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Novak D, Anderluh M, Kolenc Peitl P. CCK 2R antagonists: from SAR to clinical trials. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:1322-1336. [PMID: 32439608 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The widespread involvement of the cholecystokinin-2/gastrin receptor (CCK2R) in multiple (patho)physiological processes has propelled extensive searches for nonpeptide small-molecule CCK2R antagonists. For the past three decades, considerable research has yielded numerous chemically heterogeneous compounds. None of these entered into the clinic, mainly because of inadequate biological effects. However, it appears that the ultimate goal of a clinically useful CCK2R antagonist is now just around the corner, with the most promising compounds, netazepide and nastorazepide, now in Phase II clinical trials. Here, we illustrate the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of stablished CCK2R antagonists of various structural classes, and the most recent proof-of-concept studies where new applicabilities of CCK2R antagonists as visualizing agents are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doroteja Novak
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zaloška 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Anderluh
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Petra Kolenc Peitl
- University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Zaloška 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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2
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Kumari S, Chowdhury J, Sikka M, Verma P, Jha P, Mishra AK, Saluja D, Chopra M. Identification of potent cholecystokinin-B receptor antagonists: synthesis, molecular modeling and anti-cancer activity against pancreatic cancer cells. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:1561-1574. [PMID: 30108868 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00171a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Advanced malignant stages of pancreatic cancer have poor prognosis and very few treatment strategies are available. Pancreatic cancer is known to possess unique growth-related receptors that when activated, stimulate tumour proliferation. Gastrin and its related peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) are also significantly involved in the growth of this cancer type as well as other malignancies through activation of the cholecystokinin-B receptor (CCK-BR). New treatment strategies with CCK-BR antagonists are being suggested that suppress the growth promoting effects of gastrin. In this paper, we report the development of two series of quinazolinone derivatives incorporating hydrazinecarbothioamide (compounds 3a-g) and the hydrazino group (compounds 4a-e) as linkers for developing CCK-BR antagonists. The affinities of the compounds were determined using docking into the CCK-BR homology modeled structure. The compounds were tested for in vitro CCK-BR binding and gastric acid secretion in an isolated lumen-perfused mouse stomach assay. The compounds exhibited CCK-BR binding activity (IC50) in the range of 0.2-975 nM and showed good gastric acid secretion inhibitory activity. Molecular modeling of the compounds was done and pharmacophore mapping results showed good prediction of in vitro activity which correlated well with the experimental antagonistic activity. The compounds were further tested for their cytotoxicity on CCK-BR expressing pancreatic cancer cells. The results of the study provided two potent CCK-BR antagonists which also possess good to moderate growth inhibitory activities against pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj Kumari
- Laboratory of Anticancer Drug Development , Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research , University of Delhi , Delhi 110007 , India . ;
| | - Joyita Chowdhury
- Laboratory of Anticancer Drug Development , Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research , University of Delhi , Delhi 110007 , India . ;
| | - Manisha Sikka
- Laboratory of Anticancer Drug Development , Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research , University of Delhi , Delhi 110007 , India . ;
| | - Priyanka Verma
- Laboratory of Anticancer Drug Development , Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research , University of Delhi , Delhi 110007 , India . ;
| | - Prakash Jha
- Laboratory of Anticancer Drug Development , Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research , University of Delhi , Delhi 110007 , India . ;
| | - Anil K Mishra
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences , Brig. S. K. Majumdar Road , Delhi 110054 , India
| | - Daman Saluja
- Laboratory of Anticancer Drug Development , Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research , University of Delhi , Delhi 110007 , India . ;
| | - Madhu Chopra
- Laboratory of Anticancer Drug Development , Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Center for Biomedical Research , University of Delhi , Delhi 110007 , India . ;
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Gupta AK, Varshney K, Saxena AK. Toward the identification of a reliable 3D QSAR pharmacophore model for the CCK2 receptor antagonism. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:1376-90. [PMID: 22530718 DOI: 10.1021/ci300094e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes application of computational approaches to identify a validated and reliable 3D QSAR pharmacophore model for the CCK-2R antagonism through integrated ligand and structure based studies using anthranilic sulfonamide and 1,3,4-benzotriazepine based CCK-2R antagonists. The best hypothesis consisted five features viz. two aliphatic hydrophobic, one aromatic hydrophobic, one H-bond acceptor, and one ring aromatic feature with an excellent correlation for 34 training set (r²(training) = 0.83) and 58 test set compounds (r²(test) = 0.74). This model was validated through F-test and docking studies at the active site of the plausible CCK-2R where the 99% significance and well corroboration with the pharmacophore model respectively describes the model's reliability. The model also predicts well to other known clinically effective CCK-2R antagonists. Therefore, the developed model may useful in finding new scaffolds that may aid in design and develop new chemical entities (NCEs) as potent CCK-2R antagonists before their synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit K Gupta
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, C.S.I.R.-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
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Fanelli F, De Benedetti PG. Update 1 of: computational modeling approaches to structure-function analysis of G protein-coupled receptors. Chem Rev 2011; 111:PR438-535. [PMID: 22165845 DOI: 10.1021/cr100437t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fanelli
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi 183, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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Formalin-induced long-term secondary allodynia and hyperalgesia are maintained by descending facilitation. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 98:417-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Magnan R, Masri B, Escrieut C, Foucaud M, Cordelier P, Fourmy D. Regulation of membrane cholecystokinin-2 receptor by agonists enables classification of partial agonists as biased agonists. J Biol Chem 2010; 286:6707-19. [PMID: 21156802 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.196048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the importance of G-protein-coupled receptors as pharmacological targets in medicine, efforts directed at understanding the molecular mechanism by which pharmacological compounds regulate their presence at the cell surface is of paramount importance. In this context, using confocal microscopy and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer, we have investigated internalization and intracellular trafficking of the cholecystokinin-2 receptor (CCK2R) in response to both natural and synthetic ligands with different pharmacological features. We found that CCK and gastrin, which are full agonists on CCK2R-induced inositol phosphate production, rapidly and abundantly stimulate internalization. Internalized CCK2R did not rapidly recycle to plasma membrane but instead was directed to late endosomes/lysosomes. CCK2R endocytosis involves clathrin-coated pits and dynamin and high affinity and prolonged binding of β-arrestin1 or -2. Partial agonists and antagonists on CCK2R-induced inositol phosphate formation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation did not stimulate CCK2R internalization or β-arrestin recruitment to the CCK2R but blocked full agonist-induced internalization and β-arrestin recruitment. The extreme C-terminal region of the CCK2R (and more precisely phosphorylatable residues Ser(437)-Xaa(438)-Thr(439)-Thr(440)-Xaa(441)-Ser(442)-Thr(443)) were critical for β-arrestin recruitment. However, this region and β-arrestins were dispensable for CCK2R internalization. In conclusion, this study allowed us to classify the human CCK2R as a member of class B G-protein-coupled receptors with regard to its endocytosis features and identified biased agonists of the CCK2R. These new important insights will allow us to investigate the role of internalized CCK2R·β-arrestin complexes in cancers expressing this receptor and to develop new diagnosis and therapeutic strategies targeting this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Magnan
- INSERM, Unit 858, 12 MR, 1 Avenue Jean Poulhés, 31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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Frantz MC, Rodrigo J, Boudier L, Durroux T, Mouillac B, Hibert M. Subtlety of the Structure−Affinity and Structure−Efficacy Relationships around a Nonpeptide Oxytocin Receptor Agonist. J Med Chem 2010; 53:1546-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jm901084f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Céline Frantz
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, BP60024, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Jordi Rodrigo
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, BP60024, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Laure Boudier
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle UMR CNRS 5203/INSERM U661/Université Montpellier I & II, Dept Pharmacologie Moléculaire, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Durroux
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle UMR CNRS 5203/INSERM U661/Université Montpellier I & II, Dept Pharmacologie Moléculaire, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Bernard Mouillac
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle UMR CNRS 5203/INSERM U661/Université Montpellier I & II, Dept Pharmacologie Moléculaire, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier, France
| | - Marcel Hibert
- Laboratoire d’Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, BP60024, 67401 Illkirch, France
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Tikhonova IG, Fourmy D. The family of G protein-coupled receptors: an example of membrane proteins. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 654:441-454. [PMID: 20665280 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-762-4_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The G protein coupled receptors belong to the largest group of membrane proteins that regulates many essential physiological properties and represents an important class of drug targets. In this chapter, we show how the synergy between a laboratory experiment and computational modeling leads to structural delineation of the ligand binding pocket and how the knowledge of ligand-protein interactions is used for rational local and global drug design in which the structural knowledge of a particular receptor and its ligands is used for drug design of this particular GPCR and others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Tikhonova
- INSERM, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université de Toulouse 3, Toulouse, France.
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Sum CS, Tikhonova IG, Costanzi S, Gershengorn MC. Two arginine-glutamate ionic locks near the extracellular surface of FFAR1 gate receptor activation. J Biol Chem 2008; 284:3529-36. [PMID: 19068482 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806987200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of a number of class A G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is thought to involve two molecular switches, a rotamer toggle switch within the transmembrane domain and an ionic lock at the cytoplasmic surface of the receptor; however, the mechanism by which agonist binding changes these molecular interactions is not understood. Importantly, 80% of GPCRs including free fatty acid receptor 1 (FFAR1) lack the complement of amino acid residues implicated in either or both of these two switches; the mechanism of activation of these GPCRs is therefore less clear. By homology modeling, we identified two Glu residues (Glu-145 and Glu-172) in the second extracellular loop of FFAR1 that form putative interactions individually with two transmembrane Arg residues (Arg-183(5.39) and Arg-258(7.35)) to create two ionic locks. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that binding of agonists to FFAR1 leads to breakage of these Glu-Arg interactions. In mutagenesis experiments, breakage of these two putative interactions by substituting Ala for Glu-145 and Glu-172 caused constitutive receptor activation. Our results therefore reveal a molecular switch for receptor activation present on the extracellular surface of FFAR1 that is broken by agonist binding. Similar ionic locks between the transmembrane domains and the extracellular loops may constitute a mechanism common to other class A GPCRs also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Shing Sum
- Clinical Endocrinology Branch, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Langer I, Tikhonova IG, Boulègue C, Estève JP, Vatinel S, Ferrand A, Moroder L, Robberecht P, Fourmy D. Evidence for a direct and functional interaction between the regulators of G protein signaling-2 and phosphorylated C terminus of cholecystokinin-2 receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 75:502-13. [PMID: 19064631 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.051607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is regulated by different mechanisms. One of these involves regulators of G protein signaling (RGS), which are diverse and multifunctional proteins that bind to active Galpha subunits of G proteins and act as GTPase-activating proteins. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that govern the selective use of RGS proteins in living cells. We first demonstrated that CCK2R-mediated inositol phosphate production, known to be G(q)-dependent, is more sensitive to RGS2 than to RGS4 and is insensitive to RGS8. Both basal and agonist-stimulated activities of the CCK2R are regulated by RGS2. By combining biochemical, functional, and in silico structural approaches, we demonstrate that a direct and functional interaction occurs between RGS2 and agonist-stimulated cholecystokinin receptor-2 (CCK2R) and identified the precise residues involved: phosphorylated Ser434 and Thr439 located in the C-terminal tail of CCK2R and Lys62, Lys63, and Gln67, located in the N-terminal domain of RGS2. These findings confirm previous reports that RGS proteins can interact with GPCRs to modulate their signaling and provide a molecular basis for RGS2 recognition by the CCK2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Langer
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, UniversitéLibre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Foucaud M, Marco E, Escrieut C, Low C, Kalindjian B, Fourmy D. Linking Non-peptide Ligand Binding Mode to Activity at the Human Cholecystokinin-2 Receptor. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:35860-8. [DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805513200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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12
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Harper EA, Mitchell EA, Griffin EP, Kalindjian SB. Thermodynamic analysis does not allow discrimination of agonists and antagonists at human CCK2S-receptors. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 581:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Low CMR, Vinter JG. Rationalizing the activities of diverse cholecystokinin 2 receptor antagonists using molecular field points. J Med Chem 2008; 51:565-73. [PMID: 18201065 DOI: 10.1021/jm070880t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin 2 receptor antagonists encompass a wide range of structures. This makes them unsuitable candidates for existing 3D-QSAR methods and has led us to develop an alternative approach to account for their observed biological activities. A diverse set of 21 antagonists was subjected to a novel molecular field-based similarity analysis. The hypothesis is that compounds with similar field patterns will bind at the same target site regardless of their underlying structure. This initial report demonstrates a linear correlation between ligand similarity and biological activity for this challenging data set. A model generated with three molecules was used to predict the activity of 18 test compounds, with different chemotypes, with a root-mean-square error of 0.68 pKB units. The ability to automatically derive a molecular alignment without knowledge of the protein structure represents an improvement over existing pharmacophore methods and makes the method particularly suitable for scaffold-hopping.
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Foucaud M, Archer-Lahlou E, Marco E, Tikhonova IG, Maigret B, Escrieut C, Langer I, Fourmy D. Insights into the binding and activation sites of the receptors for cholecystokinin and gastrin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 145:17-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2007.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Marco E, Foucaud M, Langer I, Escrieut C, Tikhonova IG, Fourmy D. Mechanism of Activation of a G Protein-coupled Receptor, the Human Cholecystokinin-2 Receptor. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:28779-28790. [PMID: 17599907 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m700349200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent a major focus in functional genomics programs and drug development research, but their important potential as drug targets contrasts with the still limited data available concerning their activation mechanism. Here, we investigated the activation mechanism of the cholecystokinin-2 receptor (CCK2R). The three-dimensional structure of inactive CCK2R was homology-modeled on the basis of crystal coordinates of inactive rhodopsin. Starting from the inactive CCK2R modeled structure, active CCK2R (namely cholecystokinin-occupied CCK2R) was modeled by means of steered molecular dynamics in a lipid bilayer and by using available data from other GPCRs, including rhodopsin. By comparing the modeled structures of the inactive and active CCK2R, we identified changes in the relative position of helices and networks of interacting residues, which were expected to stabilize either the active or inactive states of CCK2R. Using targeted molecular dynamics simulations capable of converting CCK2R from the inactive to the active state, we delineated structural changes at the atomic level. The activation mechanism involved significant movements of helices VI and V, a slight movement of helices IV and VII, and changes in the position of critical residues within or near the binding site. The mutation of key amino acids yielded inactive or constitutively active CCK2R mutants, supporting this proposed mechanism. Such progress in the refinement of the CCK2R binding site structure and in knowledge of CCK2R activation mechanisms will enable target-based optimization of nonpeptide ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Marco
- INSERM, Unit 858, Institut Fédératif de Recherche, 31432 Toulouse, France and the Université de Toulouse 3, 31062 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse 3, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Magali Foucaud
- INSERM, Unit 858, Institut Fédératif de Recherche, 31432 Toulouse, France and the Université de Toulouse 3, 31062 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse 3, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Ingrid Langer
- INSERM, Unit 858, Institut Fédératif de Recherche, 31432 Toulouse, France and the Université de Toulouse 3, 31062 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse 3, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Chantal Escrieut
- INSERM, Unit 858, Institut Fédératif de Recherche, 31432 Toulouse, France and the Université de Toulouse 3, 31062 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse 3, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Irina G Tikhonova
- INSERM, Unit 858, Institut Fédératif de Recherche, 31432 Toulouse, France and the Université de Toulouse 3, 31062 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse 3, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Daniel Fourmy
- INSERM, Unit 858, Institut Fédératif de Recherche, 31432 Toulouse, France and the Université de Toulouse 3, 31062 Toulouse, France; Université de Toulouse 3, 31062 Toulouse, France.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent investigations into the regulation of pancreatic acinar cell function have led to a more detailed understanding of the mechanisms regulating digestive enzyme synthesis and secretion. This review identifies and puts into context those articles which further our understanding in this area. RECENT FINDINGS The secretagogue receptors present on acinar cells, especially muscarinic and cholecystokinin, have been better identified and characterized. The complex control of intracellular Ca by intracellular messengers such as inositol trisphosphate, cellular ion pumps and membrane channels has become more clearly understood, including the identification of organelles sequestering intracellular Ca. In the area of Ca driven exocytosis, progress has been made in understanding the proteins present on the zymogen granules, especially Rabs and SNARE proteins, and the dynamic changes in actin filaments. Secretagogues have also been shown to enhance the translation of new protein by activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Finally, considerable progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms regulating pancreatic growth in response to nutrients and following pancreatectomy or pancreatitis. SUMMARY Understanding the mechanisms that regulate pancreatic acinar cell function is contributing to our knowledge of normal pancreatic function and alterations in diseases such as pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Williams
- Departments of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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