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Li C, Lu G, Jiang Y, Su H, Li C. A Novel Etanercept-loaded Nano-emulsion for Targeted Treatment of Inflammatory Arthritis via Draining Lymph Node. Curr Drug Deliv 2024; 21:1106-1113. [PMID: 37565561 DOI: 10.2174/1567201821666230810115230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease (AD), and the global incidence rate is 0.5 ~ 1%. Existing medications might reduce symptoms, however, there is no known cure for this illness. Etanercept (EN) can competitively inhibit TNF-α binding to the TNF receptor on the cell surface to treat RA. However, subcutaneous injection of free EN predisposes to systemic distribution and induces immune system hypofunction. Draining lymph nodes (LNs) play a significant role in the onset, maintenance, and progression of RA as they are the primary sites of aberrant immune response and inflammatory cytokine production. AIM The purpose of this study was to successfully treat RA with etanercept by encapsulating it in nanoemulsions (NEs/EN) and then delivering it specifically to draining LNs. The EN-loaded NEs were prepared by high-pressure homogenization method and modified with DSPE-mPEG2000 and Ca(OH)2. METHODS A novel nano-emulsion (NE) was constructed to deliver EN (NE/EN) to RA-draining LNs. To decrease aggregation and load EN, DSPE-mPEG2000 and Ca(OH)2 were successively decorated on the surface of the lipid injectable emulsions. The hydrodynamic diameter and morphology of NEs/EN were investigated by using a laser particle size analyzer and transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The in vivo fluorescence imaging system was used to study the in vivo LN targeting ability of the formulation. In the therapeutic experiment, NEs/EN was subcutaneously administrated to inhibit the development of the mouse arthritis model. RESULTS Circular dichroism spectrum and L929 cell experiment confirmed that NEs encapsulation had no impact on the biological activity of EN. In vivo investigation on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model showed that NEs/EN have good inguinal lymph node targeting capabilities, as well as, anti-inflammatory effect against RA. Compared with the free group, the paw thickness and arthritic score in NEs/EN group were significantly alleviated. Moreover, the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-1β in NEs/EN-treated mice was lower than that in free EN. CONCLUSION NEs/EN effectively improve the effectiveness of EN in the treatment of RA. Our work provides an experimental foundation for expanding the clinical application of EN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Deyang People's Hospital, Deyang 618000, China
| | - Guanting Lu
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine Research, Department of Pathology, Deyang People's Hospital, Deyang 618000, China
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Research of Deyang, Deyang People's Hospital, Deyang 618000, China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Deyang People's Hospital, Deyang 618000, China
| | - Huaiyu Su
- Department of Pharmacy, Deyang People's Hospital, Deyang 618000, China
| | - Chen Li
- Centre for Translational Research in Cancer, Sichuan Cancer Hospital & Institute, Chengdu 610000, China
- School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610000, China
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Multivariate profiling of African green monkey and rhesus macaque T lymphocytes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4834. [PMID: 30886198 PMCID: PMC6423277 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41209-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of immune responses limits the usefulness of univariate methods in answering complex immunology questions. To demonstrate the utility of a multivariate approach, we employ such approach to compare T cells of African green monkeys (AGMs) and rhesus macaques (RMs). Among the most prominent distinguishing features we found were lower CD3 and higher CD28 surface expression in AGMs compared to RMs. After in vitro stimulation, a larger proportion of AGM T cells secreted cytokines, especially those producing more than one cytokine (i.e. multifunctional cells). To find out whether multifunctional responses associate with protection in other species, we compared T cells of cynomolgus macaques (CMs) infected with wild-type Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) to those of CMs infected (vaccinated) with a replication-defective virus. Wild-type SIV infection in macaques leads to simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which does not happen in animals previously vaccinated with a replication-defective virus. Interestingly, after in vitro stimulation, multifunctional cells were more abundant among T cells of vaccinated CMs. Our results propose T-cell multifunctionality as a potentially useful marker of immunity, although additional verification is needed. Finally, we hope our multivariate model and its associated validation methods will inform future studies in the field of immunology.
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Kopalli SR, Kang TB, Koppula S. Necroptosis inhibitors as therapeutic targets in inflammation mediated disorders - a review of the current literature and patents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:1239-1256. [PMID: 27568917 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1230201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent studies have shown substantial interplay between the apoptosis and necroptosis pathways. Necroptosis, a form of programmed cell death, has been found to stimulate the immune system contributing to the pathophysiology of several inflammation-mediated disorders. Determining the contribution of necroptotic signaling pathways to inflammation may lead to the development of selective and specific molecular target implicated necroptosis inhibitors. Areas covered: This review summarizes the recently published and patented necroptosis inhibitors as therapeutic targets in inflammation-mediated disorders. The role of several necroptosis inhibitors, focusing on specific signaling molecules, was discussed with particular attention to inflammation-mediated disorders. Data was obtained from Espacenet®, WIPO®, USPTO® patent websites, and other relevant sources (2006-2016). Expert opinion: Necroptosis inhibitors hold promise for treatment of inflammation-mediated clinical conditions in which necroptotic cell death plays a major role. Although necroptosis inhibitors reviewed in this survey showed inhibitory effects against several inflammation-mediated disorders, only a few have passed to the stage of clinical testing and need extensive research for therapeutic practice. Revisiting the existing drugs and developing novel necroptosis inhibiting agents as well as understanding their mechanism are essential. A detailed study of necroptosis function in animal models of inflammation may provide us an alternative strategy for the development of drug-like necroptosis inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tae-Bong Kang
- a College of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Konkuk University , Chungju , Republic of Korea
| | - Sushruta Koppula
- a College of Biomedical and Health Sciences , Konkuk University , Chungju , Republic of Korea
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Won M, Byun HS, Park KA, Hur GM. Post-translational control of NF-κB signaling by ubiquitination. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1075-84. [PMID: 27287455 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0772-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) controls a number of essential cellular functions, including the immune response, cell proliferation, and apoptosis. NF-κB signaling must be engaged temporally and spatially and well orchestrated to prevent aberrant activation because loss of normal regulation of NF-κB is a major contributor to a variety of pathological diseases, including inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases, and cancers. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling NF-κB activation is an important part of treatment of these relevant diseases. Although NF-κB transcriptional activity is largely regulated by nuclear translocation, post-translational modification of NF-κB signaling components, including phosphorylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, and methylation, has emerged as an important mechanism affecting activity. Many proteins have been shown to ubiquitinate and regulate NF-κB activation at the receptor signaling complex in response to a variety of ligands, such as tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1, and Toll-like receptor ligands. In this review, we discuss our current knowledge of ubiquitination patterns and their functional role in NF-κB regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minho Won
- Research Institute for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Sun Byun
- Research Institute for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Ah Park
- Research Institute for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Gang Min Hur
- Research Institute for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 35015, Republic of Korea.
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Lee Y, Byun HS, Seok JH, Park KA, Won M, Seo W, Lee SR, Kang K, Sohn KC, Lee IY, Kim HG, Son CG, Shen HM, Hur GM. Terminalia Chebula provides protection against dual modes of necroptotic and apoptotic cell death upon death receptor ligation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25094. [PMID: 27117478 PMCID: PMC4846877 DOI: 10.1038/srep25094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Death receptor (DR) ligation elicits two different modes of cell death (necroptosis and apoptosis) depending on the cellular context. By screening a plant extract library from cells undergoing necroptosis or apoptosis, we identified a water extract of Terminalia chebula (WETC) as a novel and potent dual inhibitor of DR-mediated cell death. Investigation of the underlying mechanisms of its anti-necroptotic and anti-apoptotic action revealed that WETC or its constituents (e.g., gallic acid) protected against tumor necrosis factor-induced necroptosis via the suppression of TNF-induced ROS without affecting the upstream signaling events. Surprisingly, WETC also provided protection against DR-mediated apoptosis by inhibition of the caspase cascade. Furthermore, it activated the autophagy pathway via suppression of mTOR. Of the WETC constituents, punicalagin and geraniin appeared to possess the most potent anti-apoptotic and autophagy activation effect. Importantly, blockage of autophagy with pharmacological inhibitors or genetic silencing of Atg5 selectively abolished the anti-apoptotic function of WETC. These results suggest that WETC protects against dual modes of cell death upon DR ligation. Therefore, WETC might serve as a potential treatment for diseases characterized by aberrantly sensitized apoptotic or non-apoptotic signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonjung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Sun Byun
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Seok
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Ah Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Minho Won
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonhyoung Seo
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Republic of Korea
| | - So-Ra Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Kidong Kang
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Cheol Sohn
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Republic of Korea
| | - Ill Young Lee
- Eco-Friendly New Materials Reserch Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong-Geug Kim
- Liver &Immunology Research Center, Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon 302-122, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Gue Son
- Liver &Immunology Research Center, Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, Daejeon 302-122, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Ming Shen
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gang Min Hur
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Republic of Korea
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Deng B, Xie S, Wang J, Xia Z, Nie R. Inhibition of protein kinase C β(2) prevents tumor necrosis factor-α-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress in endothelial cells: the role of NADPH oxidase subunits. J Vasc Res 2012; 49:144-59. [PMID: 22261918 DOI: 10.1159/000332337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate the cell signal transduction pathway protein kinase C (PKC) and the role of NADPH subunits in the process of TNF-α-induced endothelial apoptosis. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) were treated with one of these: 1 mM PKC β(2) inhibitor CGP53353, 10 mM PKC δ inhibitor rottlerin, combination CGP53353 with rottlerin, 3 ×10(-4)M NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin, 5 × 10(-6)M NADPH oxidase peptide inhibitor gp91ds-tat. The apoptosis process was assessed by Hoechst 33342 stain, flow cytometry and Western blot analysis, while intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was detected by 2,7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). The NADPH oxidase subunit gene and protein expression were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis, respectively. TNF-α significantly induced HUVEC apoptosis and ROS production, accompanying with dramatic upregulation of NADPH oxidase subunits: NOX2/gp91(phox), NOX4, p47(phox) and p67(phox), whereas these enhancements were abolished by the treatment with PKC inhibitors. High TNF-α level exposure induces HUVEC apoptosis, as well as a ROS generation increase via the PKC β(2)-dependent activation of NADPH oxidase. Although the PKC δ pathway may enhance TNF-α-induced HUVEC apoptosis, it does not involve the ROS pathway. Upregulation of expression of NADPH subunits is important in this process, which leads to a new target in antioxidative therapy for vascular disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
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Pelletier M, Siegel RM. Wishing away inflammation? New links between serotonin and TNF signaling. Mol Interv 2010; 9:299-301. [PMID: 20048135 DOI: 10.1124/mi.9.6.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Pelletier
- Immunoregulation Section, Autoimmunity Branch, NIAMS, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
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McIntosh K, Cunningham MR, Cadalbert L, Lockhart J, Boyd G, Ferrell W, Plevin R. Proteinase-activated receptor-2 mediated inhibition of TNFalpha-stimulated JNK activation - A novel paradigm for G(q/11) linked GPCRs. Cell Signal 2010; 22:265-73. [PMID: 19781631 PMCID: PMC2806525 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this study we examined the potential for PAR(2) and TNFalpha to synergise at the level of MAP kinase signalling in PAR(2) expressing NCTC2544 cells. However, to our surprise we found that activation of PAR(2) by trypsin or the specific activating peptide SLIGKV-OH strongly inhibited both the phosphorylation and activity of JNK. In contrast neither p38 MAP kinase nor ERK activation was affected although TNFalpha stimulated IkappaBalpha loss was partially reversed. The inhibitory effect was not observed in parental cells nor in cells expressing PAR(4), however inhibition was reversed by pre-incubation with the novel PAR(2) antagonist K14585, suggesting that the effect is specific for PAR(2) activation. SLIGKV-OH was found to be more potent in inhibiting TNFalpha-induced JNK activation than in stimulating JNK alone, suggesting agonist-directed signalling. The PKC activator PMA, also mimicked the inhibitory effect of SLIGKV-OH, and the effects of both agents were reversed by pre-treatment with the PKC inhibitor, GF109203X. Furthermore, incubation with the novel G(q/11) inhibitor YM25480 also reversed PAR(2) mediated inhibition. Activation of PAR(2) was found to disrupt TNFR1 binding to RIP and TRADD and this was reversed by both GF109203X and YM25480. A similar mode of inhibition observed in HUVECs through PAR(2) or P2Y2 receptors demonstrates the potential of a novel paradigm for GPCRs linked to G(q/11), in mediating inhibition of TNFalpha-stimulated JNK activation. This has important implications in assessing the role of GPCRs in inflammation and other conditions.
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Key Words
- par-2, proteinase-activated receptor-2
- par-2 ap, par-2 activating peptide
- 2f-ligkv-oh, 2-furoyl-ligkv-hydroxyl
- jnk, c-jun n-terminal protein kinase
- nfκb, nuclear factor kappa b
- pkc, protein kinase c
- map kinase, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- pma, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate
- tnfα, tumour necrosis factor-alpha, tnfr1, tnf-receptor-1
- gpcr, g-protein-coupled receptors
- rip, receptor interacting protein
- tradd, tnf receptor activated death domain
- traf, tnf receptor activating factor
- nhek, normal human epithelial keratinocytes
- gf109203x, 3-[1-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]-1h-indol-3-yl]-4-(1h-indol-3-yl)-1h-pyrrole-2,5-dione monohydrochloride
- fadd, fas-associated death domain
- madd, map kinase activating death domain protein
- il-6, interleukin-6
- proteinase-activated receptor 2
- c-jun n-terminal protein kinase
- tnfα
- protein kinase c
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn McIntosh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow, G4 0NR, Scotland, UK
- School of Engineering and Science, University of The West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK
| | - Margaret R. Cunningham
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow, G4 0NR, Scotland, UK
| | - Laurence Cadalbert
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow, G4 0NR, Scotland, UK
| | - John Lockhart
- School of Engineering and Science, University of The West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK
| | - Gary Boyd
- School of Engineering and Science, University of The West of Scotland, Paisley PA1 2BE, UK
| | - W.R. Ferrell
- Centre for Rheumatic Disease, Royal Infirmary, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
| | - Robin Plevin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Strathclyde, Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow, G4 0NR, Scotland, UK
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Tao T, Ji Y, Cheng C, Yang H, Liu H, Sun L, Qin Y, Yang J, Wang H, Shen A. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibits Schwann cell proliferation by up-regulating Src-suppressed protein kinase C substrate expression. J Neurochem 2009; 111:647-55. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wang F, Liu HM, Irwin MG, Xia ZY, Huang Z, Ouyang J, Xia Z. Role of protein kinase C β2 activation in TNF-α-induced human vascular endothelial cell apoptosis. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 87:221-9. [PMID: 19295663 DOI: 10.1139/y09-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The circulatory inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is increased in pathologic conditions that initiate or exacerbate vascular endothelial injury, such as diabetes. Protein kinase C (PKC) has been shown to play a critical role in TNF-α-induced human endothelial cell apoptosis. However, the relative roles played by specific isoforms of PKC in TNF-α-induced human endothelial cell apoptosis have not been addressed. We investigated the effects of a selective PKCβ2 inhibitor (CGP53353) on TNF-α-induced apoptosis in human vascular endothelial cells (cell line ECV304) and on the production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, and compared its effects with rottlerin, a reagent that has been shown to reduce PKCδ protein levels. Cultured human vascular endothelial cells (ECV304) were treated for 24 h with one of 4 regimes: 40 ng/mL TNF-α alone (TNF-α), TNF-α with 10 µmol/L rottlerin (T+rottlerin), TNF-α with 1 µmol/L CGP53353 (T+CGP), or untreated (control). Cell viability was measured by MTT assay, and cell apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. TNF-α-induced endothelial cell apoptosis was associated with dramatic increases in production of intracellular hydrogen peroxide (approximately 20 times greater than control) and superoxide (approximately 16 times greater than control), as measured by dichlorofluorescein and dihydroethidium fluorescent staining, respectively. This increase was accompanied by reduced activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and, subsequently, an increase in the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde. CGP53353, but not rottlerin, abolished or attenuated all these changes. We conclude that PKCβ2 plays a major role in TNF-α-induced human vascular endothelial cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Anesthesiology Research Laboratory, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui-min Liu
- Anesthesiology Research Laboratory, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Michael G. Irwin
- Anesthesiology Research Laboratory, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhong-yuan Xia
- Anesthesiology Research Laboratory, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiyong Huang
- Anesthesiology Research Laboratory, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingping Ouyang
- Anesthesiology Research Laboratory, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhengyuan Xia
- Anesthesiology Research Laboratory, Renmin Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Nelson TJ, Alkon DL. Neuroprotective versus tumorigenic protein kinase C activators. Trends Biochem Sci 2009; 34:136-45. [PMID: 19233655 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Protein kinase C (PKC) activators possess potent neurotrophic and neuroprotective activity, thus indicating potential applications in treating neurodegenerative diseases, stroke and traumatic brain injury. Although some activators, such as bryostatin and gnidimacrin, have been tested as antitumor agents, others, such as phorbol esters, are potent tumor promoters. All PKC activators downregulate PKC at high concentrations and long application times. However, tumorigenic activators downregulate certain PKC isozymes, especially PKCdelta, more strongly. Tumorigenic activators possess unique structural features that could account for this difference. At concentrations that minimize PKC downregulation, PKC activators can improve long-term memory, reduce beta-amyloid levels, induce synaptogenesis, promote neuronal repair and inhibit cell proliferation. Intermittent, low concentrations of structurally specific, non-tumorigenic PKC activators, therefore, could offer therapeutic benefit for a variety of neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Nelson
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neurosciences Institute, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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Ni HM, Chen X, Ding WX, Schuchmann M, Yin XM. Differential roles of JNK in ConA/GalN and ConA-induced liver injury in mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 173:962-72. [PMID: 18772342 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.080358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated liver injury can be induced by several different means; however, the signaling events and mechanisms of cell death are likely different. We investigated the mechanism of both apoptotic and necrotic hepatocyte cell death as well as the role of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) in the ConA and ConA/D-galactosamine (GalN) models of murine liver injury. ConA alone induced primarily necrotic cell death with no caspase activation, whereas ConA/GalN induced apoptosis in addition to necrotic cell death. The bi-modal death pattern in the ConA/GalN model was confirmed by the use of transgenic mice expressing a dominant-negative form of Fas-associated death domain in which the mice were resistant to apoptotic but not necrotic cell death. JNK1 and, more significantly, JNK2 participated in the induction of hepatocyte apoptosis in response to ConA/GalN. Deletion of JNK led to the stabilization of FLIP L, reduced caspase-8 activation, decreased Bid cleavage, and inhibition of the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. In contrast, JNK did not participate in necrotic death induced by ConA either alone or in combination with GalN. As such, JNK-deficient mice remained susceptible to necrotic liver injury in both model systems. Thus, ConA and ConA/GalN mouse models induce liver injury with different mechanisms of cell death, and JNK contributes to apoptotic but not necrotic cell death. These findings further elucidate the specific pathways involved in tumor necrosis factor-alpha-mediated liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Min Ni
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Seok JH, Park KA, Byun HS, Won M, Shin S, Choi BL, Lee H, Kim YR, Hong JH, Park J, Hur GM. Long-term Activation of c-Jun N-terminal Kinase through Receptor Interacting Protein is Associated with DNA Damage-induced Cell Death. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2008; 12:185-91. [PMID: 19967054 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2008.12.4.185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family, is an important cellular response that modulates the outcome of the cells which are exposed to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) or the genotoxic stress including DNA damaging agents. Although it is known that JNK is activated in response to genotoxic stress, neither the pathways to transduce signals to activate JNK nor the primary sensors of the cells that trigger the stress response have been identified. Here, we report that the receptor interacting protein (RIP), a key adaptor protein of TNF signaling, was required to activate JNK in the cells treated with certain DNA damaging agents such as adriamycin (Adr) and 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (Ara-C) that cause slow and sustained activation, but it was not required when treated with N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and short wavelength UV, which causes quick and transient activation. Our findings revealed that this sustained JNK activation was not mediated by the TNF (tumor necrosis factor) receptor signaling, but it required a functional ATM (ataxia telangiectasia) activity. In addition, JNK inhibitor SP-600125 significantly blocked the Adr-induced cell death, but it did not affect the cell death induced by MNNG. These findings suggest that the sustained activation of JNK mediated by RIP plays an important role in the DNA damage-induced cell death, and that the duration of JNK activation relays a different stress response to determine the cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Ho Seok
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Korea
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Byun HS, Won M, Park KA, Kim YR, Choi BL, Lee H, Hong JH, Piao L, Park J, Kim JM, Kweon GR, Kang SH, Han J, Hur GM. Prevention of TNF-induced necrotic cell death by rottlerin through a Nox1 NADPH oxidase. Exp Mol Med 2008; 40:186-95. [PMID: 18446057 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2008.40.2.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that rottlerin, a specific PKCdelta inhibitor, potentiates death receptor- mediated apoptosis through a cytochrome c-dependent or -independent pathway. However, its ability to regulate necrotic cell death, as well as the underlying mechanism, remains unknown. We found that in murine fibrosarcoma L929 cells, treatment with rottlerin protected the cells against TNF-induced necrosis, whereas it sensitized the cells to apoptosis induced by co-treatment with Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin and TNF, in a manner independent of its ability to inhibit PKC-delta. TNF treatment induced rapid accumulation of mitochondrial superoxide (O2-) through the Nox1 NADPH oxidase when cells undergo necrosis. Moreover, pretreatment with rottlerin failed to induce the GTP-bound form of small GTPase Rac1 by TNF treatment, and subsequently suppressed mitochondrial O2- production and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation, thus inhibiting necrotic cell death. Therefore, our study suggests that Nox1 NADPH oxidase is a new molecular target for anti-necrotic activity of rottlerin upon death-receptor ligation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Sun Byun
- Department of Pharmacology, Research Institute for Medical Science, Infection Signaling Network Research Center, College of Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 301-131, Korea
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Protein kinase C protects from DNA damage-induced necrotic cell death by inhibiting poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:1672-8. [PMID: 18439913 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2008] [Revised: 04/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the current study, conducted in freshly isolated thymocytes was (1) to investigate the possibility that the activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) in an intact cell can be regulated by protein kinase C (PKC) mediated phosphorylation and (2) to examine the consequence of this regulatory mechanism in the context of cell death induced by the genotoxic agent. In cells stimulated by the PKC activating phorbol esters, DNA breakage was unaffected, PARP-1 was phosphorylated, 1-methyl-3-nitro-1-nitrosoguanidine-induced PARP activation and cell necrosis were suppressed, with all these effects attenuated by the PKC inhibitors GF109203X or Gö6976. Inhibition of cellular PARP activity by PKC-mediated phosphorylation may provide a plausible mechanism for the previously observed cytoprotective effects of PKC activators.
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Abstract
Mitochondria have multiple functions in eukaryotic cells and are organized into dynamic tubular networks that continuously undergo changes through coordinated fusion and fission and migration through the cytosol. Mitochondria integrate cell-signaling networks, especially those involving the intracellular messenger Ca(2+), into the regulation of metabolic pathways. Recently, it has become clear that mitochondria are central to the three main cell death pathways, namely necrosis, apoptosis, and autophagic cell death. This article discusses the role of mitochondria in drug-induced cholestatic injury to the liver. The role of mitochondria in the cellular adaptation against the toxic effects of bile acids is discussed also.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E N Kass
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
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