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Mishra M, Nichols L, Dave AA, Pittman EH, Cheek JP, Caroland AJV, Lotwala P, Drummond J, Bridges CC. Molecular Mechanisms of Cellular Injury and Role of Toxic Heavy Metals in Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:11105. [PMID: 36232403 PMCID: PMC9569673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive disease that affects millions of adults every year. Major risk factors include diabetes, hypertension, and obesity, which affect millions of adults worldwide. CKD is characterized by cellular injury followed by permanent loss of functional nephrons. As injured cells die and nephrons become sclerotic, remaining healthy nephrons attempt to compensate by undergoing various structural, molecular, and functional changes. While these changes are designed to maintain appropriate renal function, they may lead to additional cellular injury and progression of disease. As CKD progresses and filtration decreases, the ability to eliminate metabolic wastes and environmental toxicants declines. The inability to eliminate environmental toxicants such as arsenic, cadmium, and mercury may contribute to cellular injury and enhance the progression of CKD. The present review describes major molecular alterations that contribute to the pathogenesis of CKD and the effects of arsenic, cadmium, and mercury on the progression of CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Mishra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31207, USA
| | - Larry Nichols
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Sciences Education, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31207, USA
| | - Aditi A. Dave
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31207, USA
| | - Elizabeth H Pittman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31207, USA
| | - John P. Cheek
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31207, USA
| | - Anasalea J. V. Caroland
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31207, USA
| | - Purva Lotwala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31207, USA
| | - James Drummond
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31207, USA
| | - Christy C. Bridges
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31207, USA
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Chen YN, Bian WP, Liu L, Chen X, Tang M, Pei DS. Generation of a novel transgenic marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) for highly sensitive detection of heavy metals in the environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126382. [PMID: 34218191 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As typic priority pollutants in the marine environment, heavy metals can be accumulated in the human body leading to serious environmental and health problems. The metal regulatory elements (MREs) have been identified to be the main functional parts for the response to heavy metals. To develop a convenient biological monitoring tool for the detection of heavy metals in the oceans, we generated a transgenic marine medaka line Tg(OmMT: eGFP) with a truncated metallothionein promoter, which was only 193 bp and drove the expression of eGFP. After Tg(OmMT:eGFP) embryos were treated with four different heavy metals and different concentrations, the results showed that the expression level of eGFP was consistent with that of the endogenous mt. The transgenic embryos are very sensitive to Hg2+, and the fluorescence could be induced in the 0.0002 μM concentration, which is far lower than the primary water standard. The expression level of eGFP and mt showed a dose-dependent manner to heavy metals concentration. Taken together, the newly established marine medaka is a sensitive, efficient, and convenient tool for monitoring heavy metal pollution in the environment, especially seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Chen
- College of Ecology and Environment, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China; Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Wan-Ping Bian
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Li Liu
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Xin Chen
- College of Ecology and Environment, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Min Tang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Advanced Materials in Tropical Island Resources, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China.
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Orr SE, Joshee L, Barkin J, Bridges CC. Disposition of methylmercury over time in a 75% nephrectomized rat model. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2018; 81:349-360. [PMID: 29498598 PMCID: PMC6088791 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2018.1443859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a highly relevant clinical condition that is characterized by the permanent loss of functional nephrons. Individuals with CKD may exhibit impaired renal clearance, which may alter corporal handling of metabolites and xenobiotics. Methylmercury (MeHg) is an important environmental toxicant to which humans are exposed to on a regular basis. Given the prevalence of CKD and ubiquitous presence of MeHg in the environment, it is important to understand how mercuric ions are handled in patients with CKD. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to characterize the disposition of MeHg over time in a rat model of CKD (i.e., 75% nephrectomized (NPX) rats). Control and NPX rats were exposed intravenously (iv) to a non-nephrotoxic dose of MeHg (5 mg/kg) once daily for1, 2, or 3 d and the amount of MeHg in organs, blood, urine, and feces determined. The accumulation of MeHg in kidneys and blood of controls was significantly greater than that of NPX animals. In contrast, MeHg levels in brain and liver of controls were not markedly different from corresponding NPX rats. In all organs examined, accumulation of MeHg increased over the course of exposure, suggesting that urinary and fecal elimination are not sufficient to fully eliminate all mercuric ions. The current findings are important in that the disposition of mercuric ions in rats with normal renal function versus renal insufficiency following exposure to MeHg for a prolonged period differ and need to be taken into account with respect to therapeutic management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Orr
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Lucy Joshee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Jennifer Barkin
- Department of Community Medicine, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Christy C. Bridges
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA, USA
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Orr SE, Bridges CC. Chronic Kidney Disease and Exposure to Nephrotoxic Metals. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051039. [PMID: 28498320 PMCID: PMC5454951 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common progressive disease that is typically characterized by the permanent loss of functional nephrons. As injured nephrons become sclerotic and die, the remaining healthy nephrons undergo numerous structural, molecular, and functional changes in an attempt to compensate for the loss of diseased nephrons. These compensatory changes enable the kidney to maintain fluid and solute homeostasis until approximately 75% of nephrons are lost. As CKD continues to progress, glomerular filtration rate decreases, and remaining nephrons are unable to effectively eliminate metabolic wastes and environmental toxicants from the body. This inability may enhance mortality and/or morbidity of an individual. Environmental toxicants of particular concern are arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury. Since these metals are present throughout the environment and exposure to one or more of these metals is unavoidable, it is important that the way in which these metals are handled by target organs in normal and disease states is understood completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Orr
- Mercer University School of Medicine, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, 1550 College St., Macon, GA 31207, USA.
| | - Christy C Bridges
- Mercer University School of Medicine, Division of Basic Medical Sciences, 1550 College St., Macon, GA 31207, USA.
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Tan S, Li H, Jin Y, Yu H. In vitro and in vivo effects of sublethal cadmium on the expression of MT2 and ABCC2 genes in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2014; 108:258-264. [PMID: 25103569 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To gain more knowledge about the physiological regulation of metal pollutant detoxification in grass carp, we examined Cd concentration and its the potential influence on the expression of metallothionein 2 (MT2) and multidrug resistance protein 2 (ABCC2) mRNA in the liver and kidney, using in vitro and in vivo experiments. First, the full-length of MT2 cDNA and partial ABCC2 cDNA was obtained, consisting 183bp and 366bp respectively. In vivo approach, grass carp received 96h exposure of Cd (1/10 LD50), and MT2 and ABCC2 mRNA expression were determined by qRT-PCR. The Cd treatment resulted in an increase of MT2 mRNA level in the liver with Cd accumulation. Nonetheless, the elevation ABCC2 mRNA in the liver was appeared at 48h after Cd exposure, as well as the expression of MT2 and ABCC2 mRNA in the kidney. The in vitro experiment was carried out using the hepatocyte (L86) and nephroblasts (CIK). The qRT-RCR results showed that MT2 and ABCC2 mRNA dramatically increased following Cd exposure (1/10 LD50); however, ABCC2 mRNA expression was suppressed in the L86 cell line at first (6h). In conclusion, this result suggested that both MT2 and ABCC2 mRNA may play important roles in the detoxification of toxic metals, and MT2 gene was more sensitive to Cd induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwen Tan
- College of Life Science, Foshan University, No. 1 Xianhu University Road, Nanhai, Foshan, Guangdong 528231, China; Holdone Aquaculture Breeding Limited Company, Foshan, Guangdong 528231, China
| | - Hua Li
- College of Life Science, Foshan University, No. 1 Xianhu University Road, Nanhai, Foshan, Guangdong 528231, China; Holdone Aquaculture Breeding Limited Company, Foshan, Guangdong 528231, China
| | - Ying Jin
- College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510631, China
| | - Hui Yu
- College of Life Science, Foshan University, No. 1 Xianhu University Road, Nanhai, Foshan, Guangdong 528231, China; Holdone Aquaculture Breeding Limited Company, Foshan, Guangdong 528231, China.
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Nakano T, Sekine S, Ito K, Horie T. Ezrin regulates the expression of Mrp2/Abcc2 and Mdr1/Abcb1 along the rat small intestinal tract. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 305:G807-17. [PMID: 24091598 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00187.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2)/ATP-binding cassette protein C2 (ABCC2) and multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1)/ABCB1 are well-known efflux transporters located on the brush border membrane of the small intestinal epithelia, where they limit the absorption of a broad range of substrates. The expression patterns of MRP2/ABCC2 and MDR1/ABCB1 along the small intestinal tract are tightly regulated. Several reports have demonstrated the participation of ERM (ezrin/radixin/moesin) proteins in the posttranslational modulation of MRP2/ABCC2 and MDR1/ABCB1, especially with regard to their membrane localization. The present study focused on the in vivo expression profiles of MRP2/ABCC2, MDR1/ABCB1, ezrin, and phosphorylated ezrin to further elucidate the relationship between the efflux transporters and the ERM proteins. The current results showed good correlation between the phosphorylation status of ezrin and Mrp2/Abcc2 expression along the gastrointestinal tract of rats and between the expression profiles of both ezrin and Mdr1/Abcb1 in the small intestine. We also demonstrated the involvement of conventional protein kinase C isoforms in the regulation of ezrin phosphorylation. Furthermore, experiments conducted with wild-type (WT) ezrin and a T567A (Ala substituted Thr) dephosphorylated mutant showed a decrease in membrane surface-localized and total expressed MRP2/ABCC2 in T567A-expressing vs. WT ezrin-expressing Caco-2 cells. In contrast, T567A- and WT-expressing cells both showed an increase in membrane surface-localized and total expressed MDR1/ABCB1. These findings suggest that the phosphorylation status and the expression profile of ezrin differentially direct MRP2/ABCC2 and MDR1/ABCB1 expression, respectively, along the small intestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Nakano
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, 4-21-2 Nakano, Nakano-ku, Tokyo 164-8530, Japan.
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Zalups RK, Bridges CC. Relationships between the renal handling of DMPS and DMSA and the renal handling of mercury. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:1825-38. [PMID: 22667351 DOI: 10.1021/tx3001847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Within the body of this review, we provide updates on the mechanisms involved in the renal handling mercury (Hg) and the vicinal dithiol complexing/chelating agents, 2,3-bis(sulfanyl)propane-1-sulfonate (known formerly as 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate, DMPS) and meso-2,3-bis(sulfanyl)succinate (known formerly as meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinate, DMSA), with a focus on the therapeutic effects of these dithiols following exposure to different chemical forms of Hg. We begin by reviewing briefly some of the chemical properties of Hg, with an emphasis on the high bonding affinity between mercuric ions and reduced sulfur atoms, principally those contained in protein and nonprotein thiols. A discussion is provided on the current body of knowledge pertaining to the handling of various mercuric species within the kidneys, focusing on the primary cellular targets that take up and are affected adversely by these species of Hg, namely, proximal tubular epithelial cells. Subsequently, we provide a brief update on the current knowledge on the handling of DMPS and DMSA in the kidneys. In particular, parallels are drawn between the mechanisms participating in the uptake of various thiol S-conjugates of Hg in proximal tubular cells and mechanisms by which DMPS and DMSA gain entry into these target epithelial cells. Finally, we discuss factors that permit DMPS and DMSA to bind intracellular mercuric ions and mechanisms transporting DMPS and DMSA S-conjugates of Hg out of proximal tubular epithelial cells into the luminal compartment of the nephron, and promoting urinary excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolfs K Zalups
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, 1550 College Street, Mercer University School of Medicine, Macon, GA 31207, USA.
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Long Y, Li Q, Zhong S, Wang Y, Cui Z. Molecular characterization and functions of zebrafish ABCC2 in cellular efflux of heavy metals. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 153:381-91. [PMID: 21266201 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2011.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2010] [Revised: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug-resistance associated protein 2 (MRP2/ABCC2) plays crucial roles in bile formation and detoxification by transporting a wide variety of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics, but its functions in zebrafish (Danio rerio) remain to be characterized. In this study, we obtained the full-length cDNA of zebrafish abcc2, analyzed its expression in developing embryos and adult tissues, investigated its transcriptional response to heavy metals, and evaluated its roles in efflux of heavy metals including cadmium, mercury and lead. Zebrafish abcc2 gene is located on chromosome 13 and composed of 32 exons. The deduced polypeptide of zebrafish ABCC2 consists of 1567 amino acids and possesses most of functional domains and critical residues defined in human ABCC2. Zebrafish abcc2 gene is not maternally expressed and its earliest expression was detected in embryos at 72hpf. In larval zebrafish, abcc2 gene was found to be exclusively expressed in liver, intestine and pronephric tubules. In adult zebrafish, the highest expression of abcc2 gene was found in intestine followed by those in liver and kidney, while relative low expression was detected in brain and muscle. Expression of abcc2 in excretory organs including kidney, liver and intestine of zebrafish larvae was induced by exposure to 0.5μM mercury or 5μM lead. Moreover, exposure to 0.125-1μM of mercury or lead also significantly induced abcc2 expression in these excretory organs of adult zebrafish. Furthermore, overexpression of zebrafish ABCC2 in ZF4 cells and zebrafish embryos decreased the cellular accumulation of heavy metals including cadmium, mercury and lead as determined by MRE (metal responsive element)- or EPRE (electrophile response element)-driven luciferase reporters and atomic absorption spectrometry. These results suggest that zebrafish ABCC2/MRP2 is capable of effluxing heavy metals from cells and may play important roles in the detoxification of toxic metals.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Biological Transport
- Cell Line
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/drug effects
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Genes, Reporter
- Larva/drug effects
- Larva/growth & development
- Larva/metabolism
- Male
- Metals, Heavy/administration & dosage
- Metals, Heavy/pharmacokinetics
- Metals, Heavy/toxicity
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/chemistry
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/genetics
- Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Organ Specificity
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Random Allocation
- Sequence Alignment
- Water Pollutants, Chemical/administration & dosage
- Water Pollutants, Chemical/pharmacokinetics
- Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity
- Zebrafish/growth & development
- Zebrafish/metabolism
- Zebrafish Proteins/chemistry
- Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Long
- Key Laboratory of Biodiversity and Conservation of Aquatic Organism, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Donghu Rd., Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China
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