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Zhang S, Sun L, Wen S, Chen R, Sun S, Lai X, Li Q, Zhang Z, Lai Z, Li Z, Li Q, Chen Z, Cao J. Analysis of aroma quality changes of large-leaf black tea in different storage years based on HS-SPME and GC-MS. Food Chem X 2023; 20:100991. [PMID: 38144858 PMCID: PMC10739856 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The reasons for the change in volatile metabolites and aroma of black tea during storage remain unclear. Therefore, we used HS-SPME and GC-MS methods to analyze the aroma compounds of new tea (2021) versus aged tea groups (2015, 2017, and 2019). A total of 109 volatile components were identified. During storage, 36 metabolites mainly with floral and fruity aromas decreased significantly, while 18 volatile components with spicy, sour, and woody aromas increased significantly. Linalool and beta-ionone mainly contributed to sweet and floral aromas of freshly-processed and aged black tea, respectively. Isovaleric acid and hexanoic acid mainly caused sour odor of aged black tea. The monoterpene biosynthesis and secondary metabolic biosynthesis pathways might be key metabolic pathways leading to changes in the relative content of metabolites during storage of black tea. Our study provides theoretical support for fully understanding the changes in the aroma quality of black tea during storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwan Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China
- College of Food Science/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lingli Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shuai Wen
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ruohong Chen
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Shili Sun
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xingfei Lai
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qiuhua Li
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhenbiao Zhang
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhaoxiang Lai
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhigang Li
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qian Li
- Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Functional Foods, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China
| | - Zhongzheng Chen
- College of Food Science/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, South China Agricultural University, 483 Wushan Street, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junxi Cao
- Tea Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Resources Innovation & Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China
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A GABA Receptor Modulator and Semiochemical Compounds Evidenced Using Volatolomics as Candidate Markers of Chronic Exposure to Fipronil in Apis mellifera. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020185. [PMID: 36837804 PMCID: PMC9959115 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the various "omics" approaches that can be used in toxicology, volatolomics is in full development. A volatolomic study was carried out on soil bacteria to validate the proof of concept, and this approach was implemented in a new model organism: the honeybee Apis mellifera. Emerging bees raised in the laboratory in pain-type cages were used. Volatolomics analysis was performed on cuticles, fat bodies, and adhering tissues (abdomens without the digestive tract), after 14 and 21 days of chronic exposure to 0.5 and 1 µg/L of fipronil, corresponding to sublethal doses. The VOCs analysis was processed using an HS-SPME/GC-MS method. A total of 281 features were extracted and tentatively identified. No significant effect of fipronil on the volatolome could be observed after 14 days of chronic exposure. Mainly after 21 days of exposure, a volatolome deviation appeared. The study of this deviation highlighted 11 VOCs whose signal abundances evolved during the experiment. Interestingly, the volatolomics approach revealed a VOC (2,6-dimethylcyclohexanol) that could act on GABA receptor activity (the fipronil target) and VOCs associated with semiochemical activities (pheromones, repellent agents, and compounds related to the Nasonov gland) leading to a potential impact on bee behavior.
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Dissanayake KN, Margetiny F, Whitmore CL, Chou RCC, Roesl C, Patel V, McArdle JJ, Webster R, Beeson D, Tattersall JEH, Wyllie DJA, Eddleston M, Ribchester RR. Antagonistic postsynaptic and presynaptic actions of cyclohexanol on neuromuscular synaptic transmission and function. J Physiol 2021; 599:5417-5449. [PMID: 34748643 DOI: 10.1113/jp281921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Intentional ingestion of agricultural organophosphorus insecticides is a significant public health issue in rural Asia, causing thousands of deaths annually. Some survivors develop a severe, acute or delayed myasthenic syndrome. In animal models, similar myasthenia has been associated with increasing plasma concentration of one insecticide solvent metabolite, cyclohexanol. We investigated possible mechanisms using voltage and current recordings from mouse neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) and transfected human cell lines. Cyclohexanol (10-25 mM) reduced endplate potential (EPP) amplitudes by 10-40% and enhanced depression during repetitive (2-20 Hz) stimulation by up to 60%. EPP decay was prolonged more than twofold. Miniature EPPs were attenuated by more than 50%. Cyclohexanol inhibited whole-cell currents recorded from CN21 cells expressing human postjunctional acetylcholine receptors (hnAChR) with an IC50 of 3.74 mM. Cyclohexanol (10-20 mM) also caused prolonged episodes of reduced-current, multi-channel bursting in outside-out patch recordings from hnAChRs expressed in transfected HEK293T cells, reducing charge transfer by more than 50%. Molecular modelling indicated cyclohexanol binding (-6 kcal/mol) to a previously identified alcohol binding site on nicotinic AChR α-subunits. Cyclohexanol also increased quantal content of evoked transmitter release by ∼50%. In perineurial recordings, cyclohexanol selectively inhibited presynaptic K+ currents. Modelling indicated cyclohexanol binding (-3.8 kcal/mol) to voltage-sensitive K+ channels at the same site as tetraethylammonium (TEA). TEA (10 mM) blocked K+ channels more effectively than cyclohexanol but EPPs were more prolonged in 20 mM cyclohexanol. The results explain the pattern of neuromuscular dysfunction following ingestion of organophosphorus insecticides containing cyclohexanol precursors and suggest that cyclohexanol may facilitate investigation of mechanisms regulating synaptic strength at NMJs. KEY POINTS: Intentional ingestion of agricultural organophosphorus insecticides is a significant public health issue in rural Asia, causing thousands of deaths annually. Survivors may develop a severe myasthenic syndrome or paralysis, associated with increased plasma levels of cyclohexanol, an insecticide solvent metabolite. Analysis of synaptic transmission at neuromuscular junctions in isolated mouse skeletal muscle, using isometric tension recording and microelectrode recording of endplate voltages and currents, showed that cyclohexanol reduced postsynaptic sensitivity to acetylcholine neurotransmitter (reduced quantal size) while simultaneously enhancing evoked transmitter release (increased quantal content). Patch recording from transfected cell lines, together with molecular modelling, indicated that cyclohexanol causes selective, allosteric antagonism of postsynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and block of presynaptic K+ -channel function. The data provide insight into the cellular and molecular mechanisms of neuromuscular weakness following intentional ingestion of agricultural organophosphorus insecticides. Our findings also extend understanding of the effects of alcohols on synaptic transmission and homeostatic synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosala N Dissanayake
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Filip Margetiny
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Robert C-C Chou
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Cornelia Roesl
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Vishwendra Patel
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Joseph J McArdle
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Richard Webster
- Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, UK
| | - David Beeson
- Weatherall Institute for Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford, UK
| | | | - David J A Wyllie
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Michael Eddleston
- Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Frateloreto F, Capocasa G, Olivo G, Abdel Hady K, Sappino C, Di Berto Mancini M, Levi Mortera S, Lanzalunga O, Di Stefano S. Increasing the steric hindrance around the catalytic core of a self-assembled imine-based non-heme iron catalyst for C-H oxidation. RSC Adv 2020; 11:537-542. [PMID: 35423066 PMCID: PMC8690968 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09677f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sterically hindered imine-based non-heme complexes 4 and 5 rapidly self-assemble in acetonitrile at 25 °C, when the corresponding building blocks are added in solution in the proper ratios. Such complexes are investigated as catalysts for the H2O2 oxidation of a series of substrates in order to ascertain the role and the importance of the ligand steric hindrance on the action of the catalytic core 1, previously shown to be an efficient catalyst for aliphatic and aromatic C-H bond oxidation. The study reveals a modest dependence of the output of the oxidation reactions on the presence of bulky substituents in the backbone of the catalyst, both in terms of activity and selectivity. This result supports a previously hypothesized catalytic mechanism, which is based on the hemi-lability of the metal complex. In the active form of the catalyst, one of the pyridine arms temporarily leaves the iron centre, freeing up a lot of room for the access of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Frateloreto
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Istituto CNR per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, Università di Roma La Sapienza P. le A. Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Giorgio Capocasa
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Istituto CNR per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, Università di Roma La Sapienza P. le A. Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Giorgio Olivo
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Istituto CNR per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, Università di Roma La Sapienza P. le A. Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Karim Abdel Hady
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Istituto CNR per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, Università di Roma La Sapienza P. le A. Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Carla Sappino
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Istituto CNR per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, Università di Roma La Sapienza P. le A. Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Marika Di Berto Mancini
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Istituto CNR per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, Università di Roma La Sapienza P. le A. Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Stefano Levi Mortera
- Area of Genetics and Rare Diseases, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesù Children's Italy
| | - Osvaldo Lanzalunga
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Istituto CNR per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, Università di Roma La Sapienza P. le A. Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Stefano Di Stefano
- Dipartimento di Chimica and Istituto CNR per i Sistemi Biologici (ISB-CNR), Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, Università di Roma La Sapienza P. le A. Moro 5 00185 Rome Italy
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