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Huffman AP, Richman LP, Crisalli L, Ganetsky A, Porter DL, Vonderheide RH, Reshef R. Pharmacodynamic Monitoring Predicts Outcomes of CCR5 Blockade as Graft-versus-Host Disease Prophylaxis. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2017; 24:594-599. [PMID: 29061535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Blocking lymphocyte trafficking after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is a promising strategy to prevent graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) while preserving the graft-versus-tumor response. Maraviroc, a CCR5 antagonist, has shown promise in clinical trials, presumably by disrupting the migration of effector cells to GVHD target organs. We describe a phosphoflow assay to quantify CCR5 blockade during treatment with maraviroc and used it to evaluate 28 patients in a phase II study. We found that insufficient blockade of CCR5 was associated with significantly worse overall survival (HR, 10.6; 95% CI, 2.2 to 52.0; P = .004) and higher rates of nonrelapse mortality (HR, 146; 95% CI, 1.0 to 20,600; P = .04) and severe acute GVHD (HR, 12; 95% CI, 1.9 to 76.6; P = .009). In addition, we found that pretransplant high surface expression of CCR5 on recipient T cells predicted higher nonrelapse mortality and worse GVHD- and relapse-free survival. Our results demonstrate that pharmacodynamic monitoring of CCR5 blockade unravels interpatient variability in the response to therapy and may serve as a clinically informative biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin P Huffman
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Hematology/Oncology and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Lee P Richman
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lisa Crisalli
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alex Ganetsky
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David L Porter
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert H Vonderheide
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ran Reshef
- Abramson Cancer Center, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Division of Hematology/Oncology and the Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York.
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Vainshtein I, Schneider AK, Sun B, Schwickart M, Roskos LK, Liang M. Multiplexing of receptor occupancy measurements for pharmacodynamic biomarker assessment of biopharmaceuticals. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2015; 90:128-40. [PMID: 26332491 PMCID: PMC5057311 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Receptor occupancy (RO) assays measure drug target engagement, and are used as pharmacodynamic (PD) biomarkers. RO assays are commonly performed by flow cytometry and often require multiplexing for assessment of multiple PD biomarkers when specimen volumes are limited. We present multiplexed RO assays for an IGF1R‐EGFR bispecific antibody (Bs‐Ab) and a CTLA4‐Ig recombinant fusion protein to demonstrate key considerations for accurate RO assessment. Methods RO in cynomolgus monkeys was determined in whole blood using flow cytometry. Free and total receptors were measured using anti‐receptor fluorescence‐labeled detection reagents, competitive and noncompetitive to drug, respectively. Results RO of IGF1R was examined as PD for Bs‐Ab, since IGF1R was expressed on blood cells. Multiplexed measurements of free and total IGF1R showed that IGF1R expression measured by total receptor was highly variable, impacting interpretation of free‐IGF1R. Normalization of free‐over‐total IGF1R measurements compensated for variability of receptor expression allowing for accurate RO assessment. RO of CTLA4‐Ig, a recombinant fusion protein targeting CD80 and CD86 receptors, was multiplexed to simultaneously measure target engagements for both receptors. Both RO methods demonstrated specificity of receptor measurements without cross‐reactivity to each other in multiplexed formats. RO methods were used for evaluation of PD activity of Bs‐Ab and CTLA4‐Ig in cynomolgus monkeys. In both cases, RO results showed dose‐dependent target engagement, corresponding well to the pharmacokinetics. Conclusions Multiplexed RO methods allowed accurate assessment of PD activity for Bs‐Ab and CTLA4‐Ig, facilitating development of these biopharmaceuticals from preclinical to clinical stages. © 2015 The Authors Cytometry Part B: Clinical Cytometry Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Vainshtein
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, Medimmune LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
| | - Amy K Schneider
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, Medimmune LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
| | - Bo Sun
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, Medimmune LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
| | - Martin Schwickart
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, Medimmune LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
| | - Lorin K Roskos
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, Medimmune LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
| | - Meina Liang
- Clinical Pharmacology & DMPK, Medimmune LLC, Mountain View, California, 94043
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de Munnik SM, Kooistra AJ, van Offenbeek J, Nijmeijer S, de Graaf C, Smit MJ, Leurs R, Vischer HF. The Viral G Protein-Coupled Receptor ORF74 Hijacks β-Arrestins for Endocytic Trafficking in Response to Human Chemokines. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124486. [PMID: 25894435 PMCID: PMC4403821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus-infected cells express the virally encoded G protein-coupled receptor ORF74. Although ORF74 is constitutively active, it binds human CXC chemokines that modulate this basal activity. ORF74-induced signaling has been demonstrated to underlie the development of the angioproliferative tumor Kaposi’s sarcoma. Whereas G protein-dependent signaling of ORF74 has been the subject of several studies, the interaction of this viral GPCR with β-arrestins has hitherto not been investigated. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer experiments demonstrate that ORF74 recruits β-arrestins and subsequently internalizes in response to human CXCL1 and CXCL8, but not CXCL10. Internalized ORF74 traffics via early endosomes to recycling and late endosomes. Site-directed mutagenesis and homology modeling identified four serine and threonine residues at the distal end of the intracellular carboxyl-terminal of ORF74 that are required for β-arrestin recruitment and subsequent endocytic trafficking. Hijacking of the human endocytic trafficking machinery is a previously unrecognized action of ORF74.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina M. de Munnik
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. Kooistra
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jody van Offenbeek
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Nijmeijer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martine J. Smit
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry F. Vischer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems (AIMMS), VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Scalley-Kim ML, Hess BW, Kelly RL, Krostag ARF, Lustig KH, Marken JS, Ovendale PJ, Posey AR, Smolak PJ, Taylor JDL, Wood CL, Bienvenue DL, Probst P, Salmon RA, Allison DS, Foy TM, Raport CJ. A novel highly potent therapeutic antibody neutralizes multiple human chemokines and mimics viral immune modulation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43332. [PMID: 22912856 PMCID: PMC3422223 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines play a key role in leukocyte recruitment during inflammation and are implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of autoimmune diseases. As such, inhibiting chemokine signaling has been of keen interest for the development of therapeutic agents. This endeavor, however, has been hampered due to complexities in the chemokine system. Many chemokines have been shown to signal through multiple receptors and, conversely, most chemokine receptors bind to more than one chemokine. One approach to overcoming this complexity is to develop a single therapeutic agent that binds and inactivates multiple chemokines, similar to an immune evasion strategy utilized by a number of viruses. Here, we describe the development and characterization of a novel therapeutic antibody that targets a subset of human CC chemokines, specifically CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5, involved in chronic inflammatory diseases. Using a sequential immunization approach, followed by humanization and phage display affinity maturation, a therapeutic antibody was developed that displays high binding affinity towards the three targeted chemokines. In vitro, this antibody potently inhibits chemotaxis and chemokine-mediated signaling through CCR1 and CCR5, primary chemokine receptors for the targeted chemokines. Furthermore, we have demonstrated in vivo efficacy of the antibody in a SCID-hu mouse model of skin leukocyte migration, thus confirming its potential as a novel therapeutic chemokine antagonist. We anticipate that this antibody will have broad therapeutic utility in the treatment of a number of autoimmune diseases due to its ability to simultaneously neutralize multiple chemokines implicated in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Scalley-Kim
- Department of Protein Engineering, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bruce W. Hess
- Department of Immunology and Preclinical Pharmacology, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ryan L. Kelly
- Department of Protein Sciences, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Anne-Rachel F. Krostag
- Department of Protein Engineering, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kurt H. Lustig
- Department of Immunology and Preclinical Pharmacology, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - John S. Marken
- Department of Protein Engineering, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pamela J. Ovendale
- Department of Immunology and Preclinical Pharmacology, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Aaron R. Posey
- Department of Immunology and Preclinical Pharmacology, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Pamela J. Smolak
- Department of Protein Engineering, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Janelle D. L. Taylor
- Department of Protein Engineering, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - C. L. Wood
- Department of Protein Engineering, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David L. Bienvenue
- Department of Protein Sciences, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Peter Probst
- Department of Immunology and Preclinical Pharmacology, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ruth A. Salmon
- Department of Immunology and Preclinical Pharmacology, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Daniel S. Allison
- Department of Protein Engineering, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Teresa M. Foy
- Department of Immunology and Preclinical Pharmacology, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Carol J. Raport
- Department of Immunology and Preclinical Pharmacology, VLST Corporation, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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Dieterlen MT, Bittner HB, Klein S, von Salisch S, Mittag A, Tárnok A, Dhein S, Mohr FW, Barten MJ. Assay validation of phosphorylated S6 ribosomal protein for a pharmacodynamic monitoring of mTOR-inhibitors in peripheral human blood. CYTOMETRY PART B-CLINICAL CYTOMETRY 2011; 82:151-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) modeling is an integral part of the preclinical and clinical development of protein drugs. Bioanalytical data from appropriately selected and well-characterized PK and PD biomarker assays can be incorporated into mechanistic PK-PD models and allow a quantitative relationship between protein drug exposure, target modulation, and biochemical, physiological and pathophysiological effects to be established. The selection of PD biomarkers that assess target engagement and modulation in the extracellular milieu and downstream cellular effects can provide proof-of-mechanism and define the magnitude and duration of target modulation following drug administration. The PK-PD data can provide an important link between magnitude of target modulation and clinical efficacy and safety outcomes, and guide the selection of doses and dosing schedules for clinical trials. In this article, approaches to the selection and development of fit-for-purpose, PK and PD assays for protein drugs are reviewed, and the applications of the assay results in PK-PD models are discussed.
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Dieterlen MT, Eberhardt K, Tarnok A, Bittner HB, Barten MJ. Flow Cytometry-Based Pharmacodynamic Monitoring After Organ Transplantation. Methods Cell Biol 2011; 103:267-84. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385493-3.00011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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TLR2-dependent pathway of heterologous down-modulation for the CC chemokine receptors 1, 2, and 5 in human blood monocytes. Blood 2010; 117:1851-60. [PMID: 21148810 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2010-05-287474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During innate immune responses, the inflammatory CC chemokine receptors CCR1, CCR2, and CCR5 mediate the recruitment of blood monocytes to infected tissues by promoting cell migration in response to chemokines CCL2-5. Toll-like receptors also play an essential role, allowing pathogen recognition by the recruited monocytes. Here, we demonstrate that Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) stimulation by lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Staphylococcus aureus leads to gradual down-modulation of CCR1, CCR2, and CCR5 from the plasma membrane of human blood-isolated monocytes and inhibits chemotaxis. Interestingly, LTA does not promote rapid desensitization of chemokine-mediated calcium responses. We found that the TLR2 crosstalk with chemokine receptors is not dependent on the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor protein, but instead involves phospholipase C, the small G protein Rac1, and is phorbol ester sensitive. Activation of this pathway by LTA lead to β-arrestin-mediated endocytosis of Ser349-phosphorylated CCR5 into recycling endosomes, as does CCL5 treatment. However, LTA-induced internalization of CCR5 is a slower process associated with phospholipase C-mediated and phorbol ester-sensitive phosphorylation. Overall, our data indicate that TLR2 negatively regulates CCR1, CCR2, and CCR5 on human blood monocytes by activating the machinery used to support chemokine-dependent down-modulation and provide a molecular mechanism for inhibiting monocyte migration after pathogen recognition.
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Wu S, Jin L, Vence L, Radvanyi LG. Development and application of 'phosphoflow' as a tool for immunomonitoring. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:631-43. [PMID: 20518718 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Flow cytometry has revolutionized our ability to monitor immune responses by allowing us to simultaneously track a variety of cell surface and intracellular markers in discrete cell subsets in a highly sensitive and reproducible manner. This is especially critical in this new era of vaccinology trying to tackle the growing problems of chronic viral infections and cancer that not only evade host immune responses, but can negatively manipulate vaccine-induced immune responses. Thus, understanding how lymphocyte signaling is altered under normal and pathological conditions has become more critical. Over the last decade, a new flow cytometry technology called 'phosphoflow' (also sometimes called 'phosflow'), is rapidly developing for tracking multiple intracellular signaling molecules in the immune system at a single-cell level. Antibodies and reagents for tracking both tyrosine-phosphorylated and serine/threonine-phosphorylated signaling intermediaries in key immune signaling pathways have been developed, and phosphoflow is now starting to be applied to a wide variety of both preclinical and clinical studies on lymphocyte responses, as well as the functioning of cancer cells and virally infected cells. Here, we review the development of phosphoflow technology, its modern applications in the field of immunomonitoring and its current limitations. We then provide a perspective on the future of phosphoflow and a vision of how it can be applied to emerging critical questions in human vaccinology and public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Covey TM, Cesano A, Parkinson DR. Single-cell network profiling (SCNP) by flow cytometry in autoimmune disease. Autoimmunity 2010; 43:550-9. [DOI: 10.3109/08916931003674774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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