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Chen P, Liu H, Xin H, Cheng B, Sun C, Liu Y, Liu T, Wen Z, Cheng Y. Inhibiting the Cytosolic Phospholipase A2-Arachidonic Acid Pathway With Arachidonyl Trifluoromethyl Ketone Attenuates Radiation-Induced Lung Fibrosis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2023; 115:476-489. [PMID: 35450754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2022.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Radiation-induced lung fibrosis (RILF) is a serious late complication of thoracic radiation therapy. Inflammation is crucial in fibroblast activation and RILF, and arachidonic acid (AA) is an important inflammatory mediator released by cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) and reduced by arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone (ATK)-targeting of cPLA2. Here, we aimed to investigate the roles of the cPLA2/AA pathway in RILF and assess the potential of targeting cPLA2 to prevent RILF. METHODS AND MATERIALS A computed tomography scan was used to obtain the mean lung density, and hematoxylin-eosin, Masson's trichrome, and Sirius Red staining were used to assess the histopathologic conditions in mouse models. AA levels in mouse serum and cell supernatants were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Fibroblast phenotype alterations were examined by a Cell Counting Kit-8, manual cell counting, and a Transwell system. The protein levels were evaluated via Western blotting, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS AA protected fibroblasts against radiation-induced growth inhibition and promoted fibroblast activation, which was characterized by enhanced α-smooth muscle actin expression and migration capacity. Radiation could activate fibroblasts by upregulating cPLA2 expression and AA production, which could be reversed by ATK. Moreover, inhibiting cPLA2 with ATK significantly attenuated collagen deposition and radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mouse models. We further identified extracellular-signal regulated protein kinase (ERK) as the downstream target of the radiation-AA regulatory axis. Radiation-induced AA increased phosphorylated-ERK levels, promoting cyclinD1, cyclin-dependent kinase 6, and α-smooth muscle actin expression and contributing to fibroblast activation. Inhibiting P-ERK impaired radiation- and AA-induced fibroblast activation. The related molecular mechanisms were verified using specimens from animal models. CONCLUSIONS Our findings uncover the role of the cPLA2/AA-ERK regulatory axis in response to radiation in pulmonary fibroblast activation and recognize cPLA2 as the key regulatory molecule during RILF for the first time. Targeting cPLA2 may be a promising protective strategy against RILF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Laboratory of Basic Medical Sciences
| | - Hui Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Bo Cheng
- Shandong Cancer Hospital of Shandong University, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Changhua Sun
- Shandong Institute for Food and Drug Control, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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Bernardelli C, Caretti A, Lesma E. Dysregulated lipid metabolism in lymphangioleiomyomatosis pathogenesis as a paradigm of chronic lung diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1124008. [PMID: 36744130 PMCID: PMC9894443 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1124008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
A chronic inflammatory condition characterizes various lung diseases. Interestingly, a great contribution to inflammation is made by altered lipids metabolism, that can be caused by the deregulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC1) activity. There is evidence that one of mTOR downstream effectors, the sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP), regulates the transcription of enzymes involved in the de novo fatty acid synthesis. Given its central role in cell metabolism, mTOR is involved in several biological processes. Among those, mTOR is a driver of senescence, a process that might contribute to the establishment of chronic lung disease because the characteristic irreversible inhibition of cell proliferation, associated to the acquisition of a pro-inflammatory senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) supports the loss of lung parenchyma. The deregulation of mTORC1 is a hallmark of lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM), a rare pulmonary disease predominantly affecting women which causes cystic remodeling of the lung and progressive loss of lung function. LAM cells have senescent features and secrete SASP components, such as growth factors and pro-inflammatory molecules, like cancer cells. Using LAM as a paradigm of chronic and metastatic lung disease, here we review the published data that point out the role of dysregulated lipid metabolism in LAM pathogenesis. We will discuss lipids' role in the development and progression of the disease, to hypothesize novel LAM biomarkers and to propose the pharmacological regulation of lipids metabolism as an innovative approach for the treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Bernardelli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Caretti
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Lesma
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy,*Correspondence: Elena Lesma,
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Subeska A, Althaus J, Hake T, Hanekamp W, Bettenworth D, Mulac D, Langer K, Lehr M. Synthesis and pharmacokinetic properties of novel cPLA 2α inhibitors with 1-(carboxyalkylpyrrolyl)-3-aryloxypropan-2-one structure. Bioorg Med Chem 2023; 77:117110. [PMID: 36495814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2022.117110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Indole-5-carboxylic acids with 3-aryloxy-2‑oxopropyl residues in position 1 have been shown to be potent inhibitors of cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α), an enzyme involved in the formation of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators. Unfortunately, in animal experiments, only very low plasma concentrations could be achieved after peroral administration of this type of compound. Since insufficient metabolic stability was suspected as the cause, structural modifications were made to optimize this property. These included the conversion of the aromatic into an aliphatic carboxylic acid function as well as the rigidification of the lipophilic structural elements. A selected pyrrole-3-propionic acid was tested for its peroral in vivo bioavailability in mice. However, higher plasma concentrations could not be achieved also with this compound. Using the Caco2 cell permeation assay, substances investigated were found to be very good substrates for gastrointestinal efflux transporters, which explains their poor peroral absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelina Subeska
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jan Althaus
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Theresa Hake
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Walburga Hanekamp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dominik Bettenworth
- Department of Medicine B, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dennis Mulac
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Langer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Lehr
- Institute of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstrasse 48, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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N-Substituted 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid derivatives as inhibitors of cytosolic phospholipase A2α. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02895-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe N,N-disubstituted 4-sulfamoylbenzoic acid derivative 3, which was found to be an inhibitor of cytosolic phospholipase A2α (cPLA2α) with micromolar activity in a ligand-based virtual screening approach, was structurally modified to increase its enzyme inhibitory potency. Replacing the substituents on the sulfonamide nitrogen with other residues such as naphthyl, naphthylmethyl, indolylalkyl and differently substituted phenyl moieties did not lead to a significant increase in activity. Only strong structural convergence to the potent known benzhydrylindole-substituted benzoic acid derivatives that had served as templates in the virtual screening resulted in compounds with considerable potency. Thus, the sulfamoyl benzoic acid derivatives 85 and 88 showed submicromolar IC50 values against cPLA2α.
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Dynamic Role of Phospholipases A2 in Health and Diseases in the Central Nervous System. Cells 2021; 10:cells10112963. [PMID: 34831185 PMCID: PMC8616333 DOI: 10.3390/cells10112963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholipids are major components in the lipid bilayer of cell membranes. These molecules are comprised of two acyl or alkyl groups and different phospho-base groups linked to the glycerol backbone. Over the years, substantial interest has focused on metabolism of phospholipids by phospholipases and the role of their metabolic products in mediating cell functions. The high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the central nervous system (CNS) have led to studies centered on phospholipases A2 (PLA2s), enzymes responsible for cleaving the acyl groups at the sn-2 position of the phospholipids and resulting in production of PUFA and lysophospholipids. Among the many subtypes of PLA2s, studies have centered on three major types of PLA2s, namely, the calcium-dependent cytosolic cPLA2, the calcium-independent iPLA2 and the secretory sPLA2. These PLA2s are different in their molecular structures, cellular localization and, thus, production of lipid mediators with diverse functions. In the past, studies on specific role of PLA2 on cells in the CNS are limited, partly because of the complex cellular make-up of the nervous tissue. However, understanding of the molecular actions of these PLA2s have improved with recent advances in techniques for separation and isolation of specific cell types in the brain tissue as well as development of sensitive molecular tools for analyses of proteins and lipids. A major goal here is to summarize recent studies on the characteristics and dynamic roles of the three major types of PLA2s and their oxidative products towards brain health and neurological disorders.
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Batsika CS, Gerogiannopoulou ADD, Mantzourani C, Vasilakaki S, Kokotos G. The design and discovery of phospholipase A 2 inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2021; 16:1287-1305. [PMID: 34143707 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2021.1942835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AREAS COVERED This review article summarizes the most important synthetic PLA2 inhibitors developed to target each one of the four major types of human PLA2 (cytosolic cPLA2, calcium-independent iPLA2, secreted sPLA2, and lipoprotein-associated Lp-PLA2), discussing their in vitro and in vivo activities as well as their recent applications and therapeutic properties. Recent findings on the role of PLA2 in the pathobiology of COVID-19 are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION Although a number of PLA2 inhibitors have entered clinical trials, none has reached the market yet. Lipoprotein-associated PLA2 is now considered a biomarker of vascular inflammation rather than a therapeutic target for inhibitors like darapladib. Inhibitors of cytosolic PLA2 may find topical applications for diseases like atopic dermatitis and psoriasis. Inhibitors of secreted PLA2, varespladib and varespladib methyl, are under investigation for repositioning in snakebite envenoming. A deeper understanding of PLA2 enzymes is needed for the development of novel selective inhibitors. Lipidomic technologies combined with medicinal chemistry approaches may be useful tools toward this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christiana Mantzourani
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Greece
| | - Sofia Vasilakaki
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Greece
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Gwak YS, Chen G, Abdi S, Kim HK. Calcium-independent phospholipase A2 inhibitor produces an analgesic effect in a rat model of neuropathic pain by reducing central sensitization in the dorsal horn. Neurol Res 2021; 43:683-692. [PMID: 33866950 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2021.1915079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) plays an important role in regulating the production of arachidonic acid and various eicosanoids. The aim of our study was to investigate the analgesic mechanisms of calcium-dependent cytosolic phospholipase A2 and calcium-independent PLA2 (iPLA2) inhibitors in the spinal cord in a rat model of neuropathic pain. METHODS Lumbar 5 spinal nerve ligation was performed in male Sprague-Dawley rats to develop a peripheral neuropathic pain model. Paw withdrawal thresholds in response to von Frey filaments, brush, pressure, and pinch were measured. Lumbar wide dynamic range neuronal firing rates and iPLA2 subtype expression were measured by in vivo extracellular recording and double immunofluorescence staining, respectively. RESULTS In our rat models, oral administration of prednisolone, a non-selective PLA2 inhibitor, and intrathecal injection of bromoenolactone, a iPLA2 inhibitor, significantly increased the ipsilateral hindpaw withdrawal thresholds in response to von Frey filament stimulation, but intrathecal injection of arachidonyl trifluoromethyl ketone, a selective cytosolic PLA2 inhibitor, did not show significant changes. In spinal dorsal horn neurons, bromoenolactone reduced neuronal firing rates in response to withdrawal stimulation and spontaneous firing rates in the ipsilateral side of the spinal dorsal horn. In addition, the expression of iPLA2 was co-localized with astrocytes and neurons on the ipsilateral side of the dorsal horn in rats that underwent spinal nerve ligation. DISCUSSION These data suggest that selective iPLA2 inhibitor produce analgesia in neuropathic rats by reducing central sensitization in the dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Seob Gwak
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Guanxing Chen
- Department of Pain Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Salahadin Abdi
- Department of Pain Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hee Kee Kim
- Department of Pain Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Lipid Mediators Regulate Pulmonary Fibrosis: Potential Mechanisms and Signaling Pathways. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124257. [PMID: 32549377 PMCID: PMC7352853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung disease of unknown etiology characterized by distorted distal lung architecture, inflammation, and fibrosis. The molecular mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of IPF are incompletely defined. Several lung cell types including alveolar epithelial cells, fibroblasts, monocyte-derived macrophages, and endothelial cells have been implicated in the development and progression of fibrosis. Regardless of the cell types involved, changes in gene expression, disrupted glycolysis, and mitochondrial oxidation, dysregulated protein folding, and altered phospholipid and sphingolipid metabolism result in activation of myofibroblast, deposition of extracellular matrix proteins, remodeling of lung architecture and fibrosis. Lipid mediators derived from phospholipids, sphingolipids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids play an important role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis and have been described to exhibit pro- and anti-fibrotic effects in IPF and in preclinical animal models of lung fibrosis. This review describes the current understanding of the role and signaling pathways of prostanoids, lysophospholipids, and sphingolipids and their metabolizing enzymes in the development of lung fibrosis. Further, several of the lipid mediators and enzymes involved in their metabolism are therapeutic targets for drug development to treat IPF.
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Minami T, Takeda M, Sata M, Kato H, Yano K, Sakai T, Tsujita R, Kawasaki K, Ito A. Thrombomodulin alfa prevents oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic symptoms through activation of thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor and protein C without affecting anti-tumor activity. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 880:173196. [PMID: 32416186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxaliplatin, a platinum-based chemotherapeutic agent, is widely used to treat colorectal cancer, but it induces peripheral neuropathy as a serious dose-limiting side effect. Recently, thrombomodulin alfa, a recombinant human soluble thrombomodulin, was reported to prevent oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy in a clinical phase 2 study. Here we conducted preclinical pharmacology studies. Rats were given oxaliplatin (6 mg/kg) intravenously to induce mechanical hyperalgesia associated with peripheral neuropathy. Single intravenous administration of thrombomodulin alfa (0.1, 0.3, 1 mg/kg) dose dependently prevented the development of oxaliplatin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia, with no sex difference in the efficacy. The preventative effect of thrombomodulin alfa on mechanical hyperalgesia was attenuated by antithrombin or carboxypeptidase inhibitor. In addition, carboxypeptidase B, a homolog of activated thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) and human-derived activated protein C, prevented mechanical hyperalgesia, whereas antithrombin or other anti-coagulants did not. These results suggest that thrombomodulin alfa prevents sensory symptoms of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy through the activation of TAFI and protein C by modulating thrombin activity, but the effects are independent of an anticoagulant effect. On the other hand, thrombomodulin alfa did not affect the anti-cancer activity of oxaliplatin on human colon cancer cell lines or mice transplanted with HCT116 cells. These results indicate that thrombomodulin alfa prevents sensory symptoms of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy without affecting the anti-tumor activity of oxaliplatin. Therefore, thrombomodulin alfa is a promising drug to prevent the symptoms of oxaliplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuro Minami
- Laboratory for Pharmacology, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., 632-1 Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka, 410-2321, Japan
| | - Mineko Takeda
- Laboratory for Pharmacology, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., 632-1 Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka, 410-2321, Japan
| | - Minako Sata
- Laboratory for Pharmacology, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., 632-1 Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka, 410-2321, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kato
- Laboratory for Pharmacology, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., 632-1 Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka, 410-2321, Japan
| | - Kazuo Yano
- Laboratory for Pharmacology, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., 632-1 Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka, 410-2321, Japan
| | - Takumi Sakai
- Laboratory for Pharmacology, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., 632-1 Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka, 410-2321, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Tsujita
- Project Management Dept. Pharmaceutical Marketing Division, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., 1-1-2 Yurakucho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 100-0006, Japan
| | - Koh Kawasaki
- Laboratory for Pharmacology, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., 632-1 Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka, 410-2321, Japan
| | - Akitoshi Ito
- Laboratory for Pharmacology, Pharmaceuticals Research Center, Asahi Kasei Pharma Co. Ltd., 632-1 Mifuku, Izunokuni, Shizuoka, 410-2321, Japan.
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