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Zimmermann A, Vu O, Brüser A, Sliwoski G, Marnett LJ, Meiler J, Schöneberg T. Mapping the binding sites of UDP and prostaglandin E2 glyceryl ester in the nucleotide receptor P2Y6. ChemMedChem 2022; 17:e202100683. [PMID: 35034430 PMCID: PMC9305961 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202100683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase‐2 catalyzes the biosynthesis of prostaglandins from arachidonic acid and the biosynthesis of prostaglandin glycerol esters (PG‐Gs) from 2‐arachidonoylglycerol. PG‐Gs are mediators of several biological actions such as macrophage activation, hyperalgesia, synaptic plasticity, and intraocular pressure. Recently, the human UDP receptor P2Y6 was identified as a target for the prostaglandin E2 glycerol ester (PGE2‐G). Here, we show that UDP and PGE2‐G are evolutionary conserved endogenous agonists at vertebrate P2Y6 orthologs. Using sequence comparison of P2Y6 orthologs, homology modeling, and ligand docking studies, we proposed several receptor positions participating in agonist binding. Site‐directed mutagenesis and functional analysis of these P2Y6 mutants revealed that both UDP and PGE2‐G share in parts one ligand‐binding site. Thus, the convergent signaling of these two chemically very different agonists has already been manifested in the evolutionary design of the ligand‐binding pocket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Zimmermann
- Leipzig University: Universitat Leipzig Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry GERMANY
| | - Oanh Vu
- Vanderbilt University Department of Chemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Antje Brüser
- Leipzig University: Universitat Leipzig Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry GERMANY
| | - Gregory Sliwoski
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Department of Biomedical Informatics UNITED STATES
| | - Lawrence J. Marnett
- Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Department of Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Jens Meiler
- Leipzig University: Universitat Leipzig Institute of Drug discovery GERMANY
| | - Torsten Schöneberg
- Leipzig University: Universitat Leipzig Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry Johannisallee 30 04103 Leipzig GERMANY
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Kingsley PJ, Rouzer CA, Morgan AJ, Patel S, Marnett LJ. Aspects of Prostaglandin Glycerol Ester Biology. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1161:77-88. [PMID: 31562623 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21735-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The Cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2) incorporate 2 molecules of O2 into arachidonic acid (AA), resulting in an array of bioactive prostaglandins. However, much work has been done showing that COX-2 will perform this reaction on several different AA-containing molecules, most importantly, the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). The products of 2-AG oxygenation, prostaglandin glycerol esters (PG-Gs), are analogous to canonical prostaglandins. This chapter reviews the literature detailing the production, metabolism, and bioactivity of these compounds, as well as their detection in intact animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Kingsley
- A. B. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Carol A Rouzer
- A. B. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Amanda J Morgan
- A. B. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sachin Patel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, and the Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Lawrence J Marnett
- A. B. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry, Chemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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3
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Turcotte C, Zarini S, Jean S, Martin C, Murphy RC, Marsolais D, Laviolette M, Blanchet MR, Flamand N. The Endocannabinoid Metabolite Prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2)-Glycerol Inhibits Human Neutrophil Functions: Involvement of Its Hydrolysis into PGE 2 and EP Receptors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3255-3263. [PMID: 28258202 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol and N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine mediate an array of pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. These effects are related, in part, to their metabolism by eicosanoid biosynthetic enzymes. For example, N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine and 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol can be metabolized by cyclooxygenase-2 into PG-ethanolamide (PG-EA) and PG-glycerol (PG-G), respectively. Although PGE2 is a recognized suppressor of neutrophil functions, the impact of cyclooxygenase-derived endocannabinoids such as PGE2-EA or PGE2-G on neutrophils is unknown. This study's aim was to define the effects of these mediators on neutrophil functions and the underlying cellular mechanisms involved. We show that PGE2-G, but not PGE2-EA, inhibits leukotriene B4 biosynthesis, superoxide production, migration, and antimicrobial peptide release. The effects of PGE2-G were prevented by EP1/EP2 receptor antagonist AH-6809 but not the EP4 antagonist ONO-AE2-227. The effects of PGE2-G required its hydrolysis into PGE2, were not observed with the non-hydrolyzable PGE2-serinol amide, and were completely prevented by methyl-arachidonoyl-fluorophosphate and palmostatin B, and partially prevented by JZL184 and WWL113. Although we could detect six of the documented PG-G hydrolases in neutrophils by quantitative PCR, only ABHD12 and ABHD16A were detected by immunoblot. Our pharmacological data, combined with our protein expression data, did not allow us to pinpoint one PGE2-G lipase, and rather support the involvement of an uncharacterized lipase and/or of multiple hydrolases. In conclusion, we show that PGE2-G inhibits human neutrophil functions through its hydrolysis into PGE2, and by activating the EP2 receptor. This also indicates that neutrophils could regulate inflammation by altering the balance between PG-G and PG levels in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Turcotte
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada; and
| | - Simona Zarini
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Stéphanie Jean
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada; and
| | - Cyril Martin
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada; and
| | - Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - David Marsolais
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada; and
| | - Michel Laviolette
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada; and
| | - Marie-Renée Blanchet
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada; and
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec City, Quebec G1V 4G5, Canada; and
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Woodward DF, Wenthur SL, Rudebush TL, Fan S, Toris CB. Prostanoid Receptor Antagonist Effects on Intraocular Pressure, Supported by Ocular Biodisposition Experiments. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2016; 32:606-622. [PMID: 27763812 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2016.0069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Since all prostanoid receptors affect intraocular pressure (IOP) and endogenous prostanoids are found in ocular tissues, the pressor effects of prostanoid antagonists were comprehensively evaluated. The absence of effects of most of these antagonists was not entirely anticipated. To ensure no false-negative results, ocular biodisposition studies were conducted. METHODS Monkeys with laser-induced ocular hypertension were used to study antagonist effects on IOP. Ocular biodisposition of each antagonist was assessed in rabbits, with LC/MS/MS analyses of tissue extracts and blood. RESULTS EP1, EP2, EP3, EP4, FP, IP, and TP prostanoid receptor antagonists did not affect IOP, even at a high 1% dose. These studies were followed by ocular biodisposition studies. Striking differences in ocular tissue bioavailability were observed, which were independent of solubility. Only the EP1 antagonist SC-51322 failed to penetrate sufficiently to be bioavailable in the aqueous humor and ciliary body/iris. This obliged testing an alternative EP1 antagonist, namely ONO-8713, to reliably conclude that an EP1 antagonist does not alter IOP. CONCLUSIONS These antagonist studies provided no evidence for individual endogenous prostanoids exerting a meaningful role in regulating IOP. They do reaffirm the critical importance of studying ocular bioavailability for confirming negative data. Large differences among the antagonists in anterior segment and even ocular surface tissue biodisposition were observed in rabbits. It appears from these monkey studies, supported by rabbit ocular bioavailability data, that an absence of drug effect in the eye cannot be adequately substantiated without determination of ocular pharmacokinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Woodward
- 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc. , Irvine, California
| | - Stacey L Wenthur
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Tara L Rudebush
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Shan Fan
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Carol B Toris
- 2 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center , Omaha, Nebraska.,3 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
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