rats pretreated with phenobarbital but was not altered in rats pretreated with 3-methylcholanthrene. However, no studies on other cytochrome P450 (CYP) isozymes have yet been reported in rats.
Method
Furosemide 20 mg/kg was administered intravenously to rats pretreated with various CYP inducers –3-methylcholanthrene, orphenadrine citrate and isoniazid, inducers of CYP1A1/2, 2B1/2 and 2E1, respectively, in rats – and inhibitors – SKF-525A (a nonspecific inhibitor of CYP isozymes), sulfaphenazole, cimetidine, quinine hydrochloride and troleandomycin, inhibitors of CYP2C6, 2C11, 2D and 3A1/2, respectively, in rats.
Key findings
The non-renal clearance of furosemide was significantly faster (55.9% increase) in rats pretreated with isoniazid, but slower in those pretreated with cimetidine or troleandomycin (38.5% and 22.7% decreases, respectively), than controls. After incubation of furosemide with baculovirus-infected insect cells expressing CYP2C11, 2E1, 3A1 or 3A2, furosemide was metabolized via CYP2C11, 2E1, 3A1 and 3A2.
Conclusions
These findings could help explain possible pharmacokinetic changes of furosemide in various rat disease models (where CYP2C11, 2E1, 3A1 and/or CYP3A2 are altered) and drug–drug interactions between furosemide and other drugs (mainly metabolized via CYP2C11, 2E1, 3A1 and/or 3A2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung H Yang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young H Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Unji Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo H Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Myung G Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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42
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Abstract
Drugs are generally converted to biologically inactive forms and eliminated from the body, principally by hepatic metabolism. However, certain drugs undergo biotransformation to metabolites that can interfere with cellular functions through their intrinsic chemical reactivity towards glutathione, leading to thiol depletion, and functionally critical macromolecules, resulting in reversible modification, irreversible adduct formation, and irreversible loss of activity. There is now a great deal of evidence which shows that reactive metabolites are formed from drugs known to cause hepatotoxicity, such as acetaminophen, tamoxifen, isoniazid, and amodiaquine. The main theme of this article is to review the evidence for chemically reactive metabolites being initiating factors for the multiple downstream biological events culminating in toxicity. The major objectives are to understand those idiosyncratic hepatotoxicities thought to be caused by chemically reactive metabolites and to define the role of toxic metabolites.
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43
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Baba A, Yoshioka T. Structure−Activity Relationships for the Degradation Reaction of 1-β-O-Acyl Glucuronides. Part 3: Electronic and Steric Descriptors Predicting the Reactivity of Aralkyl Carboxylic Acid 1-β-O-Acyl Glucuronides. Chem Res Toxicol 2009; 22:1998-2008. [DOI: 10.1021/tx9002963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Baba
- Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-1 Katsuraoka-cho, Otaru, Hokkaido 047-0264, Japan
| | - Tadao Yoshioka
- Hokkaido Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy, 7-1 Katsuraoka-cho, Otaru, Hokkaido 047-0264, Japan
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44
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Antoine DJ, Williams DP, Kipar A, Jenkins RE, Regan SL, Sathish JG, Kitteringham NR, Park BK. High-Mobility Group Box-1 Protein and Keratin-18, Circulating Serum Proteins Informative of Acetaminophen-Induced Necrosis and Apoptosis In Vivo. Toxicol Sci 2009; 112:521-31. [PMID: 19783637 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Antoine
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool L693GE, UK.
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45
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Pharmacokinetic investigation into the mechanism of toxicity of Furosemide and its thiophene analogue. Toxicology 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2009.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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46
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Antoine DJ, Williams DP, Park BK. Understanding the role of reactive metabolites in drug-induced hepatotoxicity: state of the science. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2009; 4:1415-27. [PMID: 18950283 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.4.11.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) represents a major impediment to the development of new drugs and is a leading cause of drug withdrawal. The occurrence of hepatotoxicity has been closely associated with the formation of chemically reactive metabolites. Huge investment has focused on the screening of chemically reactive metabolites to offer a pragmatic approach to produce safer drugs and also reduce drug attrition and prevent market place withdrawal. However, questions surrounding the importance of chemically reactive metabolites still remain. Increasing evidence now exists for the multi-factorial nature of DILI, in particular the role played by the host immune system or disease state in the pathogenesis of DILI. This review aims to evaluate the current measures for the prediction and diagnosis of DILI and to highlight investigations being made to understand the multidimensional nature. Some of the steps being made to generate improved physiological systems to identify more sensitive, reflective mechanism-based biomarkers to aid the earlier identification of DILI and develop safer medicines are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Antoine
- University of Liverpool, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, L69 3GE, UK.
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47
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Martínez-Cruz CF, Poblano A, Fernández-Carrocera LA. Risk Factors Associated with Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Infants at the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: 15-Year Experience at the National Institute of Perinatology (Mexico City). Arch Med Res 2008; 39:686-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2008.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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48
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Graham EE, Walsh RJ, Hirst CM, Maggs JL, Martin S, Wild MJ, Wilson ID, Harding JR, Kenna JG, Peter RM, Williams DP, Park BK. Identification of the Thiophene Ring of Methapyrilene as a Novel Bioactivation-Dependent Hepatic Toxicophore. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 326:657-71. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.135483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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49
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Shu YZ, Johnson BM, Yang TJ. Role of biotransformation studies in minimizing metabolism-related liabilities in drug discovery. AAPS JOURNAL 2008; 10:178-92. [PMID: 18446518 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-008-9016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism-related liabilities continue to be a major cause of attrition for drug candidates in clinical development. Such problems may arise from the bioactivation of the parent compound to a reactive metabolite capable of modifying biological materials covalently or engaging in redox-cycling reactions leading to the formation of other toxicants. Alternatively, they may result from the formation of a major metabolite with systemic exposure and adverse pharmacological activity. To avert such problems, biotransformation studies are becoming increasingly important in guiding the refinement of a lead series during drug discovery and in characterizing lead candidates prior to clinical evaluation. This article provides an overview of the methods that are used to uncover metabolism-related liabilities in a pre-clinical setting and offers suggestions for reducing such liabilities via the modification of structural features that are used commonly in drug-like molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Zhong Shu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, 5 Research Parkway, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492, USA.
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50
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Randle LE, Goldring CEP, Benson CA, Metcalfe PN, Kitteringham NR, Park BK, Williams DP. Investigation of the effect of a panel of model hepatotoxins on the Nrf2-Keap1 defence response pathway in CD-1 mice. Toxicology 2007; 243:249-60. [PMID: 18078705 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signalling pathway has emerged as an important regulator of the mammalian defence system to enable detoxification and clearance of foreign chemicals. Recent studies by our group using paracetamol (APAP), diethylmaleate and buthionine sulphoximine have shown that for a given xenobiotic molecule, Nrf2 induction in the murine liver is associated with protein reactivity and glutathione depletion. Here, we have investigated, in vivo, whether the ability of four murine hepatotoxins, paracetamol, bromobenzene (BB), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) and furosemide (FS) to deplete hepatic glutathione (GSH) is related to induction of hepatic Nrf2 nuclear translocation and Nrf2-dependent gene expression. Additionally, we studied whether hepatic Nrf2 nuclear translocation is a general response during the early stages of acute hepatic chemical stress in vivo. Male CD-1 mice were administered APAP (3.5 mmol/kg), FS (1.21 mmol/kg), BB (4.8 mmol/kg) and CCl4 (1 mmol/kg) for 1, 5 and 24h. Each compound elicited significant serum ALT increases after 24h (ALT U/L: APAP, 3036+/-1462; BB, 5308+/-2210; CCl4, 5089+/-1665; FS, 2301+/-1053), accompanied by centrilobular damage as assessed by histopathology. Treatment with APAP also elicited toxicity at a much earlier time point (5h) than the other hepatotoxins (ALT U/L: APAP, 1780+/-661; BB, 161+/-15; CCl4, 90+/-23; FS, 136+/-27). Significant GSH depletion was seen with APAP (9.6+/-1.7% of control levels) and BB (52.8+/-6.2% of control levels) 1h after administration, but not with FS and CCl4. Western Blot analysis revealed an increase in nuclear Nrf2, 1h after administration of BB (209+/-10% control), CCl4 (146+/-3% control) and FS (254+/-41% control), however this was significantly lower than the levels observed in the APAP-treated mice (462+/-36% control). The levels of Nrf2-dependent gene induction were also analysed by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting. Treatment with APAP for 1h caused a significant increase in the levels of haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1; 2.85-fold) and glutamate cysteine ligase (GCLC; 1.62-fold) mRNA. BB and FS did not affect the mRNA levels of either gene after 1h of treatment; however CCl4 significantly increased HO-1 mRNA at this time point. After 24h treatment with the hepatotoxins, there was evidence for the initiation of a late defence response. BB significantly increased both HO-1 and GCLC protein at this time point, CCl4 increased GCLC protein alone, although FS did not alter either of these proteins. In summary, we have demonstrated that the hepatotoxins BB, CCl4 and FS can induce a small but significant increase in Nrf2 accumulation in hepatic nuclei. However, this was associated with modest changes in hepatic GSH, a delayed development of toxicity and was insufficient to activate an early functional adaptive response to these hepatotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Randle
- Drug Safety Research Group, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Liverpool, Sherrington Buildings, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, United Kingdom.
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