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Nordahl KML, Fedulov V, Holm A, Haanes KA. Intraocular Adeno-Associated Virus-Mediated Transgene Endothelin-1 Delivery to the Rat Eye Induces Functional Changes Indicative of Retinal Ischemia-A Potential Chronic Glaucoma Model. Cells 2023; 12:1987. [PMID: 37566067 PMCID: PMC10417058 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelin-1 (ET-1) overactivity has been implicated as a factor contributing to glaucomatous neuropathy, and it has been utilized in animal models of retinal ischemia. The functional effects of long-term ET-1 exposure and possible compensatory mechanisms have, however, not been investigated. This was therefore the purpose of our study. ET-1 was delivered into rat eyes via a single intravitreal injection of 500 µM or via transgene delivery using an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector. Retinal function was assessed using electroretinography (ERG) and the retinal expression of potentially compensatory genes was evaluated by means of qRT-PCR. Acute ET-1 delivery led to vasoconstriction and a significant reduction in the ERG response. AAV-ET-1 resulted in substantial transgene expression and ERG results similar to the acute ET-1 injections and comparable to other models of retinal ischemia. Compensatory changes were observed, including an increase in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) gene expression, which may both counterbalance the vasoconstrictive effects of ET-1 and provide neuroprotection. This chronic ET-1 ischemia model might be especially relevant to glaucoma research, mimicking the mild and repeated ischemic events in patients with long-term vascular dysfunction. The compensatory mechanisms, and particularly the role of vasodilatory CGRP in mitigating the retinal damage, warrant further investigation with the aim of evaluating new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M. L. Nordahl
- Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark; (A.H.); (K.A.H.)
| | - Vadim Fedulov
- Clinical and Medical Affairs, Radiometer, 2700 Brønshøj, Denmark;
| | - Anja Holm
- Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark; (A.H.); (K.A.H.)
- Center for RNA Medicine, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, 2450 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian A. Haanes
- Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Research Institute, Rigshospitalet, 2600 Glostrup, Denmark; (A.H.); (K.A.H.)
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Aalkjær C, Nilsson H, De Mey JGR. Sympathetic and Sensory-Motor Nerves in Peripheral Small Arteries. Physiol Rev 2020; 101:495-544. [PMID: 33270533 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00007.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Small arteries, which play important roles in controlling blood flow, blood pressure, and capillary pressure, are under nervous influence. Their innervation is predominantly sympathetic and sensory motor in nature, and while some arteries are densely innervated, others are only sparsely so. Innervation of small arteries is a key mechanism in regulating vascular resistance. In the second half of the previous century, the physiology and pharmacology of this innervation were very actively investigated. In the past 10-20 yr, the activity in this field was more limited. With this review we highlight what has been learned during recent years with respect to development of small arteries and their innervation, some aspects of excitation-release coupling, interaction between sympathetic and sensory-motor nerves, cross talk between endothelium and vascular nerves, and some aspects of their role in vascular inflammation and hypertension. We also highlight what remains to be investigated to further increase our understanding of this fundamental aspect of vascular physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Holger Nilsson
- Department Physiology, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jo G R De Mey
- Deptartment Pharmacology and Personalized Medicine, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Tellİ G, Tel BC, GÜmÜŞel B. The Cardiopulmonary Effects of the Calcitonin Gene-related Peptide Family. Turk J Pharm Sci 2020; 17:349-356. [PMID: 32636714 DOI: 10.4274/tjps.galenos.2019.47123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary diseases are very common among the population. They are high-cost diseases and there are still no definitive treatments. The roles of members of the calcitonin-gene related-peptide (CGRP) family in treating cardiopulmonary diseases have been studied for many years and promising results obtained. Especially in recent years, two important members of the family, adrenomedullin and adrenomedullin2/intermedin, have been considered new treatment targets in cardiopulmonary diseases. In this review, the roles of CGRP family members in cardiopulmonary diseases are investigated based on the studies performed to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökçen Tellİ
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Banu Cahide Tel
- Hacettepe University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bülent GÜmÜŞel
- Lokman Hekim University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Ankara, Turkey
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Molica F, Meens MJ, Pelli G, Hautefort A, Emre Y, Imhof BA, Fontana P, Scemes E, Morel S, Kwak BR. Selective inhibition of Panx1 channels decreases hemostasis and thrombosis in vivo. Thromb Res 2019; 183:56-62. [PMID: 31669824 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2019.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hemostasis is a tightly regulated physiological process to rapidly induce hemostatic plugs at sites of vascular injury. Inappropriate activation of this process may lead to thrombosis, i.e. pathological blood clot formation in uninjured vessels or on atherosclerotic lesions. ATP release through Pannexin1 (Panx1) membrane channels contributes to collagen-induced platelet aggregation in vitro. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of genetic and pharmacological inhibition of Panx1 on hemostasis and thrombosis in vivo. RESULTS Bleeding time after tail clipping was increased by 2.5-fold in Panx1-/- mice compared to wild-type controls, suggesting that Panx1 deficiency impairs primary hemostasis. Wire myography on mesenteric arteries revealed diminished vasoconstriction in response to phenylephrine or U446619 in Panx1-/- mice. Mice with platelet-specific deletion of Panx1 (Panx1PDel) displayed 2-fold longer tail bleeding times than Panx1fl/fl controls. Moreover, venous thromboembolism (VTE) after injection of collagen/epinephrine in the jugular vein was reduced in Panx1-/- and Panx1PDel mice. Panx1PDel mice also showed reduced FeCl3-induced thrombosis in mesenteric arteries. BrilliantBlue-FCF, a Panx1 channel inhibitor, decreased collagen-induced platelet aggregation in vitro, increased tail bleeding time and reduced VTE in wild-type mice. Furthermore, we developed a specific Panx1 blocking antibody targeting a Panx1 extracellular loop, which reduced ATP release from platelets in vitro. Treating wild-type mice with this antibody increased tail bleeding time and decreased VTE compared to control antibody. CONCLUSIONS Panx1 channel deletion or inhibition diminishes clot formation during hemostasis and thrombosis in vivo. Blocking Panx1 channels may be an attractive strategy for modulating platelet aggregation in thrombotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Molica
- Dept of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Merlijn J Meens
- Dept of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Graziano Pelli
- Dept of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Hautefort
- Dept of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Yalin Emre
- Dept of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Beat A Imhof
- Dept of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierre Fontana
- Division of Angiology and Haemostasis, Geneva University Hospitals and Geneva Platelet Group, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Eliana Scemes
- Dept of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, USA
| | - Sandrine Morel
- Dept of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Brenda R Kwak
- Dept of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Dept of Medical Specializations - Cardiology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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5
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Kiya K, Kubo T. Neurovascular interactions in skin wound healing. Neurochem Int 2019; 125:144-150. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a promiscuous peptide, similar to many other members of the calcitonin family of peptides. The potential of CGRP to act on many different receptors with differing affinities and efficacies makes deciphering the signalling from the CGRP receptor a challenging task for researchers.Although it is not a typical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), in that it is composed not just of a GPCR, the CGRP receptor activates many of the same signalling pathways common for other GPCRs. This includes the family of G proteins and a variety of protein kinases and transcription factors. It is now also clear that in addition to the initiation of cell-surface signalling, GPCRs, including the CGRP receptor, also activate distinct signalling pathways as the receptor is trafficking along the endocytic conduit.Given CGRP's characteristic of activating multiple GPCRs, we will first consider the complex of calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) and receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1) as the CGRP receptor. We will discuss the discovery of the CGRP receptor components, the molecular mechanisms controlling its internalization and post-endocytic trafficking (recycling and degradation) and the diverse signalling cascades that are elicited by this receptor in model cell lines. We will then discuss CGRP-mediated signalling pathways in primary cells pertinent to migraine including neurons, glial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells.Investigation of all the CGRP- and CGRP receptor-mediated signalling cascades is vital if we are to fully understand CGRP's role in migraine and will no doubt unearth new targets for the treatment of migraine and other CGRP-driven diseases.
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Sthijns MM, Schiffers PM, Janssen GM, Lemmens KJ, Ides B, Vangrieken P, Bouwman FG, Mariman EC, Pader I, Arnér ES, Johansson K, Bast A, Haenen GR. Rutin protects against H 2 O 2 -triggered impaired relaxation of placental arterioles and induces Nrf2-mediated adaptation in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells exposed to oxidative stress. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:1177-1189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Vanhoutte PM, Shimokawa H, Feletou M, Tang EHC. Endothelial dysfunction and vascular disease - a 30th anniversary update. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 219:22-96. [PMID: 26706498 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 571] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium can evoke relaxations of the underlying vascular smooth muscle, by releasing vasodilator substances. The best-characterized endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) is nitric oxide (NO) which activates soluble guanylyl cyclase in the vascular smooth muscle cells, with the production of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) initiating relaxation. The endothelial cells also evoke hyperpolarization of the cell membrane of vascular smooth muscle (endothelium-dependent hyperpolarizations, EDH-mediated responses). As regards the latter, hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) now appears to play a dominant role. Endothelium-dependent relaxations involve both pertussis toxin-sensitive Gi (e.g. responses to α2 -adrenergic agonists, serotonin, and thrombin) and pertussis toxin-insensitive Gq (e.g. adenosine diphosphate and bradykinin) coupling proteins. New stimulators (e.g. insulin, adiponectin) of the release of EDRFs have emerged. In recent years, evidence has also accumulated, confirming that the release of NO by the endothelial cell can chronically be upregulated (e.g. by oestrogens, exercise and dietary factors) and downregulated (e.g. oxidative stress, smoking, pollution and oxidized low-density lipoproteins) and that it is reduced with ageing and in the course of vascular disease (e.g. diabetes and hypertension). Arteries covered with regenerated endothelium (e.g. following angioplasty) selectively lose the pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway for NO release which favours vasospasm, thrombosis, penetration of macrophages, cellular growth and the inflammatory reaction leading to atherosclerosis. In addition to the release of NO (and EDH, in particular those due to H2 O2 ), endothelial cells also can evoke contraction of the underlying vascular smooth muscle cells by releasing endothelium-derived contracting factors. Recent evidence confirms that most endothelium-dependent acute increases in contractile force are due to the formation of vasoconstrictor prostanoids (endoperoxides and prostacyclin) which activate TP receptors of the vascular smooth muscle cells and that prostacyclin plays a key role in such responses. Endothelium-dependent contractions are exacerbated when the production of nitric oxide is impaired (e.g. by oxidative stress, ageing, spontaneous hypertension and diabetes). They contribute to the blunting of endothelium-dependent vasodilatations in aged subjects and essential hypertensive and diabetic patients. In addition, recent data confirm that the release of endothelin-1 can contribute to endothelial dysfunction and that the peptide appears to be an important contributor to vascular dysfunction. Finally, it has become clear that nitric oxide itself, under certain conditions (e.g. hypoxia), can cause biased activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase leading to the production of cyclic inosine monophosphate (cIMP) rather than cGMP and hence causes contraction rather than relaxation of the underlying vascular smooth muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. M. Vanhoutte
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
| | - H. Shimokawa
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - M. Feletou
- Department of Cardiovascular Research; Institut de Recherches Servier; Suresnes France
| | - E. H. C. Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine; The University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong City Hong Kong
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9
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Leurgans TM, Bloksgaard M, Brewer JR, Bagatolli LA, Fredgart MH, Rosenstand K, Hansen ML, Rasmussen LM, Irmukhamedov A, De Mey JG. Endothelin-1 shifts the mediator of bradykinin-induced relaxation from NO to H2 O2 in resistance arteries from patients with cardiovascular disease. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:1653-64. [PMID: 26914408 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We tested the hypothesis that in resistance arteries from cardiovascular disease (CVD) patients, effects of an endothelium-dependent vasodilator depend on the contractile stimulus. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Arteries dissected from parietal pericardium of cardiothoracic surgery patients were studied by myography and imaging techniques. Segments were sub-maximally contracted by K(+) , the TxA2 analogue U46619 or endothelin-1 (ET-1). KEY RESULTS Relaxing effects of Na-nitroprusside were comparable, but those of bradykinin (BK) were bigger in the presence of ET-1 compared with K(+) or U46619. BK-induced relaxation was (i) abolished by L-NAME in K(+) -contracted arteries, (ii) partly inhibited by L-NAME in the presence of U46619 and (iii) not altered by indomethacin, L-NAME plus inhibitors of small and intermediate conductance calcium-activated K(+) channels, but attenuated by catalase, in ET-1-contracted arteries. This catalase-sensitive relaxation was unaffected by inhibitors of NADPH oxidases or allopurinol. Exogenous H2 O2 caused a larger relaxation of ET-1-induced contractions than those evoked by K(+) or U46619 in the presence of inhibitors of other endothelium-derived relaxing factors. Catalase-sensitive staining of cellular ROS with CellROX Deep Red was significantly increased in the presence of both 1 μM BK and 2 nM ET-1 but not either peptide alone. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In resistance arteries from patients with CVD, exogenous ET-1 shifts the mediator of relaxing responses to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator BK from NO to H2 O2 and neither NADPH oxidases, xanthine oxidase nor NOS appear to be involved in this effect. This might have consequences for endothelial dysfunction in conditions where intra-arterial levels of ET-1 are enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Leurgans
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria Bloksgaard
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jonathan R Brewer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Luis A Bagatolli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maise H Fredgart
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Kristoffer Rosenstand
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Maria L Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars M Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Akhmadjon Irmukhamedov
- Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jo Gr De Mey
- Department of Cardiovascular and Renal Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Center for Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases (CIMA), Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht, The Netherlands
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10
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Compeer MG, Janssen GMJ, De Mey JGR. Endothelin-1 and endothelin-2 initiate and maintain contractile responses by different mechanisms in rat mesenteric and cerebral arteries. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:1199-209. [PMID: 23941276 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Endothelin (ET)-1 and ET-2 cause potent long-lasting vasoconstrictions by tight binding to smooth muscle ETA receptors. We tested the hypotheses that different mechanisms mediate initiation and maintenance of arterial contractile responses to ET-1 and ET-2 and that this differs among vascular beds. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Segments of rat mesenteric resistance artery (MRA) and basilar artery (BA) were studied in wire myographs with and without functional antagonists. KEY RESULTS Sensitivity and maximum of MRA contractile responses to ET-1 were not, or only moderately, reduced by stimulation of soluble GC, AC or K(+) -channels and by an inhibitor of receptor-operated ion channels. However, each of these reduced maintenance of ET-1 effects and relaxed ET-1-induced contractions in MRA. A calcium channel antagonist did not alter sensitivity, maximum and maintenance of ET-1 effects, but relaxed ET-1-induced contractions in MRA. A PLC inhibitor prevented contractile responses to ET-1 and ET-2 in MRA and BA, and relaxed ET-1- and ET-2-induced responses in MRA and ET-1 effects in BA. A Rho-kinase inhibitor did not modify sensitivity, maximum and maintenance of responses to both peptides in both arteries but relaxed ET-2, but not ET-1, effects in MRA and ET-1 effects in BA. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS PLC played a key role in arterial contractile responses to ETs, but ET-1 and ET-2 initiated and maintained vasoconstriction through different mechanisms, and these differed between MRA and BA. Selective functional antagonism may be considered for agonist- and vascular bed selective pharmacotherapy of ET-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Compeer
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Russell FA, King R, Smillie SJ, Kodji X, Brain SD. Calcitonin gene-related peptide: physiology and pathophysiology. Physiol Rev 2014; 94:1099-142. [PMID: 25287861 PMCID: PMC4187032 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 778] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a 37-amino acid neuropeptide. Discovered 30 years ago, it is produced as a consequence of alternative RNA processing of the calcitonin gene. CGRP has two major forms (α and β). It belongs to a group of peptides that all act on an unusual receptor family. These receptors consist of calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CLR) linked to an essential receptor activity modifying protein (RAMP) that is necessary for full functionality. CGRP is a highly potent vasodilator and, partly as a consequence, possesses protective mechanisms that are important for physiological and pathological conditions involving the cardiovascular system and wound healing. CGRP is primarily released from sensory nerves and thus is implicated in pain pathways. The proven ability of CGRP antagonists to alleviate migraine has been of most interest in terms of drug development, and knowledge to date concerning this potential therapeutic area is discussed. Other areas covered, where there is less information known on CGRP, include arthritis, skin conditions, diabetes, and obesity. It is concluded that CGRP is an important peptide in mammalian biology, but it is too early at present to know if new medicines for disease treatment will emerge from our knowledge concerning this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Russell
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - R King
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - S-J Smillie
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - X Kodji
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | - S D Brain
- Cardiovascular Division, BHF Centre of Research Excellence & Centre of Integrative Biomedicine, King's College London, Waterloo Campus, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
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De Mey JGR, Vanhoutte PM. End o' the line revisited: moving on from nitric oxide to CGRP. Life Sci 2014; 118:120-8. [PMID: 24747136 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
When endothelin-1(ET-1) was discovered it was hailed as the prototypical endothelium-derived contracting factor (EDCF). However, over the years little evidence emerged convincingly demonstrating that the peptide actually contributes to moment-to-moment changes in vascular tone elicited by endothelial cells. This has been attributed to the profound inhibitory effect of nitric oxide (NO) on both the production (by the endothelium) and the action (on vascular smooth muscle) of ET-1. Hence, the peptide is likely to initiate acute changes in vascular diameter only under extreme conditions of endothelial dysfunction when the NO bioavailability is considerably reduced if not absent. The present essay discusses whether or not this concept should be revised, in particular in view of the potent inhibitory effect exerted by calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) released from sensorimotor nerves on vasoconstrictor responses to ET-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo G R De Mey
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of South Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Paul M Vanhoutte
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of South Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy and State Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Calcitonin gene-related peptide protects the myocardium from ischemia induced by endothelin-1: intravital microscopic observation and (31)P-MR spectroscopic studies. Life Sci 2014; 118:248-54. [PMID: 24607775 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a potent vasodilator neuropeptide. We investigated the ameliorating effect of CGRP in myocardial ischemia induced by endothelin-1 (ET-1), with special emphasis on myocardial microvascular hemodynamics and levels of energy-related metabolites. MAIN METHODS The Langendorff preparations of rat isolated heart were perfused at a constant flow rate. Microvascular blood flow was also visualized in the anterior epicardium of the left ventricle by means of an intravital fluorescence microscope system. Energy-related metabolite contents in the myocardium were measured by means of (31)P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31)P-MRS). KEY FINDINGS Intracoronary bolus injections of CGRP caused dose-dependent decreases in coronary perfusion pressure (CPP) in the hearts exposed to ET-1 (30 pmol). The vasodilator potency of CGRP was about 10,000-fold greater than that of nitroglycerin and 1,000-fold greater than that of isobutylmethylxanthine. Vasodilation of the small-sized arterioles (10-40 μm in diameter) in response to CGRP (100 pmol) was confirmed by direct microscopic observation. After ET-1 (30 pmol) plus vehicle administration, high energy phosphates (phosphocreatine (PCr), ATP) were markedly reduced (p<0.05). CGRP administration significantly (p<0.05) attenuated the anaerobic changes in the myocardium (decrease in PCr) and macrohemodynamic alterations (increase in CPP, decrease in dP/dt etc.) induced by ET-1. SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that CGRP effectively confers hemodynamic and metabolic protections to isolated beating hearts against ET-1-induced myocardial ischemia.
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Labruijere S, Compeer MG, van den Bogaerdt AJ, van den Brink AM, De Mey JG, Danser AJ, Batenburg WW. Long-lasting physiological antagonism of calcitonin gene-related peptide towards endothelin-1 in rat mesenteric arteries and human coronary arteries. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 720:303-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Compeer MG, Meens MJPMT, Hackeng TM, Neugebauer WA, Höltke C, De Mey JGR. Agonist-dependent modulation of arterial endothelinA receptor function. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:1833-45. [PMID: 22324472 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.01896.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Endothelin-1 (ET-1) causes long-lasting vasoconstrictions. These can be prevented by ET(A) receptor antagonists but are only poorly reversed by these drugs. We tested the hypothesis that endothelin ET(A) receptors are susceptible to allosteric modulation by endogenous agonists and exogenous ligands. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Rat isolated mesenteric resistance arteries were pretreated with capsaicin and studied in wire myographs, in the presence of L-NAME and indomethacin to concentrate on arterial smooth muscle responses. KEY RESULTS Endothelins caused contractions with equal maximum but differing potency (ET-1 = ET-2 > ET-3). ET-1(1-15) neither mimicked nor antagonized these effects in the absence and presence of ET(16-21). 4(Ala) ET-1 (ET(B) agonist) and BQ788 (ET(B) antagonist) were without effects. BQ123 (peptide ET(A) antagonist) reduced the sensitivity and relaxed the contractile responses to endothelins. Both effects depended on the agonist (pK(B): ET-3 = ET-1 > ET-2; % relaxation: ET-3 = ET-2 > ET-1). Also, with PD156707 (non-peptide ET(A) antagonist) agonist-dependence and a discrepancy between preventive and inhibitory effects were observed. The latter was even more marked with bulky analogues of BQ123 and PD156707. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS These findings indicate allosteric modulation of arterial smooth muscle ET(A) receptor function by endogenous agonists and by exogenous endothelin receptor antagonists. This may have consequences for the diagnosis and pharmacotherapy of diseases involving endothelins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Compeer
- Department of Pharmacology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Compeer MG, Suylen DP, Hackeng TM, De Mey JG. Endothelin-1 and -2: Two amino acids matter. Life Sci 2012; 91:607-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Meens MJPMT, Mattheij NJA, van Loenen PB, Spijkers LJA, Lemkens P, Nelissen J, Compeer MG, Alewijnse AE, De Mey JGR. G-protein βγ subunits in vasorelaxing and anti-endothelinergic effects of calcitonin gene-related peptide. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 166:297-308. [PMID: 22074193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01774.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) has been proposed to relax vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) via cAMP and can promote dissociation of endothelin-1 (ET-1) from ET(A) receptors. The latter is not mimicked by other stimuli of adenylate cyclases. Therefore, we evaluated the involvement of G-protein βγ subunits (Gβγ) in the arterial effects of CGRP receptor stimulation. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH To test the hypothesis that instead of α subunits of G-proteins (Gαs), Gβγ mediates the effects of CGRP receptor activation, we used (i) rat isolated mesenteric resistance arteries (MRA), (ii) pharmacological modulators of cyclic nucleotides; and (iii) low molecular weight inhibitors of the functions of Gβγ, gallein and M119. To validate these tools with respect to CGRP receptor function, we performed organ bath studies with rat isolated MRA, radioligand binding on membranes from CHO cells expressing human CGRP receptors and cAMP production assays in rat cultured VSMC. KEY RESULTS In isolated arteries contracted with K(+) or ET-1, IBMX (PDE inhibitor) increased sodium nitroprusside (SNP)- and isoprenaline (ISO)- but not CGRP-induced relaxations. While fluorescein (negative control) was without effects, gallein increased binding of [(125) I]-CGRP in the absence and presence of GTPγS. Gallein also increased CGRP-induced cAMP production in VSMC. Despite these stimulating effects, gallein and M119 selectively inhibited the relaxing and anti-endothelinergic effects of CGRP in isolated arteries while not altering contractile responses to K(+) or ET-1 or relaxing responses to ISO or SNP. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Activated CGRP receptors induce cyclic nucleotide-independent relaxation of VSMC and terminate arterial effects of ET-1 via Gβγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J P M T Meens
- Department of Pharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
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Meens MJ, Mattheij NJ, Nelissen J, Lemkens P, Compeer MG, Janssen BJ, De Mey JG. Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide Terminates Long-Lasting Vasopressor Responses to Endothelin 1 In Vivo. Hypertension 2011; 58:99-106. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.110.169128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Slow dissociation of endothelin 1 from its endothelin A receptors is responsible for the long-lasting vasoconstrictor effects of the peptide. We showed recently that calcitonin gene-related peptide selectively terminates long-lasting contractile responses to endothelin 1 in isolated rat mesenteric arteries. Here we assessed whether the antiendothelinergic effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide is vascular bed specific and may terminate long-lasting pressor responses to exogenous and locally produced endothelin 1 in vivo. Regional heterogeneity of the calcitonin gene-related peptide/endothelin A receptor cross-talk was explored in arteries isolated from various rat organs. Endothelin A receptor-mediated arterial contractions were terminated by calcitonin gene-related peptide in rat mesenteric, renal, and spermatic arteries but not in basilar, coronary, epigastric, gastric, splenic, and saphenous arteries. Endothelin A receptor antagonism only ended endothelin 1–induced contractions in spermatic arteries. In anesthetized rats, instrumented with Doppler flow probes to record regional blood flows, long-lasting pressor and vasoconstrictor responses to an intravenous bolus injection of endothelin 1 or big endothelin 1 were transiently reduced by sodium nitroprusside (NO donor) but terminated by intravenously administered calcitonin gene-related peptide. In conscious rats, calcitonin gene-related peptide but not sodium nitroprusside terminated prolonged (>60-minute) pressor responses to endothelin 1 but not those to intravenous infusion of phenylephrine. In conclusion, pressor responses to circulating and locally produced endothelin 1 that are resistant to endothelin receptor antagonism and NO can be terminated by a regionally selective effect of calcitonin gene-related peptide. Calcitonin gene related peptide receptor agonism may represent a novel strategy to treat endothelin 1–associated cardiovascular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nadine J.A. Mattheij
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jelly Nelissen
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Lemkens
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs G. Compeer
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ben J.A. Janssen
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jo G.R. De Mey
- From the Department of Pharmacology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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De Mey JG, Compeer MG, Lemkens P, Meens MJ. ETA-receptor antagonists or allosteric modulators? Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:345-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 02/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Smillie SJ, Brain SD. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and its role in hypertension. Neuropeptides 2011; 45:93-104. [PMID: 21269690 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/03/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension is still presently the number one "silent killer" in the Western World, and a major risk factor for the development of secondary diseases contributing to cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, despite a broad range of therapies, the mechanisms involved in the onset of hypertension remains unclear, therefore there is a real need to investigate the mechanisms involved. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is the most potent microvascular vasodilator known to date. Widely expressed in the nervous system, this peptide is considered to play a positive role in wound healing and protects against ischaemic and other traumas. However, whilst the protective mechanisms are not well understood, evidence indicates that these mechanisms become important in vascular-related stress. This review provides evidence that CGRP is both a potent vasodilator and hypotensive agent. However studies to date suggest that CGRP does not contribute to the physiological regulation of blood pressure. By comparing results from a range of human and animal studies, findings broadly suggest an association between CGRP and the pathophysiology of hypertension in terms of protective mechanisms, with possibly the RAMP1 component of the CGRP receptor playing a key role in the brain stem, in addition to peripheral receptors. The studies of agents that release CGRP agonists are at an early stage, with analogues for human use currently under development. However, at this stage, further research is required to establish the mechanisms by which CGRP is protective in the onset of hypertension, if novel and therapeutic modes of treatment are to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Jane Smillie
- BHF Centre of Cardiovascular Excellence and Centre for Integrative Biomedicine, Cardiovascular Division, Franklin-Wilkins Building, Waterloo Campus, King's College London, London SE19NH, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M. Vanhoutte
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, and the Department of BIN Fusion Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Korea
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Ahnstedt H, Säveland H, Nilsson O, Edvinsson L. Human cerebrovascular contractile receptors are upregulated via a B-Raf/MEK/ERK-sensitive signaling pathway. BMC Neurosci 2011; 12:5. [PMID: 21223556 PMCID: PMC3023719 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-12-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebral ischemia results in a rapid increase in contractile cerebrovascular receptors, such as the 5-hydroxytryptamine type 1B (5-HT1B), angiotensin II type 1 (AT1), and endothelin type B (ETB) receptors, in the vessel walls within the ischemic region, which further impairs local blood flow and aggravates tissue damage. This receptor upregulation occurs via activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. We therefore hypothesized an important role for B-Raf, the first signaling molecule in the pathway. To test our hypothesis, human cerebral arteries were incubated at 37°C for 48 h in the absence or presence of a B-Raf inhibitor: SB-386023 or SB-590885. Contractile properties were evaluated in a myograph and protein expression of the individual receptors and activated phosphorylated B-Raf (p-B-Raf) was evaluated immunohistochemically. Results 5-HT1B, AT1, and ETB receptor-mediated contractions were significantly reduced by application of SB-590885, and to a smaller extent by SB-386023. A marked reduction in AT1 receptor immunoreactivity was observed after treatment with SB-590885. Treatment with SB-590885 and SB-386023 diminished the culture-induced increase of p-B-Raf immunoreactivity. Conclusions B-Raf signaling has a key function in the altered expression of vascular contractile receptors observed after organ culture. Therefore, specific targeting of B-Raf might be a novel approach to reduce tissue damage after cerebral ischemia by preventing the previously observed upregulation of contractile receptors in smooth muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Ahnstedt
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden.
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Meens MJPMT, Compeer MG, Hackeng TM, van Zandvoort MA, Janssen BJA, De Mey JGR. Stimuli of sensory-motor nerves terminate arterial contractile effects of endothelin-1 by CGRP and dissociation of ET-1/ET(A)-receptor complexes. PLoS One 2010; 5:e10917. [PMID: 20532232 PMCID: PMC2879375 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0010917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelin-1 (ET-1), a long-acting paracrine mediator, is implicated in cardiovascular diseases but clinical trials with ET-receptor antagonists were not successful in some areas. We tested whether the quasi-irreversible receptor-binding of ET-1 (i) limits reversing effects of the antagonists and (ii) can be selectively dissociated by an endogenous counterbalancing mechanism. Methodology/Principal findings In isolated rat mesenteric resistance arteries, ETA-antagonists, endothelium-derived relaxing factors and synthetic vasodilators transiently reduced contractile effects of ET-1 but did not prevent persistent effects of the peptide. Stimuli of peri-vascular vasodilator sensory-motor nerves such as capsaicin not only reduced but also terminated long-lasting effects of ET-1. This was prevented by CGRP-receptor antagonists and was mimicked by exogenous calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Using 2-photon laser scanning microscopy in vital intact arteries, capsaicin and CGRP, but not ETA-antagonism, were observed to promote dissociation of pre-existing ET-1/ETA-receptor complexes. Conclusions Irreversible binding and activation of ETA-receptors by ET-1 (i) occur at an antagonist-insensitive site of the receptor and (ii) are selectively terminated by endogenously released CGRP. Hence, natural stimuli of sensory-motor nerves that stimulate release of endogenous CGRP can be considered for therapy of diseases involving ET-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlijn J. P. M. T. Meens
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs G. Compeer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Tilman M. Hackeng
- Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marc A. van Zandvoort
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ben J. A. Janssen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jo G. R. De Mey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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