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Gan Q, Fan C. Orthogonal Translation for Site-Specific Installation of Post-translational Modifications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2805-2838. [PMID: 38373737 PMCID: PMC11230630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) endow proteins with new properties to respond to environmental changes or growth needs. With the development of advanced proteomics techniques, hundreds of distinct types of PTMs have been observed in a wide range of proteins from bacteria, archaea, and eukarya. To identify the roles of these PTMs, scientists have applied various approaches. However, high dynamics, low stoichiometry, and crosstalk between PTMs make it almost impossible to obtain homogeneously modified proteins for characterization of the site-specific effect of individual PTM on target proteins. To solve this problem, the genetic code expansion (GCE) strategy has been introduced into the field of PTM studies. Instead of modifying proteins after translation, GCE incorporates modified amino acids into proteins during translation, thus generating site-specifically modified proteins at target positions. In this review, we summarize the development of GCE systems for orthogonal translation for site-specific installation of PTMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinglei Gan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
| | - Chenguang Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, United States
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Andresen H, Pérez‐Ternero C, Robinson J, Dickey DM, Hobbs AJ, Potter LR, Levy FO, Cataliotti A, Moltzau LR. Novel enhancers of guanylyl cyclase-A activity acting via allosteric modulation. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:3254-3270. [PMID: 37522273 PMCID: PMC10952227 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Guanylyl cyclase-A (GC-A), activated by endogenous atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), plays an important role in the regulation of cardiovascular and renal homeostasis and is an attractive drug target. Even though small molecule modulators allow oral administration and longer half-life, drug targeting of GC-A has so far been limited to peptides. Thus, in this study we aimed to develop small molecular activators of GC-A. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Hits were identified through high-throughput screening and optimized by in silico design. Cyclic GMP was measured in QBIHEK293A cells expressing GC-A, GC-B or chimerae of the two receptors using AlphaScreen technology. Binding assays were performed in membrane preparations or whole cells using 125 I-ANP. Vasorelaxation was measured in aortic rings isolated from Wistar rats. KEY RESULTS We have identified small molecular allosteric enhancers of GC-A, which enhanced ANP or BNP effects in cellular systems and ANP-induced vasorelaxation in rat aortic rings. The mechanism of action appears novel and not mediated through previously described allosteric binding sites. In addition, the selectivity and activity depend on a single amino acid residue that differs between the two similar receptors GC-A and GC-B. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS We describe a novel allosteric binding site on GC-A, which can be targeted by small molecules to enhance ANP and BNP effects. These compounds will be valuable tools in further development and proof-of-concept of GC-A enhancement for the potential use in cardiovascular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Andresen
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of Oslo and Oslo University HospitalOsloNorway
- Institute for Experimental Medical ResearchUniversity of Oslo and Oslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Cristina Pérez‐Ternero
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Jerid Robinson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and BiophysicsUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Deborah M. Dickey
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and BiophysicsUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Adrian J. Hobbs
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine and DentistryQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Lincoln R. Potter
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and BiophysicsUniversity of Minnesota Medical SchoolMinneapolisMinnesotaUSA
| | - Finn Olav Levy
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of Oslo and Oslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Alessandro Cataliotti
- Institute for Experimental Medical ResearchUniversity of Oslo and Oslo University HospitalOsloNorway
| | - Lise Román Moltzau
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical MedicineUniversity of Oslo and Oslo University HospitalOsloNorway
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Otto NM, Potter LR. Vicinal glutamates are better phosphomimetics: Phosphorylation is required for allosteric activation of guanylyl cyclase-A. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1012784. [DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1012784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisite phosphorylation of guanylyl cyclase (GC)-A, also known as NPR-A or NPR1, is required for receptor activation by natriuretic peptides (NPs) because alanine substitutions for the first four GC-A phosphorylation sites produce an enzyme that cannot be stimulated by NPs. In contrast, single Glu substitutions for the first six chemically identified GC-A phosphorylation sites to mimic the negative charge of phosphate produced an enzyme that is activated by NPs but had an elevated Michaelis constant (Km), resulting in low activity. Here, we show that vicinal (double adjacent) Glu substitutions for the same sites to mimic the two negative charges of phosphate produced a near wild type (WT) enzyme with a low Km. Unlike the enzyme with single glutamate substitutions, the vicinally substituted enzyme did not require the functionally identified Ser-473-Glu substitution to achieve WT-like activity. Importantly, the negative charge associated with either phosphorylation or glutamate substitutions was required for allosteric activation of GC-A by ATP. We conclude that vicinal Glu substitutions are better phosphomimetics than single Glu substitutions and that phosphorylation is required for allosteric activation of GC-A in the absence and presence of NP. Finally, we suggest that the putative functionally identified phosphorylation sites, Ser-473 in GC-A and Ser-489 in GC-B, are not phosphorylation sites at all.
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Egbert JR, Uliasz TF, Lowther KM, Kaback D, Wagner BM, Healy CL, O’Connell TD, Potter LR, Jaffe LA, Yee SP. Epitope-tagged and phosphomimetic mouse models for investigating natriuretic peptide-stimulated receptor guanylyl cyclases. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:1007026. [PMID: 36340689 PMCID: PMC9627482 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.1007026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The natriuretic peptide receptors NPR1 and NPR2, also known as guanylyl cyclase A and guanylyl cyclase B, have critical functions in many signaling pathways, but much remains unknown about their localization and function in vivo. To facilitate studies of these proteins, we developed genetically modified mouse lines in which endogenous NPR1 and NPR2 were tagged with the HA epitope. To investigate the role of phosphorylation in regulating NPR1 and NPR2 guanylyl cyclase activity, we developed mouse lines in which regulatory serines and threonines were substituted with glutamates, to mimic the negative charge of the phosphorylated forms (NPR1-8E and NPR2-7E). Here we describe the generation and applications of these mice. We show that the HA-NPR1 and HA-NPR2 mice can be used to characterize the relative expression levels of these proteins in different tissues. We describe studies using the NPR2-7E mice that indicate that dephosphorylation of NPR2 transduces signaling pathways in ovary and bone, and studies using the NPR1-8E mice that indicate that the phosphorylation state of NPR1 is a regulator of heart, testis, and adrenal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy R. Egbert
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States,*Correspondence: Jeremy R. Egbert,
| | - Tracy F. Uliasz
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Katie M. Lowther
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States,Center for Mouse Genome Modification, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Deborah Kaback
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States,Center for Mouse Genome Modification, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Brandon M. Wagner
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Chastity L. Healy
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Timothy D. O’Connell
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Lincoln R. Potter
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States,Lincoln R. Potter,
| | - Laurinda A. Jaffe
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States,Laurinda A. Jaffe,
| | - Siu-Pok Yee
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States,Center for Mouse Genome Modification, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States,Siu-Pok Yee,
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S-Nitrosylation of p62 Inhibits Autophagic Flux to Promote α-Synuclein Secretion and Spread in Parkinson's Disease and Lewy Body Dementia. J Neurosci 2022; 42:3011-3024. [PMID: 35169022 PMCID: PMC8985870 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1508-21.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of autophagic pathways leads to accumulation of abnormal proteins and damaged organelles in many neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and Lewy body dementia (LBD). Autophagy-related dysfunction may also trigger secretion and spread of misfolded proteins, such as α-synuclein (α-syn), the major misfolded protein found in PD/LBD. However, the mechanism underlying these phenomena remains largely unknown. Here, we used cell-based models, including human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons, CRISPR/Cas9 technology, and male transgenic PD/LBD mice, plus vetting in human postmortem brains (both male and female). We provide mechanistic insight into this pathologic pathway. We find that aberrant S-nitrosylation of the autophagic adaptor protein p62 causes inhibition of autophagic flux and intracellular buildup of misfolded proteins, with consequent secretion resulting in cell-to-cell spread. Thus, our data show that pathologic protein S-nitrosylation of p62 represents a critical factor not only for autophagic inhibition and demise of individual neurons, but also for α-syn release and spread of disease throughout the nervous system.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In Parkinson's disease and Lewy body dementia, dysfunctional autophagy contributes to accumulation and spread of aggregated α-synuclein. Here, we provide evidence that protein S-nitrosylation of p62 inhibits autophagic flux, contributing to α-synuclein aggregation and spread.
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Wagner BM, Robinson JW, Healy CL, Gauthier M, Dickey DM, Yee SP, Osborn JW, O’Connell TD, Potter LR. Guanylyl cyclase-A phosphorylation decreases cardiac hypertrophy and improves systolic function in male, but not female, mice. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22069. [PMID: 34859913 PMCID: PMC8826535 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100600rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Atrial natriuretic peptide (NP) and BNP increase cGMP, which reduces blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy by activating guanylyl cyclase (GC)-A, also known as NPR-A or Npr1. Although GC-A is highly phosphorylated, and dephosphorylation inactivates the enzyme, the significance of GC-A phosphorylation to heart structure and function remains unknown. To identify in vivo processes that are regulated by GC-A phosphorylation, we substituted glutamates for known phosphorylation sites to make GC-A8E/8E mice that express an enzyme that cannot be inactivated by dephosphorylation. GC-A activity, but not protein, was increased in heart and kidney membranes from GC-A8E/8E mice. Activities were threefold higher in female compared to male cardiac ventricles. Plasma cGMP and testosterone were elevated in male and female GC-A8E/8E mice, but aldosterone was only increased in mutant male mice. Plasma and urinary creatinine concentrations were decreased and increased, respectively, but blood pressure and heart rate were unchanged in male GC-A8E/8E mice. Heart weight to body weight ratios for GC-A8E/8E male, but not female, mice were 12% lower with a 14% reduction in cardiomyocyte cross-sectional area. Subcutaneous injection of fsANP, a long-lived ANP analog, increased plasma cGMP and decreased aldosterone in male GC-AWT/WT and GC-A8E/8E mice at 15 min, but only GC-A8E/8E mice had elevated levels of plasma cGMP and aldosterone at 60 min. fsANP reduced ventricular ERK1/2 phosphorylation to a greater extent and for a longer time in the male mutant compared to WT mice. Finally, ejection fractions were increased in male but not female hearts from GC-A8E/8E mice. We conclude that increased phosphorylation-dependent GC-A activity decreases cardiac ERK activity, which results in smaller male hearts with improved systolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M. Wagner
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Jerid W. Robinson
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Chastity L. Healy
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Madeline Gauthier
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Deborah M. Dickey
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Siu-Pok Yee
- Department of Cell Biology at the University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030 USA
| | - John W. Osborn
- Department of Surgery at the University of Minnesota, Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Timothy D. O’Connell
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA,,Corresponding authors: Timothy D O’Connell , Lincoln R Potter
| | - Lincoln R. Potter
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA,,Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA,,Corresponding authors: Timothy D O’Connell , Lincoln R Potter
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Ayvazyan NM, O'Leary VB, Dolly JO, Ovsepian SV. Neurobiology and therapeutic utility of neurotoxins targeting postsynaptic mechanisms of neuromuscular transmission. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1968-1984. [PMID: 31247153 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is the principal site for the translation of motor neurochemical signals to muscle activity. Therefore, the release and sensing machinery of acetylcholine (ACh) along with muscle contraction are two of the main targets of natural toxins and pathogens, causing paralysis. Given pharmacology and medical advances, the active ingredients of toxins that target postsynaptic mechanisms have become of major interest, showing promise as drug leads. Herein, we review key facets of prevalent toxins modulating the mechanisms of ACh sensing and generation of the postsynaptic response, with muscle contraction. We consider the correlation between their outstanding selectivity and potency plus effects on motor function, and discuss emerging data advocating their usage for the development of therapies alleviating neuromuscular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naira M Ayvazyan
- Orbeli Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia.
| | - Valerie B O'Leary
- Department of Medical Genetics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00, Praha 10, Czech Republic
| | - J Oliver Dolly
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Saak V Ovsepian
- International Centre for Neurotherapeutics, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland; The National Institute of Mental Health, Topolová 748, Klecany, Czech Republic; Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00, Praha 10, Czech Republic.
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Edmund AB, Walseth TF, Levinson NM, Potter LR. The pseudokinase domains of guanylyl cyclase-A and -B allosterically increase the affinity of their catalytic domains for substrate. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/566/eaau5378. [PMID: 30696704 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aau5378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Natriuretic peptides regulate multiple physiologic systems by activating transmembrane receptors containing intracellular guanylyl cyclase domains, such as GC-A and GC-B, also known as Npr1 and Npr2, respectively. Both enzymes contain an intracellular, phosphorylated pseudokinase domain (PKD) critical for activation of the C-terminal cGMP-synthesizing guanylyl cyclase domain. Because ATP allosterically activates GC-A and GC-B, we investigated how ATP binding to the PKD influenced guanylyl cyclase activity. Molecular modeling indicated that all the residues of the ATP-binding site of the prototypical kinase PKA, except the catalytic aspartate, are conserved in the PKDs of GC-A and GC-B. Kinase-inactivating alanine substitutions for the invariant lysine in subdomain II or the aspartate in the DYG-loop of GC-A and GC-B failed to decrease enzyme phosphate content, consistent with the PKDs lacking kinase activity. In contrast, both mutations reduced enzyme activation by blocking the ability of ATP to decrease the Michaelis constant without affecting peptide-dependent activation. The analogous lysine-to-alanine substitution in a glutamate-substituted phosphomimetic mutant form of GC-B also reduced enzyme activity, consistent with ATP stimulating guanylyl cyclase activity through an allosteric, phosphorylation-independent mechanism. Mutations designed to rigidify the conserved regulatory or catalytic spines within the PKDs increased guanylyl cyclase activity, increased sensitivity to natriuretic peptide, or reduced the Michaelis constant in the absence of ATP, consistent with ATP binding stabilizing the PKD in a conformation analogous to that of catalytically active kinases. We conclude that allosteric mechanisms evolutionarily conserved in the PKDs promote the catalytic activation of transmembrane guanylyl cyclases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron B Edmund
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Timothy F Walseth
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Nicholas M Levinson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Lincoln R Potter
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 6-155 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA. .,Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, 6-120 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St. SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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