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Ntlahla EE, Mfengu MM, Engwa GA, Nkeh-Chungag BN, Sewani-Rusike CR. Gut permeability is associated with hypertension and measures of obesity but not with Endothelial Dysfunction in South African youth. Afr Health Sci 2021; 21:1172-1184. [PMID: 35222580 PMCID: PMC8843265 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v21i3.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Though gut permeability has shown to be associated with measures of obesity and hypertension, its relationship with endothelial dysfunction, an early predictor for cardiovascular diseases remains unknown. Objective This study assessed the relationship between hypertension, measures of obesity, gut permeability and endothelial dysfunction. Methods A cross-sectional quantitative study which enrolled 151 South African youths was conducted. Anthropometric and blood pressure measurements were performed. Zonulin, a marker for gut permeability; adiponectin, an anti-inflammatory molecule, as well as asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) and Nitric oxide (NO) which are markers for endothelialfunction were assayed. Results Approximately eighteen percent (17.88%) of the participants were hypertensive while 40.4% were pre-hypertensive. Adiponectin significantly increased in hypertensive subjects and negatively correlated (p<0.05) with measures of obesity but was not associated with gut permeability and endothelial dysfunction. Increased body mass index (BMI) and visceral fat (VF) predicted reduced adiponectin (inflammation). Zonulin was significantly higher (p<0.05) in hypertensive subjects and positively associated (p<0.05) with systolic blood pressure (SBP) in females. A positive relationship (p<0.05) was observed between zonulin and measurements of obesity. Moreover, zonulin negatively associated (p<0.05) with ADMA but positively associated (p<0.05) with NO in males. Increased VF and waist circumference predicted gut permeability. Conclusion Gut permeability was associated with hypertension and measures of obesity but not with markers of endothelial dysfunction in a South African youth population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezona E Ntlahla
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University PBX1, 5117, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - Mvuyisi Mo Mfengu
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University PBX1, 5117, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - Godwill A Engwa
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University PBX1, 5117, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - Benedicta N Nkeh-Chungag
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University PBX1, 5117, Mthatha, South Africa
| | - Constance R Sewani-Rusike
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University PBX1, 5117, Mthatha, South Africa
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Merkhan M, Mohammad J, Fathi Z, Younis Z, Mahmood SM, Mohammed M. Silent hyperlipidaemia modulated vascular endothelial markers. PHARMACIA 2021. [DOI: 10.3897/pharmacia.68.e67959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aetiology of ischemic heart diseases is mainly based on atherosclerosis of coronary artery. Inflammation and oxidative reactions are initiating and aggravating the illness resulting in pathological remodelling of vasculaturze at site of injury. Endothelium lining of blood vessels participated in the reaction biochemically through releasing some proteins into circulatory system which further complicate the condition. The aim of this study was to determine early diagnosed hyperlipidaemia-associated changes of the plasma level of some of these endothelial biomolecules. Compared to healthy control, hyperlipidaemic patients have significantly increased arginase, metalloendopeptidase, peroxidase, myeloperoxidase, and peroxynitrite with concomitant reduction in arylesterase and nitric oxide. The present study concluded that hyperlipidaemia play a great role in modulation of certain plasma protein markers which might be directly related to patient pathological condition or could be used as a tool for diagnosis or patient follow up indicating the stage of vasculature remodelling, healing, inflammation or resolution.
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Shen J, Li P, Liu S, Liu Q, Li Y, Sun Y, He C, Xiao P. Traditional uses, ten-years research progress on phytochemistry and pharmacology, and clinical studies of the genus Scutellaria. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 265:113198. [PMID: 32739568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Scutellaria (Lamiaceae), which includes approximately 360-469 accepted species, is widespread in Europe, North America, East Asia, and South America. Several species have a long history being used as traditional medicines to treat respiratory, peptic, neurological, and hepatic and gall diseases. The phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Scutellaria have been developed dramatically in the past ten years, and the traditional uses and clinical studies of the genus have not been systematically summarized. Therefore, it is especially valuable to review the current state of knowledge to provide a basis for further exploration of its medicinal potential. AIM OF THE REVIEW The review aims to provide updated information on the ethnopharmacology, the ten-year research progress of phytochemistry and pharmacology, and clinical studies of Scutellaria and to explore the potential medicinal values and further studies of Scutellaria. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review is based on published studies and books from the library and electronic sources, including SciFinder, Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, Baidu Scholar, CNKI, the online ethnobotanical database, and ethnobotanical monographs. This literature is related to ethnopharmacology, the ten-year research progress on the phytochemistry and pharmacology, and clinical studies of Scutellaria. RESULTS A total of 50 species, 5 subspecies and 17 varieties of the genus Scutellaria are used as traditional medicine with various biological activities. In the past ten years, 208 chemical constituents have been identified from 16 species and 1 variety of the genus Scutellaria, such as neo-clerodane diterpenoids, sesterterpenoids, terpenoids, flavonoids. Pharmacological research has demonstrated that the extracts and compounds identified from this genus exhibit extensive biological activities, including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral and antibacterial activities, effects on cardiovascular, cerebrovascular diseases as well as hepatoprotective and neuroprotective effects. The species S. baicalensis, S. barbata, and S. lateriflora and the main compounds baicalein, baicalin and wogonin are involved in clinical trials, which point the way for us to conduct further studies, such as study on the anticancer, antihypertensive, anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective and other effects of Scutellaria. CONCLUSIONS The species included in the genus Scutellaria can be used to treat cancer, infection, hepatic disorders, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, and other diseases. Some indications in traditional medicines have been confirmed by modern pharmacological studies, such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-infective activity, and hepatoprotective and neuroprotective effects. The available literature indicated that most of the bioactivities could be attributed to flavonoids and neo-clerodane diterpenoids. Although there are some uses of Scutellaria in clinical practice, the existing research on this genus is still limited. In order to expand the development of medicinal resources of Scutellaria, the already studied species in this genus are recommended for more comprehensive investigation on their active substances, pharmacological mechanisms, quality control, clinical use and new drug research. Additionally, it is necessary to study species that their chemical composition or pharmacological activity have not yet been investigated, especially those used in folk medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Pei Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Shuangshuang Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Qing Liu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yue Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yuhua Sun
- Xinjiang Institute of Materia Medica, Urumqi, 830004, China.
| | - Chunnian He
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Peigen Xiao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Matjuda EN, Engwa GA, Anye SNC, Nkeh-Chungag BN, Goswami N. Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Their Relationship with Vascular Dysfunction in South African Children of African Ancestry. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10020354. [PMID: 33477761 PMCID: PMC7832309 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular dysfunction is known to be an initiator of the development and progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, there is paucity of information on the relationship of vascular dysfunction with cardiovascular risk factors in children of African ancestry. This study investigated the relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and vascular function in South African children of African ancestry. A cross-sectional study on 6–9-year-old children in randomly selected rural and urban schools of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa was conducted. General anthropometric indices were measured, followed by blood pressure (BP) measurements. The pulse wave velocity (PWV) was measured using a Vicorder. Albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), 8-hydroxy-2deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) were assayed in urine. Children from urban settings (10.8%) had a higher prevalence of overweight/obesity than their rural counterparts (8.5%) while the prevalence of elevated/high blood pressure was higher in rural (23.2%) than urban children (19.0%). Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) increased with increasing PWV (p < 0.05). Body mass index (BMI), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) positively associated (p < 0.05) with PWV. Creatinine, albumin and ACR significantly (p < 0.005) increased with increasing ADMA. ADMA associated positively (p < 0.05) with creatinine and 8-OHdG. In conclusion, vascular dysfunction was associated with obesity, high blood pressure, oxidative stress and microalbuminuria in South African children of African ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edna N. Matjuda
- Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University PBX1, Mthatha 5117, South Africa;
| | - Godwill A. Engwa
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University PBX1, Mthatha 5117, South Africa;
| | - Samuel Nkeh Chungag Anye
- MBCHB Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University PBX1, Mthatha 5117, South Africa;
| | - Benedicta N. Nkeh-Chungag
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Walter Sisulu University PBX1, Mthatha 5117, South Africa;
- Correspondence:
| | - Nandu Goswami
- Physiology Division, Otto Loewi Research Center for Vascular Biology, Immunology and Inflammation, Medical University of Graz, Neue Stiftingtalstrasse 6, 8036 Graz, Austria;
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S. Clemente G, van Waarde A, F. Antunes I, Dömling A, H. Elsinga P. Arginase as a Potential Biomarker of Disease Progression: A Molecular Imaging Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E5291. [PMID: 32722521 PMCID: PMC7432485 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Arginase is a widely known enzyme of the urea cycle that catalyzes the hydrolysis of L-arginine to L-ornithine and urea. The action of arginase goes beyond the boundaries of hepatic ureogenic function, being widespread through most tissues. Two arginase isoforms coexist, the type I (Arg1) predominantly expressed in the liver and the type II (Arg2) expressed throughout extrahepatic tissues. By producing L-ornithine while competing with nitric oxide synthase (NOS) for the same substrate (L-arginine), arginase can influence the endogenous levels of polyamines, proline, and NO•. Several pathophysiological processes may deregulate arginase/NOS balance, disturbing the homeostasis and functionality of the organism. Upregulated arginase expression is associated with several pathological processes that can range from cardiovascular, immune-mediated, and tumorigenic conditions to neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, arginase is a potential biomarker of disease progression and severity and has recently been the subject of research studies regarding the therapeutic efficacy of arginase inhibitors. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the pathophysiological role of arginase and the current state of development of arginase inhibitors, discussing the potential of arginase as a molecular imaging biomarker and stimulating the development of novel specific and high-affinity arginase imaging probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo S. Clemente
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (G.S.C.); (A.v.W.); (I.F.A.)
| | - Aren van Waarde
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (G.S.C.); (A.v.W.); (I.F.A.)
| | - Inês F. Antunes
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (G.S.C.); (A.v.W.); (I.F.A.)
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Department of Drug Design, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Philip H. Elsinga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (G.S.C.); (A.v.W.); (I.F.A.)
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Association of Hypertension and Obesity with Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases in Children Aged 6-9 Years Old in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. CHILDREN-BASEL 2020; 7:children7040025. [PMID: 32231008 PMCID: PMC7230217 DOI: 10.3390/children7040025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors are known to begin early in life, but limited data on the relationship of obesity and hypertension with other known CVD risk factors, such as endothelial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and chronic low-grade inflammation is available on children. In this cross-sectional study involving 6–9 years old school children aged from the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa the relationship between obesity/hypertension and other risk factors for CVDs was investigated. General anthropometric parameters were measured, followed by blood pressure (BP) measurements and pulse wave velocity (PWV). Urine samples were collected for the determination of albumin, creatinine, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), 8-hydroxy-2deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance (TBARS). Overweight/obesity (19.28%) and pre-hypertension/hypertension (42.16%) were prevalent in children. Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), a marker of obesity, was positively correlated with ADMA, while ADMA and PWV were significantly different (p < 0.05) between hypertensive and normotensive children. Also, TBARS and 8-OHdG were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in hypertensive subjects. Creatinine was significantly (p < 0.05) increased in obese, as well as in hypertensive children, and positively associated with waist circumference (WC) and neck circumference (NC). In conclusion, obesity and hypertension were associated with renal-cardiovascular disease risk, while oxidative stress showed a possible association with obesity in 6 to 9 year old South African children of African descent. This suggests that South African children of African descent may be becoming more prone to developing CVDs, and therefore may require early intervention for the prevention of CVDs in the near future.
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Koo BH, Hwang HM, Yi BG, Lim HK, Jeon BH, Hoe KL, Kwon YG, Won MH, Kim YM, Berkowitz DE, Ryoo S. Arginase II Contributes to the Ca 2+/CaMKII/eNOS Axis by Regulating Ca 2+ Concentration Between the Cytosol and Mitochondria in a p32-Dependent Manner. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 7:e009579. [PMID: 30371203 PMCID: PMC6222941 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.118.009579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Arginase II activity contributes to reciprocal regulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). We tested the hypotheses that arginase II activity participates in the regulation of Ca2+/Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent kinase II/eNOS activation, and this process is dependent on mitochondrial p32. Methods and Results Downregulation of arginase II increased the concentration of cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]c) and decreased mitochondrial Ca2+ ([Ca2+]m) in microscopic and fluorescence‐activated cell sorting analyses, resulting in augmented eNOS Ser1177 phosphorylation and decreased eNOS Thr495 phosphorylation through Ca2+/Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent kinase II. These changes were observed in human umbilical vein endothelial cells treated with small interfering RNA against p32 (sip32). Using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry, fluorescence immunoassay, and ion chromatography, inhibition of arginase II reduced the amount of spermine, a binding molecule, and the release of Ca2+ from p32. In addition, arginase II gene knockdown using small interfering RNA and knockout arginase II‐null mice resulted in reduced p32 protein level. In the aortas of wild‐type mice, small interfering RNA against p32 induced eNOS Ser1177 phosphorylation and enhanced NO‐dependent vasorelaxation. Arginase activity, p32 protein expression, spermine amount, and [Ca2+]m were increased in the aortas from apolipoprotein E (ApoE−/−) mice fed a high‐cholesterol diet, and intravenous administration of small interfering RNA against p32 restored Ca2+/Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent kinase II‐dependent eNOS Ser1177 phosphorylation and improved endothelial dysfunction. The effects of arginase II downregulation were not associated with elevated NO production when tested in aortic endothelia from eNOS knockout mice. Conclusions These data demonstrate a novel function of arginase II in regulation of Ca2+‐dependent eNOS phosphorylation. This novel mechanism drives arginase activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, endothelial dysfunction, and atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bon-Hyeock Koo
- 1 Department of Biology School of medicine Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea
| | - Hye-Mi Hwang
- 1 Department of Biology School of medicine Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea
| | - Bong-Gu Yi
- 1 Department of Biology School of medicine Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea
| | - Hyun Kyo Lim
- 4 Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine Wonju Korea
| | - Byeong Hwa Jeon
- 5 Infectious Signaling Network Research Center Department of Physiology School of Medicine Chungnam National University Daejeon Korea
| | - Kwang Lae Hoe
- 6 Department of New Drug Discovery and Development Chungnam National University Daejeon Korea
| | | | - Moo-Ho Won
- 2 Department of Neurobiology School of medicine Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea
| | - Young Myeong Kim
- 3 College of Natural Sciences and Departments of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry School of medicine Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea
| | - Dan E Berkowitz
- 8 Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Johns Hopkins University Baltimore MD
| | - Sungwoo Ryoo
- 1 Department of Biology School of medicine Kangwon National University Chuncheon Korea
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8
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Lamponi S, Aloisi AM, Bonechi C, Consumi M, Donati A, Leone G, Rossi C, Tamasi G, Ghiandai L, Ferrini E, Fiorenzani P, Ceccarelli I, Magnani A. Evaluation of in vitro cell and blood compatibility and in vivo analgesic activity of plant-derived dietary supplements. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2019; 17:213-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Abdelkawy KS, Lack K, Elbarbry F. Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Promising Arginase Inhibitors. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 42:355-370. [PMID: 27734327 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-016-0381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Up-regulation of arginase activity in several chronic disease conditions, including cancer and hypertension, may suggest new targets for treatment. Recently, the number of new arginase inhibitors with promising therapeutic effects for asthma, cancer, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and erectile dysfunction has shown a remarkable increase. Arginase inhibitors may be chemical substances, such as boron-based amino acid derivatives, α-difluoromethylornithine (DMFO), and Nω-hydroxy-nor-L-arginine (nor-NOHA) or, of plant origin such as sauchinone, salvianolic acid B (SAB), piceatannol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (PG) and obacunone. Despite their promising therapeutic potential, little is known about pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of some of these agents. Several studies were conducted in different animal species and in vitro systems and reported significant differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of arginase inhibitors. Therefore, extra caution should be considered before extrapolating these studies to human. Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic profiles of some effective arginase inhibitors make it challenging to formulate stable and effective formulation. In this article, existing literature on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of arginase inhibitors were reviewed and compared together with emphasis on possible drug interactions and solutions to overcome pharmacokinetics challenges and shortage of arginase inhibitors in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kelsey Lack
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University, 222 SE 8th Ave., Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA
| | - Fawzy Elbarbry
- School of Pharmacy, Pacific University, 222 SE 8th Ave., Hillsboro, OR, 97123, USA.
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10
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Vanhoutte PM, Zhao Y, Xu A, Leung SWS. Thirty Years of Saying NO: Sources, Fate, Actions, and Misfortunes of the Endothelium-Derived Vasodilator Mediator. Circ Res 2017; 119:375-96. [PMID: 27390338 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.306531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells control vascular tone by releasing nitric oxide (NO) produced by endothelial NO synthase. The activity of endothelial NO synthase is modulated by the calcium concentration and by post-translational modifications (eg, phosphorylation). When NO reaches vascular smooth muscle, soluble guanylyl cyclase is its primary target producing cGMP. NO production is stimulated by circulating substances (eg, catecholamines), platelet products (eg, serotonin), autacoids formed in (eg, bradykinin) or near (eg, adiponectin) the vascular wall and physical factors (eg, shear stress). NO dysfunction can be caused, alone or in combination, by abnormal coupling of endothelial cell membrane receptors, insufficient supply of substrate (l-arginine) or cofactors (tetrahydrobiopterin), endogenous inhibitors (asymmetrical dimethyl arginine), reduced expression/presence/dimerization of endothelial NO synthase, inhibition of its enzymatic activity, accelerated disposition of NO by reactive oxygen species and abnormal responses (eg, biased soluble guanylyl cyclase activity producing cyclic inosine monophosphate) of the vascular smooth muscle. Major culprits causing endothelial dysfunction, irrespective of the underlying pathological process (aging, obesity, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension), include stimulation of mineralocorticoid receptors, activation of endothelial Rho-kinase, augmented presence of asymmetrical dimethyl arginine, and exaggerated oxidative stress. Genetic and pharmacological interventions improve dysfunctional NO-mediated vasodilatations if protecting the supply of substrate and cofactors for endothelial NO synthase, preserving the presence and activity of the enzyme and reducing reactive oxygen species generation. Common achievers of such improvement include maintained levels of estrogens and increased production of adiponectin and induction of silent mating-type information regulation 2 homologue 1. Obviously, endothelium-dependent relaxations are not the only beneficial action of NO in the vascular wall. Thus, reduced NO-mediated responses precede and initiate the atherosclerotic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Vanhoutte
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (P.M.V., Y.Z., A.X., S.W.S.L.), Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (P.M.V., Y.Z., A.X., S.W.S.L.), and Department of Medicine (A.X.), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yingzi Zhao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (P.M.V., Y.Z., A.X., S.W.S.L.), Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (P.M.V., Y.Z., A.X., S.W.S.L.), and Department of Medicine (A.X.), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (P.M.V., Y.Z., A.X., S.W.S.L.), Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (P.M.V., Y.Z., A.X., S.W.S.L.), and Department of Medicine (A.X.), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Susan W S Leung
- From the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology (P.M.V., Y.Z., A.X., S.W.S.L.), Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy (P.M.V., Y.Z., A.X., S.W.S.L.), and Department of Medicine (A.X.), Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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11
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Synthesis, Anti-inflammatory, and Arginase Inhibitory Activity of Piceatannol and Its Analogs. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.11089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Nguyen MC, Park JT, Jeon YG, Jeon BH, Hoe KL, Kim YM, Lim HK, Ryoo S. Arginase Inhibition Restores Peroxynitrite-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction via L-Arginine-Dependent Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Phosphorylation. Yonsei Med J 2016; 57:1329-38. [PMID: 27593859 PMCID: PMC5011263 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2016.57.6.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Peroxynitrite plays a critical role in vascular pathophysiology by increasing arginase activity and decreasing endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity. Therefore, the aims of this study were to investigate whether arginase inhibition and L-arginine supplement could restore peroxynitrite-induced endothelial dysfunction and determine the involved mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with SIN-1, a peroxynitrite generator, and arginase activity, nitrite/nitrate production, and expression levels of proteins were measured. eNOS activation was evaluated via Western blot and dimer blot analysis. We also tested nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and performed a vascular tension assay. RESULTS SIN-1 treatment increased arginase activity in a time- and dose-dependent manner and reciprocally decreased nitrite/nitrate production that was prevented by peroxynitrite scavenger in HUVECs. Furthermore, SIN-1 induced an increase in the expression level of arginase I and II, though not in eNOS protein. The decreased eNOS phosphorylation at Ser1177 and the increased at Thr495 by SIN-1 were restored with arginase inhibitor and L-arginine. The changed eNOS phosphorylation was consistent in the stability of eNOS dimers. SIN-1 decreased NO production and increased ROS generation in the aortic endothelium, all of which was reversed by arginase inhibitor or L-arginine. N(G)-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) prevented SIN-1-induced ROS generation. In the vascular tension assay, SIN-1 enhanced vasoconstrictor responses to U46619 and attenuated vasorelaxant responses to acetylcholine that were reversed by arginase inhibition. CONCLUSION These findings may explain the beneficial effect of arginase inhibition and L-arginine supplement on endothelial dysfunction under redox imbalance-dependent pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Cong Nguyen
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Jong Taek Park
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Yeong Gwan Jeon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Byeong Hwa Jeon
- Infectious Signaling Network Research Center, Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Kwang Lae Hoe
- Department of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Young Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - Hyun Kyo Lim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.
| | - Sungwoo Ryoo
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea.
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Gu Y, Tang X, Xie L, Meng G, Ji Y. Aliskiren improves endothelium-dependent relaxation of thoracic aorta by activating PI3K/Akt/eNOS signal pathway in SHR. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2016; 43:450-8. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Xin Tang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Liping Xie
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
| | - Guoliang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
- Department of Pharmacology; School of Pharmacy; Nantong University; Nantong China
| | - Yong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease and Molecular Intervention; Nanjing Medical University; Nanjing China
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