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Pros and Cons of Pharmacological Manipulation of cGMP-PDEs in the Prevention and Treatment of Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:ijms23010262. [PMID: 35008687 PMCID: PMC8745278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic nucleotides, cAMP and cGMP, are ubiquitous second messengers responsible for translating extracellular signals to intracellular biological responses in both normal and tumor cells. When these signals are aberrant or missing, cells may undergo neoplastic transformation or become resistant to chemotherapy. cGMP-hydrolyzing phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are attracting tremendous interest as drug targets for many diseases, including cancer, where they regulate cell growth, apoptosis and sensitization to radio- and chemotherapy. In breast cancer, PDE5 inhibition is associated with increased intracellular cGMP levels, which is responsible for the phosphorylation of PKG and other downstream molecules involved in cell proliferation or apoptosis. In this review, we provide an overview of the most relevant studies regarding the controversial role of PDE inhibitors as off-label adjuvants in cancer therapy.
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Novel salicylamide derivatives as potent multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation. Bioorg Chem 2019; 84:137-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Song Q, Li Y, Cao Z, Liu H, Tian C, Yang Z, Qiang X, Tan Z, Deng Y. Discovery of novel 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalamide derivatives as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:6115-6127. [PMID: 30470598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2,5-dihydroxyterephthalamide derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated as multifunctional agents for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In vitro assays demonstrated that most of the derivatives exhibited good multifunctional activities. Among them, compound 9d showed the best inhibitory activity against both RatAChE and EeAChE (IC50 = 0.56 μM and 5.12 μM, respectively). Moreover, 9d exhibited excellent inhibitory effects on self-induced Aβ1-42 aggregation (IC50 = 3.05 μM) and Cu2+-induced Aβ1-42 aggregation (71.7% at 25.0 μM), and displayed significant disaggregation ability to self- and Cu2+-induced Aβ1-42 aggregation fibrils (75.2% and 77.2% at 25.0 μM, respectively). Furthermore, 9d also showed biometal chelating abilities, antioxidant activity, anti-neuroinflammatory activities and appropriate BBB permeability. These multifunctional properties highlight 9d as promising candidate for further studies directed to the development of novel drugs against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Song
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Zhongcheng Cao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Chaoquan Tian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Ziyi Yang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Xiaoming Qiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Zhenghuai Tan
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Pharmacology and Toxicology, Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Yong Deng
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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Maksimovic-Ivanic D, Fagone P, McCubrey J, Bendtzen K, Mijatovic S, Nicoletti F. HIV-protease inhibitors for the treatment of cancer: Repositioning HIV protease inhibitors while developing more potent NO-hybridized derivatives? Int J Cancer 2017; 140:1713-1726. [PMID: 27870005 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The possible use of HIV protease inhibitors (HIV-PI) as new therapeutic option for the treatment of cancer primarily originated from their success in treating HIV-related Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). While these findings were initially attributed to immune reconstitution and better control of oncogenic viral infections, the number of reports on solid tumors, KS, lymphoma, fibrosarcoma, multiple myeloma and prostate cancer suggest other mechanisms for the anti-neoplastic activity of PIs. However, a major drawback for the possible adoption of HIV-PIs in the therapy of cancer relies on their relatively weak anticancer potency and important side effects. This has propelled several groups to generate derivatives of HIV-PIs for anticancer use, through modifications such as attachment of different moieties, ligands and transporters, including saquinavir-loaded folic acid conjugated nanoparticles and nitric oxide (NO) derivatives of HIV-PIs. In this article, we discuss the current preclinical and clinical evidences for the potential use of HIV-PIs, and of novel derivatives, such as saquinavir-NO in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danijela Maksimovic-Ivanic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic," Belgrade University, Serbia
| | - Paolo Fagone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - James McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Klaus Bendtzen
- Institute for Inflammation Research (IIR), Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanja Mijatovic
- Department of Immunology, Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic," Belgrade University, Serbia
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
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Daiber A, Münzel T. Organic Nitrate Therapy, Nitrate Tolerance, and Nitrate-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction: Emphasis on Redox Biology and Oxidative Stress. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 23:899-942. [PMID: 26261901 PMCID: PMC4752190 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2015.6376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Organic nitrates, such as nitroglycerin (GTN), isosorbide-5-mononitrate and isosorbide dinitrate, and pentaerithrityl tetranitrate (PETN), when given acutely, have potent vasodilator effects improving symptoms in patients with acute and chronic congestive heart failure, stable coronary artery disease, acute coronary syndromes, or arterial hypertension. The mechanisms underlying vasodilation include the release of •NO or a related compound in response to intracellular bioactivation (for GTN, the mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase [ALDH-2]) and activation of the enzyme, soluble guanylyl cyclase. Increasing cyclic guanosine-3',-5'-monophosphate (cGMP) levels lead to an activation of the cGMP-dependent kinase I, thereby causing the relaxation of the vascular smooth muscle by decreasing intracellular calcium concentrations. The hemodynamic and anti-ischemic effects of organic nitrates are rapidly lost upon long-term (low-dose) administration due to the rapid development of tolerance and endothelial dysfunction, which is in most cases linked to increased intracellular oxidative stress. Enzymatic sources of reactive oxygen species under nitrate therapy include mitochondria, NADPH oxidases, and an uncoupled •NO synthase. Acute high-dose challenges with organic nitrates cause a similar loss of potency (tachyphylaxis), but with distinct pathomechanism. The differences among organic nitrates are highlighted regarding their potency to induce oxidative stress and subsequent tolerance and endothelial dysfunction. We also address pleiotropic effects of organic nitrates, for example, their capacity to stimulate antioxidant pathways like those demonstrated for PETN, all of which may prevent adverse effects in response to long-term therapy. Based on these considerations, we will discuss and present some preclinical data on how the nitrate of the future should be designed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Daiber
- The 2nd Medical Clinic, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- The 2nd Medical Clinic, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University , Mainz, Germany
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Abstract
The regulatory approval of ipilimumab (Yervoy) in 2011 ushered in a new era of cancer immunotherapies with durable clinical effects. Most of these breakthrough medicines are monoclonal antibodies that block protein-protein interactions between T cell checkpoint receptors and their cognate ligands. In addition, genetically engineered autologous T cell therapies have also recently demonstrated significant clinical responses in haematological cancers. Conspicuously missing from this class of therapies are traditional small-molecule drugs, which have previously served as the backbone of targeted cancer therapies. Modulating the immune system through a small-molecule approach offers several unique advantages that are complementary to, and potentially synergistic with, biologic modalities. This Review highlights immuno-oncology pathways and mechanisms that can be best or solely targeted by small-molecule medicines. Agents aimed at these mechanisms--modulation of the immune response, trafficking to the tumour microenvironment and cellular infiltration--are poised to significantly extend the scope of immuno-oncology applications and enhance the opportunities for combination with tumour-targeted agents and biologic immunotherapies.
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The role of cyclic nucleotide signaling pathways in cancer: targets for prevention and treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:436-58. [PMID: 24577242 PMCID: PMC3980602 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6010436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For more than four decades, the cyclic nucleotides cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cyclic GMP (cGMP) have been recognized as important signaling molecules within cells. Under normal physiological conditions, cyclic nucleotides regulate a myriad of biological processes such as cell growth and adhesion, energy homeostasis, neuronal signaling, and muscle relaxation. In addition, altered cyclic nucleotide signaling has been observed in a number of pathophysiological conditions, including cancer. While the distinct molecular alterations responsible for these effects vary depending on the specific cancer type, several studies have demonstrated that activation of cyclic nucleotide signaling through one of three mechanisms-induction of cyclic nucleotide synthesis, inhibition of cyclic nucleotide degradation, or activation of cyclic nucleotide receptors-is sufficient to inhibit proliferation and activate apoptosis in many types of cancer cells. These findings suggest that targeting cyclic nucleotide signaling can provide a strategy for the discovery of novel agents for the prevention and/or treatment of selected cancers.
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Dunlap T, Piyankarage SC, Wijewickrama GT, Abdul-Hay S, Vanni M, Litosh V, Luo J, Thatcher GRJ. Quinone-induced activation of Keap1/Nrf2 signaling by aspirin prodrugs masquerading as nitric oxide. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:2725-36. [PMID: 23035985 DOI: 10.1021/tx3003609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The promising therapeutic potential of the NO-donating hybrid aspirin prodrugs (NO-ASA) includes induction of chemopreventive mechanisms and has been reported in almost 100 publications. One example, NCX-4040 (pNO-ASA), is bioactivated by esterase to a quinone methide (QM) electrophile. In cell cultures, pNO-ASA and QM-donating X-ASA prodrugs that cannot release NO rapidly depleted intracellular GSH and caused DNA damage; however, induction of Nrf2 signaling elicited cellular defense mechanisms including upregulation of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) and glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL). In HepG2 cells, the "NO-specific" 4,5-diaminofluorescein reporter, DAF-DA, responded to NO-ASA and X-ASA, with QM-induced oxidative stress masquerading as NO. LC-MS/MS analysis demonstrated efficient alkylation of Cys residues of proteins including glutathione-S-transferase-P1 (GST-P1) and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). Evidence was obtained for alkylation of Keap1 Cys residues associated with Nrf2 translocation to the nucleus, nuclear translocation of Nrf2, activation of antioxidant response element (ARE), and upregulation of cytoprotective target genes. At least in cell culture, pNO-ASA acts as a QM donor, bioactivated by cellular esterase activity to release salicylates, NO(3)(-), and an electrophilic QM. Finally, two novel aspirin prodrugs were synthesized, both potent activators of ARE, designed to release only the QM and salicylates on bioactivation. Current interest in electrophilic drugs acting via Nrf2 signaling suggests that QM-donating hybrid drugs can be designed as informative chemical probes in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareisha Dunlap
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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Knorr M, Hausding M, Schulz E, Oelze M, Rümmler R, Schuff A, Daub S, Schreiner J, Kröller-Schön S, Wenzel P, Gori T, Burgin K, Sartor D, Scherhag A, Münzel T, Daiber A. Characterization of new organic nitrate hybrid drugs covalently bound to valsartan and cilostazol. Pharmacology 2012; 90:193-204. [PMID: 23038657 DOI: 10.1159/000339861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Organic nitrates represent a group of nitrovasodilators that are clinically used for the treatment of ischemic heart disease. With the present studies we synthesized and characterized new organic nitrate hybrid molecules. Compounds CLC-1265 (valsartan mononitrate) and CLC-1280 (valsartan dinitrate) are derivatives of the angiotensin receptor blocker valsartan, with CLC-1265 containing a single organic nitrate linker and CLC-1280 also containing a second, different linker. Compounds CLC-2000 (cilostazol mononitrate) and CLC-2100 (cilostazol dinitrate) are nitrate derivatives of the phosphodiesterase III inhibitor cilostazol. All compounds are designed as hybrid molecules, potentially combining the NO-donating properties of organic nitrates with the AT1-blocking activity of valsartan or the phosphodiesterase-III-inhibiting effect of cilostazol. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The properties of new drugs were assessed by isometric tension recording, inhibition of platelet aggregation and formation of mitochondrial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. KEY RESULTS In this report, all new nitrate compounds are shown, in vitro, to induce vasodilation in the range of other, classical organic nitrates, without inducing oxidative stress or classical nitrate tolerance. In addition, the new hybrid nitrate molecules displayed superior antiaggregatory properties over classical mono- and dinitrates. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our results demonstrate that organic nitrates can be successfully linked to existing therapeutic molecules to create a new class of molecular entities with a potential dual mechanism of action via combining the established pharmacological properties of valsartan or cilostazol with the vasodilating properties of organic nitrates. Future experimental studies have to demonstrate whether the combined action of these compounds translates to superior therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Knorr
- Kardiologie, II. Medizinische Klinik, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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Schiefer IT, Abdul-Hay S, Wang H, Vanni M, Qin Z, Thatcher GRJ. Inhibition of amyloidogenesis by nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and their hybrid nitrates. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2293-306. [PMID: 21405086 DOI: 10.1021/jm101450p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Poor blood-brain barrier penetration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been blamed for the failure of the selective amyloid lowering agent (SALA) R-flurbiprofen in phase 3 clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease (AD). NO-donor NSAIDs (NO-NSAIDs) provide an alternative, gastric-sparing approach to NSAID SALAs, which may improve bioavailability. NSAID analogues were studied for anti-inflammatory activity and for SALA activity in N2a neuronal cells transfected with human amyloid precursor protein (APP). Flurbiprofen (1) analogues were obtained with enhanced anti-inflammatory and antiamyloidogenic properties compared to 1, however, esterification led to elevated Aβ(1-42) levels. Hybrid nitrate prodrugs possessed superior anti-inflammatory activity and reduced toxicity relative to the parent NSAIDs, including clinical candidate CHF5074. Although hybrid nitrates elevated Aβ(1-42) at higher concentration, SALA activity was observed at low concentrations (≤1 μM): both Aβ(1-42) and the ratio of Aβ(1-42)/Aβ(1-40) were lowered. This biphasic SALA activity was attributed to the intact nitrate drug. For several compounds, the selective modulation of amyloidogenesis was tested using an immunoprecipitation MALDI-TOF approach. These data support the development of NO-NSAIDs as an alternative approach toward a clinically useful SALA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac T Schiefer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, MC 781, 833 South Wood Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
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Pathi SS, Jutooru I, Chadalapaka G, Sreevalsan S, Anand S, Thatcher GR, Safe S. GT-094, a NO-NSAID, inhibits colon cancer cell growth by activation of a reactive oxygen species-microRNA-27a: ZBTB10-specificity protein pathway. Mol Cancer Res 2010; 9:195-202. [PMID: 21156786 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-10-0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Ethyl 2-((2,3-bis(nitrooxy)propyl)disulfanyl)benzoate (GT-094) is a novel nitric oxide (NO) chimera containing an nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) and NO moieties and also a disulfide pharmacophore that in itself exhibits cancer chemopreventive activity. In this study, the effects and mechanism of action of GT-094 were investigated in RKO and SW480 colon cancer cells. GT-094 inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in both cell lines and this was accompanied by decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and these responses were reversed after cotreatment with the antioxidant glutathione. GT-094 also downregulated genes associated with cell growth [cyclin D1, hepatocyte growth factor receptor (c-Met), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)], survival (bcl-2, survivin), and angiogenesis [VEGF and its receptors (VEGFR1 and VEGFR2)]. Results of previous RNA interference studies in this laboratory has shown that these genes are regulated, in part, by specificity protein (Sp) transcription factors Sp1, Sp3, and Sp4 that are overexpressed in colon and other cancer cell lines and not surprisingly, GT-094 also decreased Sp1, Sp3, and Sp4 in colon cancer cells. GT-094-mediated repression of Sp and Sp-regulated gene products was due to downregulation of microRNA-27a (miR-27a) and induction of ZBTB10, an Sp repressor that is regulated by miR-27a in colon cancer cells. Moreover, the effects of GT-094 on Sp1, Sp3, Sp4, miR-27a, and ZBTB10 were also inhibited by glutathione suggesting that the anticancer activity of GT-094 in colon cancer cells is due, in part, to activation of an ROS-miR-27a:ZBTB10-Sp transcription factor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya S Pathi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, Texas A&M University, 4466 TAMU, Vet. Res. Bldg. 410, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Daiber A, Münzel T, Gori T. Organic nitrates and nitrate tolerance--state of the art and future developments. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2010; 60:177-227. [PMID: 21081219 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385061-4.00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The hemodynamic and antiischemic effects of nitroglycerin (GTN) are lost upon chronic administration due to the rapid development of nitrate tolerance. The mechanism of this phenomenon has puzzled several generations of scientists, but recent findings have led to novel hypotheses. The formation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in the mitochondria and the subsequent inhibition of the nitrate-bioactivating enzyme mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH-2) appear to play a central role, at least for GTN, that is, bioactivated by ALDH-2. Importantly, these findings provide the opportunity to reconcile the two "traditional" hypotheses of nitrate tolerance, that is, the one postulating a decreased bioactivation and the concurrent one suggesting a role of oxidative stress. Furthermore, recent animal and human experimental studies suggest that the organic nitrates are not a homogeneous group but demonstrate a broad diversity with regard to induction of vascular dysfunction, oxidative stress, and other side effects. In the past, attempts to avoid nitrate-induced side effects have focused on administration schedules that would allow a "nitrate-free interval"; in the future, the role of co-therapies with antioxidant compounds and of activation of endogeneous protective pathways such as the heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) will need to be explored. However, the development of new nitrates, for example, tolerance-free aminoalkyl nitrates or combination of nitrate groups with established cardiovascular drugs like ACE inhibitors or AT(1)-receptor blockers (hybrid molecules) may be of great clinical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Daiber
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Labor für Molekulare Kardiologie und Abteilung für Kardiologie und Angiologie, Universitätsmedizin der Johannes-Gutenberg-Universität, Mainz, Germany
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Abdul-Hay SO, Luo J, Ashghodom RT, Thatcher GRJ. NO-flurbiprofen reduces amyloid-beta, is neuroprotective in cell culture, and enhances cognition in response to cholinergic blockade. J Neurochem 2009; 111:766-76. [PMID: 19702655 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug flurbiprofen is a selective amyloid lowering agent which has been studied clinically in Alzheimer's disease. HCT-1026 is an ester prodrug of flurbiprofen incorporating a nitrate carrier moiety that in vivo provides NO bioactivity and an improved safety profile. In vitro, HCT-1026 retained the cyclooxygenase inhibitory and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug activity of flurbiprofen, but at concentrations at which levels of amyloid-beta 1-42 amino acid were lowered by flurbiprofen, amyloid-beta 1-42 amino acid levels were elevated 200% by HCT-1026. Conversely, at lower concentrations, HCT-1026 behaved as a selective amyloid lowering agent with greater potency than flurbiprofen. The difference in concentration-responses between flurbiprofen and HCT-1026 in vitro suggests different cellular targets; and in no case did a combination of nitrate drug with flurbiprofen provide similar actions. In vivo, HCT-1026 was observed to reverse cognitive deficits induced by scopolamine in two behavioral assays; activity that was also shown by a classical nitrate drug, but not by flurbiprofen. The ability to restore aversive memory and spatial working and reference memory after cholinergic blockade has been demonstrated by other agents that stimulate NO/cGMP signaling. These observations add positively to the preclinical profile of HCT-1026 and NO chimeras in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samer O Abdul-Hay
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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14
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Prevention of colorectal cancer by combining early detection and chemoprevention. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-009-0008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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