1
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Bi YA, Jordan S, King-Ahmad A, West MA, Varma MVS. Mechanistic Determinants of Daprodustat Drug-Drug Interactions and Pharmacokinetics in Hepatic Dysfunction and Chronic Kidney Disease: Significance of OATP1B-CYP2C8 Interplay. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2024; 115:1336-1345. [PMID: 38404228 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.3215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Daprodustat is the first oral hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor approved recently for the treatment of anemia caused by chronic kidney disease (CKD) in adults receiving dialysis. We evaluated the role of organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B-mediated hepatic uptake transport in the pharmacokinetics (PKs) of daprodustat using in vitro and in vivo studies, and physiologically-based PK (PBPK) modeling of its drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with inhibitor drugs. In vitro, daprodustat showed specific transport by OATP1B1/1B3 in the transfected cell systems and primary human and monkey hepatocytes. A single-dose oral rifampin (OATP1B inhibitor) reduced daprodustat intravenous clearance by a notable 9.9 ± 1.2-fold (P < 0.05) in cynomolgus monkeys. Correspondingly, volume of distribution at steady-state was also reduced by 5.0 ± 1.1-fold, whereas the half-life change was minimal (1.5-fold), corroborating daprodustat hepatic uptake inhibition by rifampin. A PBPK model accounting for OATP1B-CYP2C8 interplay was developed, which well described daprodustat PK and DDIs with gemfibrozil (CYP2C8 and OATP1B inhibitor) and trimethoprim (weak CYP2C8 inhibitor) within 25% error of the observed data in healthy subjects. About 18-fold increase in daprodustat area under the curve (AUC) following gemfibrozil treatment was found to be associated with strong CYP2C8 inhibition and moderate OATP1B inhibition. Moreover, PK modulation in hepatic dysfunction and subjects with CKD, in comparison to healthy control, was well-captured by the model. CYP2C8 and/or OATP1B inhibitor drugs (e.g., gemfibrozil, clopidogrel, rifampin, and cyclosporine) were predicted to perpetrate moderate-to-strong DDIs in healthy subjects, as well as, in target CKD population. Daprodustat can be used as a sensitive CYP2C8 index substrate in the absence of OATP1B modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-An Bi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer R&D, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Samantha Jordan
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer R&D, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Amanda King-Ahmad
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer R&D, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mark A West
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer R&D, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer R&D, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
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2
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Liang X, Koleske ML, Yang J, Lai Y. Building a Predictive PBPK Model for Human OATP Substrates: a Strategic Framework for Early Evaluation of Clinical Pharmacokinetic Variations Using Pitavastatin as an Example. AAPS J 2024; 26:13. [PMID: 38182946 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00882-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
To select a drug candidate for clinical development, accurately and promptly predicting human pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles, assessing drug-drug interactions (DDIs), and anticipating potential PK variations in disease populations are crucial steps in drug discovery. The complexity of predicting human PK significantly increases when hepatic transporters are involved in drug clearance (CL) and volume of distribution (Vss). A strategic framework is developed here, utilizing pitavastatin as an example. The framework includes the construction of a monkey physiologically-based PK (PBPK) model, model calibration to obtain scaling factors (SF) of in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) for various clearance parameters, human model development and validation, and assessment of DDIs and PK variations in disease populations. Through incorporating in vitro human parameters and calibrated SFs from the monkey model of 3.45, 0.14, and 1.17 for CLint,active, CLint,passive, and CLint,bile, respectively, and together with the relative fraction transported by individual transporters obtained from in vitro studies and the optimized Ki values for OATP inhibition, the model reasonably captured observed pitavastatin PK profiles, DDIs and PK variations in human subjects carrying genetic polymorphisms, i.e., AUC within 20%. Lastly, when applying the functional reduction based on measured OATP1B biomarkers, the model adequately predicted PK changes in the hepatic impairment population. The present study presents a strategic framework for early-stage drug development, enabling the prediction of PK profiles and assessment of PK variations in scenarios like DDIs, genetic polymorphism, and hepatic impairment-related disease states, specifically focusing on OATP substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Liang
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr., Foster City, California, 94404, USA
| | - Megan L Koleske
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr., Foster City, California, 94404, USA
| | - Jesse Yang
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr., Foster City, California, 94404, USA
| | - Yurong Lai
- Drug Metabolism, Gilead Sciences Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr., Foster City, California, 94404, USA.
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3
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Nozaki Y, Izumi S. Preincubation Time-Dependent, Long-Lasting Inhibition of Drug Transporters and Impact on the Prediction of Drug-Drug Interactions. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1077-1088. [PMID: 36854606 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Transporter-mediated drug-drug interaction (DDI) is of clinical concern, and the quantitative prediction of DDIs is an indispensable part of drug development. Cell-based inhibition assays, in which a representative probe substrate and a potential inhibitor are coincubated, are routinely performed to assess the inhibitory potential of new molecular entities on drug transporters. However, the inhibitory effect of cyclosporine A (CsA) on organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 is substantially potentiated with CsA preincubation, and this effect is both long-lasting and dependent on the preincubation time. This phenomenon has also been reported with transporters other than OATP1Bs, but it is considered more prevalent among OATP1Bs and organic cation transporters. Regulatory agencies have also noted this preincubation effect and have recommended that pharmaceutical companies consider inhibitor preincubation when performing in vitro OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 inhibition studies. Although the underlying mechanisms responsible for the preincubation effect are not fully understood, a trans-inhibition mechanism was recently demonstrated for OATP1B1 inhibition by CsA, in which CsA inhibited OATP1B1 not only extracellularly (cis-inhibition) but also intracellularly (trans-inhibition). Furthermore, the trans-inhibition potency of CsA was much greater than that of cis-inhibition, suggesting that trans-inhibition might be a key driver of clinical DDIs of CsA with OATP1B substrate drugs. Although confidence in transporter-mediated DDI prediction is generally considered to be low, the predictability might be further improved by incorporating the trans-inhibition mechanism into static and dynamic models for preincubation-dependent inhibitors of OATP1Bs and perhaps other transporters. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Preincubation time-dependent, long-lasting inhibition has been observed for OATP1B1 and other solute carrier transporters in vitro. Recently, a trans-inhibition mechanism for the preincubation effect of CsA on OATP1B1 inhibition was identified, with the trans-inhibition potency being greater than that of cis-inhibition. The concept of trans-inhibition may allow us to further understand the mechanism of transporter-mediated DDIs not only for OATP1B1 but also for other transporters and to improve the accuracy and confidence of DDI predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitane Nozaki
- Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3, Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan (Y.N., S.I.)
| | - Saki Izumi
- Global Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Tsukuba Research Laboratories, Eisai Co., Ltd., 5-1-3, Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 300-2635, Japan (Y.N., S.I.)
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4
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Shen H, Yang Z, Rodrigues AD. Cynomolgus Monkey as an Emerging Animal Model to Study Drug Transporters: In Vitro, In Vivo, In Vitro-To-In Vivo Translation. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 50:299-319. [PMID: 34893475 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane transporters have been recognized as one of the key determinants of pharmacokinetics and are also known to affect the efficacy and toxicity of drugs. Both qualitatively and quantitatively, however, transporter studies conducted using human in vitro systems have not always been predictive. Consequently, researchers have utilized cynomolgus monkeys as a model to study drug transporters and anticipate their effects in humans. Burgeoning reports of data in the last few years necessitates a comprehensive review on the topic of drug transporters in cynomolgus monkeys that includes cell-based tools, sequence homology, tissue expression, in vitro studies, in vivo studies, and in vitro-to-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE). This review highlights the state-of-the-art applications of monkey transporter models to support the evaluation of transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions, clearance predictions, and endogenous transporter biomarker identification and validation. The data demonstrate that cynomolgus monkey transporter models, when used appropriately, can be an invaluable tool to support drug discovery and development processes. Most importantly, they provide an early IVIVE assessment which provides additional context to human in vitro data. Additionally, comprehending species similarities and differences in transporter tissue expression and activity is crucial when translating monkey data to humans. The challenges and limitations when applying such models to inform decision-making must also be considered. Significance Statement This paper presents a comprehensive review of currently available published reports describing cynomolgus monkey transporter models. The data indicate that cynomolgus monkeys provide mechanistic insight regarding the role of intestinal, hepatic, and renal transporters in drug and biomarker disposition and drug interactions. It is concluded that the data generated with cynomolgus monkey models provide mechanistic insight regarding transporter-mediated absorption and disposition, as well as human clearance prediction, drug-drug interaction assessment, and endogenous biomarker development related to drug transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Shen
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol Myers Squibb, United States
| | - Zheng Yang
- Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co., United States
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5
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Systematic identification and characterization of cynomolgus macaque solute carrier transporters. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2021; 43:100437. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2021.100437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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6
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Farasyn T, Pahwa S, Xu C, Yue W. Pre-incubation with OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 inhibitors potentiates inhibitory effects in physiologically relevant sandwich-cultured primary human hepatocytes. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 165:105951. [PMID: 34311070 PMCID: PMC11005446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP)1B1 and OATP1B3 are liver-specific transport proteins that express on the basolateral membrane of human hepatocytes and mediate hepatic uptake of many drugs, including statins. They are important determinants of transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs). It has been reported that pre-incubation with some OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 inhibitors potentiates the inhibitory effects, yielding reduced IC50 values. The US FDA draft guidance has recently recommended to use the lower IC50 values after inhibitor-preincubation to assess OATP1B1 and OATP1B3-mediated DDIs. However, it remains unknown whether the potentiation effects of inhibitor-preincubation on IC50 values occur in a physiologically relevant cell model. The current study was designed to determine the IC50 values of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 inhibitors everolimus (EVR), sirolimus (SIR), and dasatinib against OATP1B substrates in physiologically relevant primary human hepatocytes with or without inhibitor-preincubation and to compare the OATP-mediated DDI prediction using data from primary human hepatocytes and that reported previously in transporter-expressing cell lines. Primary human hepatocytes were cultured in a sandwich configuration. Accumulation of [3H]-CCK-8 (1 µM, 1.5 min), [3H]-rosuvastatin (0.5 µM, 2 min) and [3H]-pitavastatin (1 µM, 0.5 min) was determined in human sandwich-cultured hepatocytes (SCH) in the presence of vehicle control or an inhibitor with or without inhibitor-preincubation at designated concentrations, and was utilized to determine the IC50 values for these inhibitors. R-value models were used to predict OATP-mediated DDIs. Pre-incubation with EVR at a clinically relevant concentration of 0.2 µM significantly reduced accumulation of [3H]-CCK-8 and [3H]-rosuvastatin even after washing. Reduced IC50 values following inhibitor pre-incubation were observed for all three inhibitors using [3H]-CCK-8 and [3H]-rosuvastatin as substrates in human SCH. The IC50 values after inhibitor-preincubation were lower or comparable in transporter-expressing cell lines compared with that in human SCH. For dasatinib, R-values from both cell lines and human SCH were greater than the US FDA cut-off value of 1.1. For EVR, R values from cell lines were 1.23 and were lowered to near 1.1 (1.08-1.09) in human SCH. For SIR, R values from either cell type were less than the cut-off values of 1.1. In conclusion, the current study is the first to report that pre-incubation with OATP1B inhibitors potentiates inhibitory effects in physiologically relevant primary human hepatocytes, supporting the rationale of the current US FDA draft guidance of including an inhibitor-preincubation step when assessing OATP-mediated DDIs in vitro. IC50 values after inhibitor-preincubation in transporter-expressing cell lines may be used for DDI prediction for the purpose of mitigating false-negative OATP-mediated DDI prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chao Xu
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK US
| | - Wei Yue
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, US.
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7
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Jala A, Ponneganti S, Vishnubhatla DS, Bhuvanam G, Mekala PR, Varghese B, Radhakrishnanand P, Adela R, Murty US, Borkar RM. Transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions: advancement in models, analytical tools, and regulatory perspective. Drug Metab Rev 2021; 53:285-320. [PMID: 33980079 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2021.1928687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Drug-drug interactions mediated by transporters are a serious clinical concern hence a tremendous amount of work has been done on the characterization of the transporter-mediated proteins in humans and animals. The underlying mechanism for the transporter-mediated drug-drug interaction is the induction or inhibition of the transporter which is involved in the cellular uptake and efflux of drugs. Transporter of the brain, liver, kidney, and intestine are major determinants that alter the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion profile of drugs, and considerably influence the pharmacokinetic profile of drugs. As a consequence, transporter proteins may affect the therapeutic activity and safety of drugs. However, mounting evidence suggests that many drugs change the activity and/or expression of the transporter protein. Accordingly, evaluation of drug interaction during the drug development process is an integral part of risk assessment and regulatory requirements. Therefore, this review will highlight the clinical significance of the transporter, their role in disease, possible cause underlying the drug-drug interactions using analytical tools, and update on the regulatory requirement. The recent in-silico approaches which emphasize the advancement in the discovery of drug-drug interactions are also highlighted in this review. Besides, we discuss several endogenous biomarkers that have shown to act as substrates for many transporters, which could be potent determinants to find the drug-drug interactions mediated by transporters. Transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions are taken into consideration in the drug approval process therefore we also provided the extrapolated decision trees from in-vitro to in-vivo, which may trigger the follow-up to clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Jala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Srikanth Ponneganti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Devi Swetha Vishnubhatla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Gayathri Bhuvanam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Prithvi Raju Mekala
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Bincy Varghese
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Pullapanthula Radhakrishnanand
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | - Ramu Adela
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
| | | | - Roshan M Borkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Guwahati, India
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8
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Scotcher D, Melillo N, Tadimalla S, Darwich AS, Ziemian S, Ogungbenro K, Schütz G, Sourbron S, Galetin A. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling of Transporter-Mediated Hepatic Disposition of Imaging Biomarker Gadoxetate in Rats. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2997-3009. [PMID: 34283621 PMCID: PMC8397403 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
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Physiologically based
pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are increasingly
used in drug development to simulate changes in both systemic and
tissue exposures that arise as a result of changes in enzyme and/or
transporter activity. Verification of these model-based simulations
of tissue exposure is challenging in the case of transporter-mediated
drug–drug interactions (tDDI), in particular as these may lead
to differential effects on substrate exposure in plasma and tissues/organs
of interest. Gadoxetate, a promising magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
contrast agent, is a substrate of organic-anion-transporting polypeptide
1B1 (OATP1B1) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2).
In this study, we developed a gadoxetate PBPK model and explored the
use of liver-imaging data to achieve and refine in vitro–in
vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) of gadoxetate hepatic transporter kinetic
data. In addition, PBPK modeling was used to investigate gadoxetate
hepatic tDDI with rifampicin i.v. 10 mg/kg. In vivo dynamic contrast-enhanced
(DCE) MRI data of gadoxetate in rat blood, spleen, and liver were
used in this analysis. Gadoxetate in vitro uptake kinetic data were
generated in plated rat hepatocytes. Mean (%CV) in vitro hepatocyte
uptake unbound Michaelis–Menten constant (Km,u) of gadoxetate was 106 μM (17%) (n = 4 rats), and active saturable uptake accounted for 94% of total
uptake into hepatocytes. PBPK–IVIVE of these data (bottom-up
approach) captured reasonably systemic exposure, but underestimated
the in vivo gadoxetate DCE–MRI profiles and elimination from
the liver. Therefore, in vivo rat DCE–MRI liver data were subsequently
used to refine gadoxetate transporter kinetic parameters in the PBPK
model (top-down approach). Active uptake into the hepatocytes refined
by the liver-imaging data was one order of magnitude higher than the
one predicted by the IVIVE approach. Finally, the PBPK model was fitted
to the gadoxetate DCE–MRI data (blood, spleen, and liver) obtained
with and without coadministered rifampicin. Rifampicin was estimated
to inhibit active uptake transport of gadoxetate into the liver by
96%. The current analysis highlighted the importance of gadoxetate
liver data for PBPK model refinement, which was not feasible when
using the blood data alone, as is common in PBPK modeling applications.
The results of our study demonstrate the utility of organ-imaging
data in evaluating and refining PBPK transporter IVIVE to support
the subsequent model use for quantitative evaluation of hepatic tDDI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Scotcher
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Nicola Melillo
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Sirisha Tadimalla
- Division of Medical Physics, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Adam S Darwich
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Sabina Ziemian
- MR & CT Contrast Media Research, Bayer AG, Berlin 13342, Germany
| | - Kayode Ogungbenro
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Gunnar Schütz
- MR & CT Contrast Media Research, Bayer AG, Berlin 13342, Germany
| | - Steven Sourbron
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, U.K
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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Eng H, Bi YA, West MA, Ryu S, Yamaguchi E, Kosa RE, Tess DA, Griffith DA, Litchfield J, Kalgutkar AS, Varma MVS. Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide 1B1/1B3-Mediated Hepatic Uptake Determines the Pharmacokinetics of Large Lipophilic Acids: In Vitro-In Vivo Evaluation in Cynomolgus Monkey. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 377:169-180. [PMID: 33509903 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally presumed that uptake transport mechanisms are of limited significance in hepatic clearance for lipophilic or high passive-permeability drugs. In this study, we evaluated the mechanistic role of the hepato-selective organic anion-transporting polypeptides (OATPs) 1B1/1B3 in the pharmacokinetics of compounds representing large lipophilic acid space. Intravenous pharmacokinetics of 16 compounds with molecular mass ∼400-730 Da, logP ∼3.5-8, and acid pKa <6 were obtained in cynomolgus monkey after dosing without and with a single-dose rifampicin-OATP1B1/1B3 probe inhibitor. Rifampicin (30 mg/kg oral) significantly (P < 0.05) reduced monkey clearance and/or steady-state volume of distribution (VDss) for 15 of 16 acids evaluated. Additionally, clearance of danoprevir was reduced by about 35%, although statistical significance was not reached. A significant linear relationship was noted between the clearance ratio (i.e., ratio of control to treatment groups) and VDss ratio, suggesting hepatic uptake contributes to the systemic clearance and distribution simultaneously. In vitro transport studies using primary monkey and human hepatocytes showed uptake inhibition by rifampicin (100 µM) for compounds with logP ≤6.5 but not for the very lipophilic acids (logP > 6.5), which generally showed high nonspecific binding in hepatocyte incubations. In vitro uptake clearance and fraction transported by OATP1B1/1B3 (ft,OATP1B) were found to be similar in monkey and human hepatocytes. Finally, for compounds with logP ≤6.5, good agreement was noted between in vitro ft,OATP1B and clearance ratio (as well as VDss ratio) in cynomolgus monkey. In conclusion, this study provides mechanistic evidence for the pivotal role of OATP1B-mediated hepatic uptake in the pharmacokinetics across a wide, large lipophilic acid space. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This study provides mechanistic insight into the pharmacokinetics of a broad range of large lipophilic acids. Organic anion-transporting polypeptides 1B1/1B3-mediated hepatic uptake is of key importance in the pharmacokinetics and drug-drug interactions of almost all drugs and new molecular entities in this space. Diligent in vitro and in vivo transport characterization is needed to avoid the false negatives often noted because of general limitations in the in vitro assays while handling compounds with such physicochemical attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Eng
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yi-An Bi
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Mark A West
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sangwoo Ryu
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Emi Yamaguchi
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rachel E Kosa
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David A Tess
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - David A Griffith
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - John Litchfield
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut (H.E., Y.B., M.A.W., S.R., E.Y., R.E.K., M.V.S.V.), and PDM (D.A.T., J.L., A.S.K.) and Medicinal Chemistry, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development (D.A.G.), Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
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10
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Tess DA, Eng H, Kalgutkar AS, Litchfield J, Edmonds DJ, Griffith DA, Varma MVS. Predicting the Human Hepatic Clearance of Acidic and Zwitterionic Drugs. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11831-11844. [PMID: 32985885 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Prospective predictions of human hepatic clearance for anionic/zwitterionic compounds, which are oftentimes subjected to transporter-mediated uptake, are challenging in drug discovery. We evaluated the utility of preclinical species, rats and cynomolgus monkeys [nonhuman primates (NHPs)], to predict the human hepatic clearance using a diverse set of acidic/zwitterionic drugs. Preclinical clearance data were generated following intravenous dosing in rats/NHPs and compared to the human clearance data (n = 18/27). Single-species scaling of NHP clearance with an allometric exponent of 0.50 allowed for good prediction of human clearance (fold error ∼2.1, bias ∼1.0), with ∼86% predictions within 3-fold. In comparison, rats underpredicted the clearance of lipophilic acids, while overprediction was noted for hydrophilic acids. Finally, an in vitro clearance assay based on human hepatocytes, which is routinely used in discovery setting, markedly underpredicted human clearance (bias ∼0.12). Collectively, this study provides insights into the usefulness of the preclinical models in enabling pharmacokinetic optimization for acid/zwitterionic drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Tess
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Heather Eng
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - John Litchfield
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David J Edmonds
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David A Griffith
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research & Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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11
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Park JE, Shitara Y, Lee W, Morita S, Sahi J, Toshimoto K, Sugiyama Y. Improved Prediction of the Drug-Drug Interactions of Pemafibrate Caused by Cyclosporine A and Rifampicin via PBPK Modeling: Consideration of the Albumin-Mediated Hepatic Uptake of Pemafibrate and Inhibition Constants With Preincubation Against OATP1B. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:517-528. [PMID: 33058894 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Pemafibrate (PMF) is highly albumin-bound (>99.8%) and a substrate for hepatic uptake transporters (OATP1B) and CYP enzymes. Here, we developed a PBPK model of PMF to capture drug-drug interactions (DDI) incurred by cyclosporine (CsA) and rifampicin (RIF), the two OATP1B inhibitors. Initial PBPK modeling of PMF utilized in vitro hepatic uptake clearance (PSinf) obtained in the absence of albumin, but failed in capturing the blood PMF pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles. Based on the results that in vitro PSinf of unbound PMF was enhanced in the presence of albumin, we applied the albumin-facilitated dissociation model and the resulting PSinf parameters improved the prediction of the blood PMF PK profiles. In refining our PBPK model toward improved prediction of the observed DDI data (PMF co-administered with single dosing of CsA or RIF; PMF following multiple RIF dosing), we adjusted the previously obtained in vivo OATP1B inhibition constants (Ki,OATP1B) of CsA or RIF for pitavastatin by correcting for substrate-dependency. We also incorporated the induction of OATP1B and CYP enzymes after multiple RIF dosing. Sensitivity analysis informed that the higher gastrointestinal absorption rate constant could further improve capturing the observed DDI data, suggesting the possible inhibition of intestinal ABC transporter(s) by CsA or RIF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Park
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, R&D, Sanofi K.K., 3 Chome-20-2, Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Shitara
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, R&D, Sanofi K.K., 3 Chome-20-2, Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Wooin Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Bldg 21 Rm 309, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, S. Korea
| | - Shigemichi Morita
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, R&D, Sanofi K.K., 3 Chome-20-2, Nishishinjuku, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-0023, Japan
| | - Jasminder Sahi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Translational Medicine and Early Development, R&D, Sanofi China, 1228 Yan'an Middle Road, Jing'an District, Shanghai, China
| | - Kota Toshimoto
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Baton Zone Program, RIKEN Cluster for Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
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12
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Zhang Y, Chen C, Chen SJ, Chen XQ, Shuster DJ, Puszczalo PD, Fancher RM, Yang Z, Sinz M, Shen H. Absence of OATP1B (Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide) Induction by Rifampin in Cynomolgus Monkeys: Determination Using the Endogenous OATP1B Marker Coproporphyrin and Tissue Gene Expression. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 375:139-151. [PMID: 32719071 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B induction is an evolving mechanism of drug disposition and interaction. However, there are contradictory reports describing OATP1B expression in hepatocytes and liver biopsies after administration of an inducer. This study investigated the in vivo effects of the common inducer rifampin (RIF) on the activity and expression of cynomolgus monkey OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 transporters, which are structurally and functionally similar their human OATP1B counterparts. Multiple doses of oral RIF (15 mg/kg) resulted in a steady 3.9-fold increase of CYP3A biomarker, 4β-hydroxycholesterol (4βHC), in the plasma samples collected before each RIF dose during the treatment period (i.e., predose). In contrast, the predose plasma levels of OATP1B biomarkers coproporphyrin (CP) I and CPIII did not change when compared with RIF treatment. The trough concentration, area under plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), and half-life of RIF decreased markedly during RIF treatment, suggesting that RIF induced its own clearance. Consequently, RIF treatment increased CPI and CPIII AUCs substantially after a single administration and, to a lesser extent, after multiple administrations compared with preadministration AUCs. In addition, OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 mRNA expressions were not modulated by RIF treatment (0.85-1.3-fold), whereas CYP3A8 expression was increased 3.7-5.0-fold, which correlated well with the predose levels of CP and 4βHC. Rifampin treatment showed 2.0-3.3-fold increases in P-glycoprotein (P-gp), breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2) expression in the small intestine. Collectively, these findings indicate that monkey OATP1B and OATP1B3 are not induced by RIF, and further investigation of OATP1B induction by RIF and other nuclear receptor activators in humans is warranted. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: In this study, combined endogenous biomarker and gene expression data suggested that RIF did not induce OATP1B in cynomolgus monkeys. For the first time, the study determines transporter gene expression in the nonhuman primate liver, gut, and kidney tissues after administration of RIF for 7 days, leading to a better understanding of the induction of OATP1B and other major drug transporters. Finally, it provides evidence to strengthen the claim that coproporphyrin is a suitable endogenous probe of OATP1B activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueping Zhang
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Y.Z., C.C., R.M.F., Z.Y., M.S., H.S.), Discovery Toxicology (S.-J.C.), Discovery Pharmaceutics (X.-Q.C.), and Veterinary Sciences (D.J.S., P.D.P.), Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Cliff Chen
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Y.Z., C.C., R.M.F., Z.Y., M.S., H.S.), Discovery Toxicology (S.-J.C.), Discovery Pharmaceutics (X.-Q.C.), and Veterinary Sciences (D.J.S., P.D.P.), Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Shen-Jue Chen
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Y.Z., C.C., R.M.F., Z.Y., M.S., H.S.), Discovery Toxicology (S.-J.C.), Discovery Pharmaceutics (X.-Q.C.), and Veterinary Sciences (D.J.S., P.D.P.), Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Xue-Qing Chen
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Y.Z., C.C., R.M.F., Z.Y., M.S., H.S.), Discovery Toxicology (S.-J.C.), Discovery Pharmaceutics (X.-Q.C.), and Veterinary Sciences (D.J.S., P.D.P.), Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - David J Shuster
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Y.Z., C.C., R.M.F., Z.Y., M.S., H.S.), Discovery Toxicology (S.-J.C.), Discovery Pharmaceutics (X.-Q.C.), and Veterinary Sciences (D.J.S., P.D.P.), Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Pawel D Puszczalo
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Y.Z., C.C., R.M.F., Z.Y., M.S., H.S.), Discovery Toxicology (S.-J.C.), Discovery Pharmaceutics (X.-Q.C.), and Veterinary Sciences (D.J.S., P.D.P.), Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - R Marcus Fancher
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Y.Z., C.C., R.M.F., Z.Y., M.S., H.S.), Discovery Toxicology (S.-J.C.), Discovery Pharmaceutics (X.-Q.C.), and Veterinary Sciences (D.J.S., P.D.P.), Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Zheng Yang
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Y.Z., C.C., R.M.F., Z.Y., M.S., H.S.), Discovery Toxicology (S.-J.C.), Discovery Pharmaceutics (X.-Q.C.), and Veterinary Sciences (D.J.S., P.D.P.), Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Michael Sinz
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Y.Z., C.C., R.M.F., Z.Y., M.S., H.S.), Discovery Toxicology (S.-J.C.), Discovery Pharmaceutics (X.-Q.C.), and Veterinary Sciences (D.J.S., P.D.P.), Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Hong Shen
- Departments of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (Y.Z., C.C., R.M.F., Z.Y., M.S., H.S.), Discovery Toxicology (S.-J.C.), Discovery Pharmaceutics (X.-Q.C.), and Veterinary Sciences (D.J.S., P.D.P.), Bristol Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, New Jersey
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13
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Gu X, Wang L, Gan J, Fancher RM, Tian Y, Hong Y, Lai Y, Sinz M, Shen H. Absorption and Disposition of Coproporphyrin I (CPI) in Cynomolgus Monkeys and Mice: Pharmacokinetic Evidence to Support the Use of CPI to Inform the Potential for Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide Inhibition. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:724-734. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.120.090670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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14
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Alluri RV, Li R, Varma MVS. Transporter–enzyme interplay and the hepatic drug clearance: what have we learned so far? Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2020; 16:387-401. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2020.1749595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra V. Alluri
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rui Li
- Modeling and Simulations, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Manthena V. S. Varma
- ADME Sciences, Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA
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15
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Zhang Y, Panfen E, Fancher M, Sinz M, Marathe P, Shen H. Dissecting the Contribution of OATP1B1 to Hepatic Uptake of Statins Using the OATP1B1 Selective Inhibitor Estropipate. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:2342-2353. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yueping Zhang
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Erika Panfen
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Marcus Fancher
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Michael Sinz
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Punit Marathe
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Hong Shen
- Department of Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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16
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Bi YA, Costales C, Mathialagan S, West M, Eatemadpour S, Lazzaro S, Tylaska L, Scialis R, Zhang H, Umland J, Kimoto E, Tess DA, Feng B, Tremaine LM, Varma MVS, Rodrigues AD. Quantitative Contribution of Six Major Transporters to the Hepatic Uptake of Drugs: "SLC-Phenotyping" Using Primary Human Hepatocytes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 370:72-83. [PMID: 30975793 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.257600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic uptake transporters [solute carriers (SLCs)], including organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1, sodium-dependent taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP), and organic anion (OAT2) and organic cation (OCT1) transporters, play a key role in determining the systemic and liver exposure of chemically diverse drugs. Here, we established a phenotyping approach to quantify the contribution of the six SLCs, and passive diffusion, to the overall uptake using plated human hepatocytes (PHHs). First, selective inhibitor conditions were identified by screening about 20 inhibitors across the six SLCs using single-transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Data implied rifamycin SV (20 µM) inhibits three OATPs, while rifampicin (5 µM) inhibits OATP1B1/1B3 only. Further, hepatitis B virus myristoylated-preS1 peptide (0.1 µM), quinidine (100 µM), and ketoprofen (100-300 µM) are relatively selective against NTCP, OCT1, and OAT2, respectively. Second, using these inhibitory conditions, the fraction transported (ft ) by the individual SLCs was characterized for 20 substrates with PHH. Generally, extended clearance classification system class 1A/3A (e.g., warfarin) and 1B/3B compounds (e.g., statins) showed predominant OAT2 and OATP1B1/1B3 contribution, respectively. OCT1-mediated uptake was prominent for class 2/4 compounds (e.g., metformin). Third, in vitro ft values were corrected using quantitative proteomics data to obtain "scaled ft " Fourth, in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of the scaled OATP1B1/1B3 ft was assessed, leveraging statin clinical drug-drug interaction data with rifampicin as the perpetrator. Finally, we outlined a novel stepwise strategy to implement phenotypic characterization of SLC-mediated hepatic uptake for new molecular entities and drugs in a drug discovery and development setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-An Bi
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Chester Costales
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Sumathy Mathialagan
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Mark West
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Soraya Eatemadpour
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Sarah Lazzaro
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Laurie Tylaska
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Renato Scialis
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Hui Zhang
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - John Umland
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Emi Kimoto
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - David A Tess
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Bo Feng
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Larry M Tremaine
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - Manthena V S Varma
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
| | - A David Rodrigues
- Medicine Design, Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut
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17
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Takahashi T, Uno Y, Yamazaki H, Kume T. Functional characterization for polymorphic organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP/SLCO
1B1, 1B3, 2B1) of monkeys recombinantly expressed with various OATP probes. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2019; 40:62-69. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuhiro Uno
- Shin Nippon Biomedical Laboratories, Ltd., Kainan; Wakayama 642-0017 Japan
| | | | - Toshiyuki Kume
- Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, Toda; Saitama 335-8505 Japan
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18
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Matsunaga N, Ufuk A, Morse BL, Bedwell DW, Bao J, Mohutsky MA, Hillgren KM, Hall SD, Houston JB, Galetin A. Hepatic Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide-Mediated Clearance in the Beagle Dog: Assessing In Vitro-In Vivo Relationships and Applying Cross-Species Empirical Scaling Factors to Improve Prediction of Human Clearance. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 47:215-226. [PMID: 30593544 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.084194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the beagle dog was evaluated as a preclinical model to investigate organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)-mediated hepatic clearance. In vitro studies were performed with nine OATP substrates in three lots of plated male dog hepatocytes ± OATP inhibitor cocktail to determine total uptake clearance (CLuptake) and total and unbound cell-to-medium concentration ratio (Kpuu). In vivo intrinsic hepatic clearances (CLint,H) were determined following intravenous drug administration (0.1 mg/kg) in male beagle dogs. The in vitro parameters were compared with those previously reported in plated human, monkey, and rat hepatocytes; the ability of cross-species scaling factors to improve prediction of human in vivo clearance was assessed. CLuptake in dog hepatocytes ranged from 9.4 to 135 µl/min/106 cells for fexofenadine and telmisartan, respectively. Active process contributed >75% to CLuptake for 5/9 drugs. Rosuvastatin and valsartan showed Kpuu > 10, whereas cerivastatin, pitavastatin, repaglinide, and telmisartan had Kpuu < 5. The extent of hepatocellular binding in dog was consistent with other preclinical species and humans. The bias (2.73-fold) obtained from comparison of predicted versus in vivo dog CLint,H was applied as an average empirical scaling factor (ESFav) for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of human CLint,H The ESFav based on dog reduced underprediction of human CLint,H for the same data set (geometric mean fold error = 2.1), highlighting its utility as a preclinical model to investigate OATP-mediated uptake. The ESFav from all preclinical species resulted in comparable improvement of human clearance prediction, in contrast to drug-specific empirical scalars, rationalized by species differences in expression and/or relative contribution of particular transporters to drug hepatic uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu Matsunaga
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
| | - Ayşe Ufuk
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
| | - Bridget L Morse
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
| | - David W Bedwell
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
| | - Jingqi Bao
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
| | - Michael A Mohutsky
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
| | - Kathleen M Hillgren
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
| | - Stephen D Hall
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
| | - J Brian Houston
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
| | - Aleksandra Galetin
- Centre for Applied Pharmacokinetic Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom (N.M., A.U., J.B.H., A.G.); Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan (N.M.); and Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana (B.L.M., D.W.B., J.B., M.A.M., K.M.H., S.D.H.)
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19
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Kosa RE, Lazzaro S, Bi YA, Tierney B, Gates D, Modi S, Costales C, Rodrigues AD, Tremaine LM, Varma MV. Simultaneous Assessment of Transporter-Mediated Drug-Drug Interactions Using a Probe Drug Cocktail in Cynomolgus Monkey. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:1179-1189. [PMID: 29880631 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.081794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We aim to establish an in vivo preclinical model to enable simultaneous assessment of inhibition potential of an investigational drug on clinically relevant drug transporters, organic anion-transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B, breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and organic anion transporter (OAT)3. Pharmacokinetics of substrate cocktail consisting of pitavastatin (OATP1B substrate), rosuvastatin (OATP1B/BCRP/OAT3), sulfasalazine (BCRP), and talinolol (P-gp) were obtained in cynomolgus monkey-alone or in combination with transporter inhibitors. Single-dose rifampicin (30 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.01) increased the plasma exposure of all four drugs, with a marked effect on pitavastatin and rosuvastatin [area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) ratio ∼21-39]. Elacridar, BCRP/P-gp inhibitor, increased the AUC of sulfasalazine, talinolol, as well as rosuvastatin and pitavastatin. An OAT1/3 inhibitor (probenecid) significantly (P < 0.05) impacted the renal clearance of rosuvastatin (∼8-fold). In vitro, rifampicin (10 µM) inhibited uptake of pitavastatin, rosuvastatin, and sulfasalazine by monkey and human primary hepatocytes. Transport studies using membrane vesicles suggested that all probe substrates, except talinolol, are transported by cynoBCRP, whereas talinolol is a cynoP-gp substrate. Elacridar and rifampicin inhibited both cynoBCRP and cynoP-gp in vitro, indicating potential for in vivo intestinal efflux inhibition. In conclusion, a probe substrate cocktail was validated to simultaneously evaluate perpetrator impact on multiple clinically relevant transporters using the cynomolgus monkey. The results support the use of the cynomolgus monkey as a model that could enable drug-drug interaction risk assessment, before advancing a new molecular entity into clinical development, as well as providing mechanistic insights on transporter-mediated interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Kosa
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Sarah Lazzaro
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Yi-An Bi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Brendan Tierney
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Dana Gates
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Sweta Modi
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Chester Costales
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - A David Rodrigues
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Larry M Tremaine
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
| | - Manthena V Varma
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Medicine Design (R.E.K., S.L., Y.-a.B., B.T., C.C., A.D.R., L.M.T., M.V.V.) and Research Formulations, Pharmaceutical Sciences (D.G., S.M.), Pfizer Worldwide R&D, Groton, Connecticut
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De Bruyn T, Ufuk A, Cantrill C, Kosa RE, Bi YA, Niosi M, Modi S, Rodrigues AD, Tremaine LM, Varma MVS, Galetin A, Houston JB. Predicting Human Clearance of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptide Substrates Using Cynomolgus Monkey: In Vitro–In Vivo Scaling of Hepatic Uptake Clearance. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:989-1000. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.081315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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