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Tu J, Liu Q, You S, Meng Z, Fang S, Yu B, Chen X, Zhou Y, Zeng L, Herrmann A, Chen G, Shen J, Zheng L, Ji J. Recombinant supercharged polypeptides for safe and efficient heparin neutralization. Biomater Sci 2023; 11:5533-5539. [PMID: 37395046 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm00628j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Heparin is a widely used anticoagulant agent in the clinic. After application, its anticoagulant effect must be reversed to prevent potential side effects. Protamine sulfate (PS) is the only clinically licensed antidote that has been used for this purpose in the last 80 years, which, however, provokes severe adverse effects, such as systemic hypotension and even death. Herein, we demonstrate the potential of supercharged polypeptides as a promising alternative for protamine sulfate. A series of supercharged polypeptides with multiple positive charges was recombinantly produced, and the heparin-neutralizing performance of the polypeptides was evaluated in comparison with PS. It was found that increasing the number of charges significantly enhanced the ability to neutralize heparin and resist the screening effect induced by salt. In particular, the polypeptide bearing 72 charges (K72) exhibited an excellent heparin-neutralizing behavior that was comparable to that of PS. Further in vivo studies revealed that the heparin-triggered bleeding was almost completely alleviated by K72 while a negligible toxic effect was observed. Therefore, such recombinant supercharged polypeptides might replace protamine sulfate as heparin-reversal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Tu
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnostic and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Qing Liu
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shengye You
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Zhuojun Meng
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Shiji Fang
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnostic and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Binhong Yu
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xumin Chen
- Department of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lulu Zeng
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Hepato-Pancreatic Diseases of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianliang Shen
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Lifei Zheng
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jiansong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Imaging Diagnosis and Minimally Invasive Intervention Research, Imaging Diagnostic and Interventional Minimally Invasive Institute, the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, China.
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Abstract
Intoxication is one of the most common causes of accidental death globally. Although some antidotes capable of neutralizing the toxicity of certain xenobiotics have become well established, the current reality is that clinicians primarily rely on nonspecific extracorporeal techniques to remove toxins. Nano-intervention strategies in which nanoantidotes neutralize toxicity in situ via physical interaction, chemical bonding, or biomimetic clearance have begun to show clinical potential. However, most nanoantidotes remain in the proof-of-concept stage, and the difficulty of constructing clinical relevance models and the unclear pharmacokinetics of nanoantidotes hinder their translation to clinic. This Concept reviews the detoxification mechanisms of polymer nanoantidotes and predicts the opportunities and challenges associated with their clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazhen Yang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hongjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Haoyang Zou
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
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Frackiewicz A, Kalaska B, Miklosz J, Mogielnicki A. The methods for removal of direct oral anticoagulants and heparins to improve the monitoring of hemostasis: a narrative literature review. Thromb J 2023; 21:58. [PMID: 37208753 DOI: 10.1186/s12959-023-00501-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The assessment of hemostasis is necessary to make suitable decisions on the management of patients with thrombotic disorders. In some clinical situations, for example, during thrombophilia screening, the presence of anticoagulants in sample makes diagnosis impossible. Various elimination methods may overcome anticoagulant interference. DOAC-Stop, DOAC-Remove and DOAC Filter are available methods to remove direct oral anticoagulants in diagnostic tests, although there are still reports on their incomplete efficacy in several assays. The new antidotes for direct oral anticoagulants - idarucizumab and andexanet alfa - could be potentially useful, but have their drawbacks. The necessity to remove heparins is also arising as heparin contamination from central venous catheter or therapy with heparin disturbs the appropriate hemostasis assessment. Heparinase and polybrene are already present in commercial reagents but a fully-effective neutralizer is still a challenge for researchers, thus promising candidates remain in the research phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bartlomiej Kalaska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Joanna Miklosz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej Mogielnicki
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
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Liu Q, Yang S, Seitz I, Pistikou AMM, de Greef TFA, Kostiainen MA. A Synthetic Protocell-Based Heparin Scavenger. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2201790. [PMID: 35570377 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202201790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Heparin is a commonly applied blood anticoagulant agent in clinical use. After treatment, excess heparin needs to be removed to circumvent side effects and recover the blood-clotting cascade. Most existing heparin antidotes rely on direct heparin binding and complexation, yet selective compartmentalization and sequestration of heparin would be beneficial for safety and efficiency. However, such systems have remained elusive. Herein, a semipermeable protein-based microcompartment (proteinosome) is loaded with a highly positively charged chitosan derivative, which can induce electrostatics-driven internalization of anionic guest molecules inside the compartment. Chitosan-loaded proteinosomes are subsequently employed to capture heparin, and an excellent heparin-scavenging performance is demonstrated under physiologically relevant conditions. Both the highly positive scavenger and the polyelectrolyte complex are confined and shielded by the protein compartment in a time-dependent manner. Moreover, selective heparin-scavenging behavior over serum albumin is realized through adjusting the localized scavenger or surrounding salt concentrations at application-relevant circumstances. In vitro studies reveal that the cytotoxicity of the cationic scavenger and the produced polyelectrolyte complex is reduced by protocell shielding. Therefore, the proteinosome-based systems may present a novel polyelectrolyte-scavenging method for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (WIUCAS), Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325001, China
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Shuo Yang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Computational Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Iris Seitz
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - Anna-Maria Makri Pistikou
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Computational Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
| | - Tom F A de Greef
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Computational Biology Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, MB, 5600, The Netherlands
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, MB, 6525, The Netherlands
- Center for Living Technologies, Alliance TU/e, WUR, UU, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, CB 3584, The Netherlands
| | - Mauri A Kostiainen
- Biohybrid Materials, Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
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Hogwood J, Mulloy B, Lever R, Gray E, Page CP. Pharmacology of Heparin and Related Drugs: An Update. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:328-379. [PMID: 36792365 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin has been used extensively as an antithrombotic and anticoagulant for close to 100 years. This anticoagulant activity is attributed mainly to the pentasaccharide sequence, which potentiates the inhibitory action of antithrombin, a major inhibitor of the coagulation cascade. More recently it has been elucidated that heparin exhibits anti-inflammatory effect via interference of the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps and this may also contribute to heparin's antithrombotic activity. This illustrates that heparin interacts with a broad range of biomolecules, exerting both anticoagulant and nonanticoagulant actions. Since our previous review, there has been an increased interest in these nonanticoagulant effects of heparin, with the beneficial role in patients infected with SARS2-coronavirus a highly topical example. This article provides an update on our previous review with more recent developments and observations made for these novel uses of heparin and an overview of the development status of heparin-based drugs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This state-of-the-art review covers recent developments in the use of heparin and heparin-like materials as anticoagulant, now including immunothrombosis observations, and as nonanticoagulant including a role in the treatment of SARS-coronavirus and inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Hogwood
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Barbara Mulloy
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Rebeca Lever
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Elaine Gray
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
| | - Clive P Page
- Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (B.M., E.G., C.P.P.); National Institute for Biological Standards and Control, South Mimms, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom (J.H., E.G.) and School of Pharmacy, University College London, London, United Kingdom (R.L.)
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Jakimczuk A, Kalaska B, Kamiński K, Miklosz J, Yusa SI, Pawlak D, Szczubiałka K, Mogielnicki A. Monitoring of Anticoagulant Activity of Dabigatran and Rivaroxaban in the Presence of Heparins. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11082236. [PMID: 35456329 PMCID: PMC9028841 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11082236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The routine monitoring of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) may be considered in patients with renal impairment, patients who are heavily obese, or patients requiring elective surgery. Using the heparin-binding copolymer (HBC) and polybrene, we aimed to develop a solution for monitoring the anticoagulant activity of DOACs in human plasma in the interfering presence of unfractionated heparin (UFH) and enoxaparin. The thrombin time (TT) and anti-factor Xa activity were monitored in pooled plasma from healthy volunteers. In these tests, plasma with dabigatran or rivaroxaban was mixed with UFH or enoxaparin and then incubated with HBC or polybrene, respectively. HBC and polybrene neutralized heparins and enabled monitoring of anticoagulant activity of dabigatran in the TT test. Both agents allowed for accurate measurement of anti-factor Xa activity in the plasma containing rivaroxaban and heparins in the concentration range reached in patients’ blood. Here, we present diagnostic tools that may improve the control of anticoagulation by eliminating the contamination of blood samples with heparins and enabling the monitoring of DOACs’ activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Jakimczuk
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (A.J.); (J.M.); (D.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Bartlomiej Kalaska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (A.J.); (J.M.); (D.P.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: (B.K.); (K.K.); Tel.: +48-85-748-5660 (B.K.); +48-660589819 (K.K.)
| | - Kamil Kamiński
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
- Correspondence: (B.K.); (K.K.); Tel.: +48-85-748-5660 (B.K.); +48-660589819 (K.K.)
| | - Joanna Miklosz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (A.J.); (J.M.); (D.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Shin-Ichi Yusa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji 671-2280, Japan;
| | - Dariusz Pawlak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (A.J.); (J.M.); (D.P.); (A.M.)
| | - Krzysztof Szczubiałka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Mogielnicki
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland; (A.J.); (J.M.); (D.P.); (A.M.)
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Reversal Activity and Toxicity of Heparin-Binding Copolymer after Subcutaneous Administration of Enoxaparin in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222011149. [PMID: 34681808 PMCID: PMC8541278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222011149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled bleeding after enoxaparin (ENX) is rare but may be life-threatening. The only registered antidote for ENX, protamine sulfate (PS), has 60% efficacy and can cause severe adverse side effects. We developed a diblock copolymer, heparin-binding copolymer (HBC), that reverses intravenously administered heparins. Here, we focused on the HBC inhibitory activity against subcutaneously administered ENX in healthy mice. BALB/c mice were subcutaneously injected with ENX at the dose of 5 mg/kg. After 110 min, vehicle, HBC (6.25 and 12.5 mg/kg), or PS (5 and 10 mg/kg) were administered into the tail vein. The blood was collected after 3, 10, 60, 120, 360, and 600 min after vehicle, HBC, or PS administration. The activities of antifactors Xa and IIa and biochemical parameters were measured. The main organs were collected for histological analysis. HBC at the lower dose reversed the effect of ENX on antifactor Xa activity for 10 min after antidote administration, whereas at the higher dose, HBC reversed the effect on antifactor Xa activity throughout the course of the experiment. Both doses of HBC completely reversed the effect of ENX on antifactor IIa activity. PS did not reverse antifactor Xa activity and partially reversed antifactor IIa activity. HBC modulated biochemical parameters. Histopathological analysis showed changes in the liver, lungs, and spleen of mice treated with HBC and in the lungs and heart of mice treated with PS. HBC administered in an appropriate dose might be an efficient substitute for PS to reverse significantly increased anticoagulant activity that may be connected with major bleeding in patients receiving ENX subcutaneously.
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