1
|
Pejčić T, Zeković M, Bumbaširević U, Kalaba M, Vovk I, Bensa M, Popović L, Tešić Ž. The Role of Isoflavones in the Prevention of Breast Cancer and Prostate Cancer. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020368. [PMID: 36829927 PMCID: PMC9952119 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This narrative review summarizes epidemiological studies on breast cancer and prostate cancer with an overview of their global incidence distribution to investigate the relationship between these diseases and diet. The biological properties, mechanisms of action, and available data supporting the potential role of isoflavones in the prevention of breast cancer and prostate cancer are discussed. Studies evaluating the effects of isoflavones in tissue cultures of normal and malignant breast and prostate cells, as well as the current body of research regarding the effects of isoflavones attained through multiple modifications of cellular molecular signaling pathways and control of oxidative stress, are summarized. Furthermore, this review compiles literature sources reporting on the following: (1) levels of estrogen in breast and prostate tissue; (2) levels of isoflavones in the normal and malignant tissue of these organs in European and Asian populations; (3) average concentrations of isoflavones in the secretion of these organs (milk and semen). Finally, particular emphasis is placed on studies investigating the effect of isoflavones on tissues via estrogen receptors (ER).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomislav Pejčić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, dr Subotića 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Urology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: (T.P.); (I.V.)
| | - Milica Zeković
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Tadeusa Koscuska 1, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Uroš Bumbaširević
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, dr Subotića 8, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Clinic of Urology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, Pasterova 2, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milica Kalaba
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Vovk
- Laboratory for Food Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: (T.P.); (I.V.)
| | - Maja Bensa
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lazar Popović
- Department of Medical Oncology, Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Put Doktora Goldmana 4, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Živoslav Tešić
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, 11158 Belgrade, Serbia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ivashkevich A. The role of isoflavones in augmenting the effects of radiotherapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:800562. [PMID: 36936272 PMCID: PMC10016616 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.800562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major health problems and the second cause of death worldwide behind heart disease. The traditional soy diet containing isoflavones, consumed by the Asian population in China and Japan has been identified as a protective factor from hormone-related cancers. Over the years the research focus has shifted from emphasizing the preventive effect of isoflavones from cancer initiation and promotion to their efficacy against established tumors along with chemo- and radiopotentiating effects. Studies performed in mouse models and results of clinical trials emphasize that genistein or a mixture of isoflavones, containing in traditional soy diet, could be utilized to both potentiate the response of cancer cells to radiotherapy and reduce radiation-induced toxicity in normal tissues. Currently ongoing clinical research explores a potential of another significant isoflavone, idronoxil, also known as phenoxodiol, as radiation enhancing agent. In the light of the recent clinical findings, this article reviews the accumulated evidence which support the clinically desirable interactions of soy isoflavones with radiation therapy resulting in improved tumor treatment. This review discusses important aspects of the development of isoflavones as anticancer agents, and mechanisms potentially relevant to their activity in combination with radiation therapy of cancer. It gives a critical overview of studies characterizing isoflavone targets such as topoisomerases, ENOX2/PMET, tyrosine kinases and ER receptor signaling, and cellular effects on the cell cycle, DNA damage, cell death, and immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alesia Ivashkevich
- Faculty of Engineering and Information Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Noxopharm, Gordon, NSW, Australia
- *Correspondence: Alesia Ivashkevich,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Z, Tang C, Hammink R, Nelissen FHT, Heus HA, Kouwer PHJ. Multivalent Sgc8c-aptamer decorated polymer scaffolds for leukemia targeting. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2744-2747. [PMID: 33595548 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc08205h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia causes a disproportional amount of immature white blood cells in the patients' bone marrow. The significant undesired side effects associated with traditional chemotherapy treatment prompted us to study a more effective treatment strategy. We decorated polyisocyanopeptide scaffolds with the selective leukemia cell binding aptamer sgc8c and found that the polymers inhibit proliferation by G0/G1-phase arrest, serving as an opportunity for future therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobao Zhang
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Radioprotective Effect of Flavonoids on Ionizing Radiation-Induced Brain Damage. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25235719. [PMID: 33287417 PMCID: PMC7730479 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25235719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients receiving brain radiotherapy may suffer acute or chronic side effects. Ionizing radiation induces the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the central nervous system, leading to brain damage. Complementary Chinese herbal medicine therapy may reduce radiotherapy-induced side effects. Flavonoids are a class of natural products which can be extracted from Chinese herbal medicine and have been shown to have neuroprotective and radioprotective properties. Flavonoids are effective antioxidants and can also inhibit regulatory enzymes or transcription factors important for controlling inflammatory mediators, affect oxidative stress through interaction with DNA and enhance genomic stability. In this paper, radiation-induced brain damage and the relevant molecular mechanism were summarized. The radio-neuro-protective effect of flavonoids, i.e., antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and maintaining genomic stability, were then reviewed. We concluded that flavonoids treatment may be a promising complementary therapy to prevent radiotherapy-induced brain pathophysiological changes and cognitive impairment.
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
A variety of diet and lifestyle factors have been studied with respect to prostate cancer risk in large, prospective cohort studies. In spite of this work, and in contrast to other common cancers, few modifiable risk factors have been firmly established as playing a role in prostate cancer. There are several possible explanations for the lack of well-established risk factors. First, prostate cancer has among the highest heritability of all common cancers; second, early life exposures may play an important role in risk, rather than mid- and later-life exposures assessed in most epidemiological studies. Finally, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening plays a critical role in prostate cancer detection and incidence rates, which has important implications for epidemiological studies.Among modifiable risk factors, smoking and obesity are consistently associated with higher risk specifically of advanced prostate cancer. There is also considerable evidence for a positive association between dairy intake and overall prostate cancer risk, and an inverse association between cooked tomato/lycopene intake and risk of advanced disease. Several other dietary factors consistently associated with risk in observational studies, including selenium and vitamin E, have been cast into doubt by results from clinical trials. Results for other well-studied dietary factors, including fat intake, red meat, fish, vitamin D, soy and phytoestrogens are mixed.In practical terms, men concerned with prostate cancer risk should be encouraged to stop smoking, be as physically active as possible, and achieve or maintain a healthy weight. These recommendations also have the advantage of having a positive impact on risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other chronic diseases. Reducing dairy intake while increasing consumption of fish and tomato products is also reasonable advice.
Collapse
|
6
|
Simultaneous separation of three isoflavones on oligo-β-cyclodextrin substituted polystyrene-based medium and evaluation adsorption characteristics using AutoDock. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-017-0324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
7
|
Genistein: Its role in metabolic diseases and cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2017; 119:13-22. [PMID: 29065980 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Genistein is an isoflavone present in soy and is known to have multiple molecular effects, such as the inhibition of inflammation, promotion of apoptosis, and modulation of steroidal hormone receptors and metabolic pathways. Since these molecular effects impact carcinogenesis, cancer propagation, obesity, osteoporosis, and metabolic syndromes, genistein plays an important role in preventing and treating common disorders. The role of genistein has not been adequately evaluated in all these clinical settings. This review summarizes some of the known molecular effects of genistein and its potential role in health maintenance and treatment.
Collapse
|
8
|
Dutta S, Kharkar PS, Sahu NU, Khanna A. Molecular docking prediction and in vitro studies elucidate anti-cancer activity of phytoestrogens. Life Sci 2017; 185:73-84. [PMID: 28720470 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
9
|
LncRNAs2Pathways: Identifying the pathways influenced by a set of lncRNAs of interest based on a global network propagation method. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46566. [PMID: 28425476 PMCID: PMC5397852 DOI: 10.1038/srep46566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been demonstrated to play essential roles in diverse cellular processes and biological functions. Exploring the functions associated with lncRNAs may help provide insight into their underlying biological mechanisms. The current methods primarily focus on investigating the functions of individual lncRNAs; however, essential biological functions may be affected by the combinatorial effects of multiple lncRNAs. Here, we have developed a novel computational method, LncRNAs2Pathways, to identify the functional pathways influenced by the combinatorial effects of a set of lncRNAs of interest based on a global network propagation algorithm. A new Kolmogorov–Smirnov-like statistical measure weighted by the network propagation score, which considers the expression correlation among lncRNAs and coding genes, was used to evaluate the biological pathways influenced by the lncRNAs of interest. We have described the LncRNAs2Pathways methodology and illustrated its effectiveness by analyzing three lncRNA sets associated with glioma, prostate and pancreatic cancers. We further analyzed the reproducibility and robustness and compared our results with those of two other methods. Based on these analyses, we showed that LncRNAs2Pathways can effectively identify the functional pathways associated with lncRNA sets. Finally, we implemented this method as a freely available R-based tool.
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang Q, Feng H, Qluwakemi B, Wang J, Yao S, Cheng G, Xu H, Qiu H, Zhu L, Yuan M. Phytoestrogens and risk of prostate cancer: an updated meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2016; 68:28-42. [DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2016.1216525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Hongliang Feng
- School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
- Department of Neurology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Jiaqi Wang
- School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Songpo Yao
- School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | | | - Hui Xu
- College of Basic Medicine, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Hongbin Qiu
- School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Liling Zhu
- School of Public Health, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Mingxia Yuan
- Bio-Vaccine Limited Liability Company, Harbin Pharmaceutical Group, Harbin, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
de Oliveira MR. Evidence for genistein as a mitochondriotropic molecule. Mitochondrion 2016; 29:35-44. [PMID: 27223841 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Genistein (4',5,7-trihydroxyisoflavone; C15H10O5), an isoflavone, has been investigated as an anti-cancer agent due to its ability to trigger cell death (both intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways) in different cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, genistein has been viewed as a mitochondriotropic molecule due to the direct effects this isoflavone induces in mitochondria, such as modulation of enzymatic activity of components of the oxidative phosphorylation system. Apoptosis triggering may also be mediated by genistein through activation of the mitochondria-dependent pathway by a mechanism associated with mitochondrial dysfunction (i.e., disruption of the mitochondrial membrane potential - MMP, release of cytochrome c, activation of the apoptosome, among others). Efforts have been made in order to elucidate how genistein coordinate these biochemical phenomena. Nonetheless, some areas of the mitochondria-associated research (mitochondrial biogenesis, redox biology of mitochondria, and mitochondria-associated bioenergetic parameters) need to be explored regarding the role of genistein as a mitochondria-targeted agent. This is a pharmacologically relevant issue due to the possibility of using genistein as a mitochondria-targeted drug in cases of cancer, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular, and endocrine disease, for example. The present review aims to describe, compare, and discuss relevant data about the effects of genistein upon mitochondria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Roberto de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química (PPGQ), Departamento de Química (DQ), Instituto de Ciências Exatas e da Terra (ICET), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso (UFMT), Av. Fernando Corrêa da Costa, 2367, CEP 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brasil.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Park JY, Choi P, Kim HK, Kang KS, Ham J. Increase in apoptotic effect of Panax ginseng by microwave processing in human prostate cancer cells: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Ginseng Res 2015; 40:62-7. [PMID: 26843823 PMCID: PMC4703806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ginseng, which is widely used in functional foods and as an herbal medicine, has been reported to reduce the proliferation of prostate cancer cells by mechanisms that are not yet fully understood. Methods This study was designed to investigate the changes in ginsenoside content in ginseng after treatment with a microwave-irradiation thermal process and to verify the anticancer effects of the extracts. To confirm the anticancer effect of microwave-irradiated processed ginseng (MG), it was tested in three human prostate cancer cell lines (DU145, LNCaP, and PC-3 cells). Involvements of apoptosis and autophagy were assessed using Western blotting. Results After microwave treatment, the content of ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rd in the extracts decreased, whereas the content of ginsenosides 20(S)-Rg3, 20(R)-Rg3, Rk1, and Rg5 increased. Antiproliferation results for the human cancer cell lines treated with ginseng extracts indicate that PC-3 cells treated with MG showed the highest activity with an half maximal inhibitory concentration of 48 μg/mL. We also showed that MG suppresses the growth of human prostate cancer cell xenografts in athymic nude mice as an in vivo model. This growth suppression by MG is associated with the inductions of cell death and autophagy. Conclusion Therefore, heat processing by microwave irradiation is a useful method to enhance the anticancer effect of ginseng by increasing the content of ginsenosides Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yeon Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Pilju Choi
- KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Korea
| | | | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jungyeob Ham
- KIST Gangneung Institute of Natural Products, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kim IG, Kim JS, Lee JH, Cho EW. Genistein decreases cellular redox potential, partially suppresses cell growth in HL‑60 leukemia cells and sensitizes cells to γ‑radiation‑induced cell death. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:2786-92. [PMID: 25310747 PMCID: PMC4227428 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Various mechanisms have been proposed to underlie the cellular activity of genistein, based on biological experiments and epidemiological studies. The present study demonstrated that genistein inhibited the expression of cytoplasmic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)‑dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (cICDH), thus increasing levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human promyeloid leukemia HL‑60 cells. In genistein‑treated cells, the cellular redox potential (GSH/GSSG) was significantly decreased. This decrease in redox potential was caused by significant downregulation of the cICDH gene, generating the reducing equivalents (NADPH) for maintenance of cellular redox potential and cellular ROS level, which may regulate cell growth and cell death. Genistein‑induced ROS partially induced rapid transition into the G2/M phase by upregulation of p21wap1/cip1 and apoptotic cell death. Treatment of cells with N‑acetylcysteine, a well‑known antioxidant (ROS scavenger), not only partially restored cell growth and inhibited cell cycle arrest in G2/M, but also prevented apoptotic cell death. By contrast, normal lymphocytes did not significantly progress into the G2/M phase and radiation‑induced cell death was inhibited by genistein treatment. Therefore, genistein and γ‑irradiation together synergistically cause cell death in leukemia cells, however, genistein has a radioprotective effect in normal human lymphocytes. In conclusion, it was suggested that genistein selectively functions, not as an antioxidant, but as a pro‑oxidant in HL‑60 cells. This property can increase ionizing radiation‑induced cell cycle arrest and sensitivity to apoptotic cell death in human promyeloid leukemia HL‑60 cells, but does not cause significant damage to normal cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- In Gyu Kim
- Department of Radiation Biology, Environment Radiation Research Group, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Yuseong, Daejeon 305‑600, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Sik Kim
- Bioconvergence Department, Korea Conformity Laboratories, Yoensu‑gu, Incheon 406‑840, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ha Lee
- Department of Radiation Biology, Environment Radiation Research Group, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Yuseong, Daejeon 305‑600, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Wie Cho
- Biomedical Translational Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yuseong‑gu, Daejeon 305‑806, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Akcakaya H, Dal F, Tok S, Cinar SA, Nurten R. K562 cells display different vulnerability to H2O2induced oxidative stress in differing cell cycle phases. Cell Biol Int 2014; 39:201-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Handan Akcakaya
- Department of Biophysics; Istanbul Medical Faculty; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Fulya Dal
- Department of Biophysics; Istanbul Medical Faculty; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Sabiha Tok
- Department of Biophysics; Istanbul Medical Faculty; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Suzan-Adin Cinar
- Department of Immunology; Institute of Experimental Medicine; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - Rustem Nurten
- Department of Biophysics; Istanbul Medical Faculty; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pavese JM, Krishna SN, Bergan RC. Genistein inhibits human prostate cancer cell detachment, invasion, and metastasis. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100 Suppl 1:431S-6S. [PMID: 24871471 PMCID: PMC4144112 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.071290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men in the United States and the second leading cause of cancer death. Death is not caused by the primary tumor but rather by the formation of distinct metastatic tumors. Therefore, prevention of metastasis is of utmost importance. The natural product genistein, found in high amounts in soy products, has been implicated in preventing PCa formation and metastasis in men who consume high amounts of soy. In vitro studies and in vivo rodent models that used human PCa cells, as well as prospective human clinical trials, provide a mechanistic explanation directly supporting genistein as an antimetastatic agent. Specifically, our group showed that genistein inhibits cell detachment, protease production, cell invasion, and human PCa metastasis at concentrations achieved in humans with dietary intake. Finally, phase I and phase II clinical trials conducted by us and others showed that concentrations of genistein associated with antimetastatic efficacy in preclinical models are achievable in humans, and treatment with genistein inhibits pathways that regulate metastatic transformation in human prostate tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet M Pavese
- From the Department of Medicine (JMP, SNK, and RCB), the Robert H Lurie Cancer Center (RCB), and the Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery (RCB), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Sankar N Krishna
- From the Department of Medicine (JMP, SNK, and RCB), the Robert H Lurie Cancer Center (RCB), and the Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery (RCB), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Raymond C Bergan
- From the Department of Medicine (JMP, SNK, and RCB), the Robert H Lurie Cancer Center (RCB), and the Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery (RCB), Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Genistein is known as the major component of isoflavone, which is present in high-soy diets. Genistein has received much attention because of its chemopreventive and therapeutic effects on various types of cancers. Numerous studies have shown that genistein has antineoplastic effects against ovarian cancer. Several epidemiological studies have shown that women who have high consumption of isoflavones have a relatively low incidence of ovarian cancer. Genistein inhibits ovarian carcinogenesis by pleiotropic mechanisms. A higher affinity to estrogen receptor β is one probable explanation for its ability to reduce the risk of ovarian cancer. Genistein also targets multiple cellular signal transduction pathways associated with cell cycle regulation and apoptosis. In addition, genistein has been suggested to have antiangiogenic and antioxidant activities. Herein, we summarize recent results from epidemiological and experimental studies to identify the role of genistein in ovarian cancer. Further studies are needed to achieve conclusive results and determine the clinical applications of genistein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Yun Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Seung Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Sang Song
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Republic of Korea ; Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Republic of Korea ; Major in Biomodulation, World Class University, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Choi EJ, Jung JY, Kim GH. Genistein inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of MCF-7 and 3T3-L1 cells via the regulation of ERα expression and induction of apoptosis. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:454-458. [PMID: 25009600 PMCID: PMC4079435 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.1771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of the phytochemical genistein on the proliferation and differentiation of MCF-7 and 3T3-L1 cells via the regulation of estrogen receptor-α (ERα) expression and the induction of apoptosis. When MCF-7 human breast cancer cells were treated with 50, 100, 150 and 200 μM genistein for 24, 48 or 72 h, cell growth was significantly decreased in a concentration-dependent manner. Notably, the patterns of ERα expression and proliferation in MCF-7 cells treated with genistein were similar. Furthermore, ERα expression in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells was significantly inhibited by 48 h treatment with 50 μM genistein, which was selected based on the results of cytotoxicity assays on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) viability assays]. Under the same conditions, genistein-induced apoptotic features were observed in MCF-7 and differentiating 3T3-L1 cells. This observation is supported by the finding that B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) expression was reduced while that of Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) was induced by genistein. The results of the present study suggest that an ERα-related pathway and the induction of apoptosis are involved in the proliferation of MCF-7 cells and the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Jeong Choi
- Plant Resources Research Institute, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 132-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yeon Jung
- Plant Resources Research Institute, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 132-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Gun-Hee Kim
- Plant Resources Research Institute, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 132-714, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ahmad A, Hayat I, Arif S, Masud T, Khalid N, Ahmed A. Mechanisms Involved in the Therapeutic Effects of Soybean (Glycine Max). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD PROPERTIES 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/10942912.2012.714828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
19
|
|
20
|
Franke AA, Custer LJ. Application of HPLC coupled with ultraviolet-photodiode array detection for the analysis of phytoestrogens in biological samples. J Med Food 2013; 2:119-23. [PMID: 19281361 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.1999.2.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
HPLC/PDA methodology was developed for phytoestrogen analysis in human blood, urine, and breast milk. Applications of this technique in four different observational studies showed that urinary excretion rates of isoflavonoids reflects soy consumption reliably. A case-control study in Shanghai showed a decrease in risk to develop breast cancer for women with high urinary isoflavone excretion. These findings support a potential breast cancer preventive effect achieved by soy consumption in populations that eat soy foods habitually.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Franke
- Cancer Research Center of Hawaii, Cancer Etiology, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ahmad A, Biersack B, Li Y, Bao B, Kong D, Ali S, Banerjee S, Sarkar FH. Perspectives on the role of isoflavones in prostate cancer. AAPS JOURNAL 2013; 15:991-1000. [PMID: 23824838 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9507-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Isoflavones have been investigated in detail for their role in the prevention and therapy of prostate cancer. This is primarily because of the overwhelming data connecting high dietary isoflavone intake with reduced risk of developing prostate cancer. A number of investigations have evaluated the mechanism(s) of anticancer action of isoflavones such as genistein, daidzein, biochanin A, equol, etc., in various prostate cancer models, both in vitro and in vivo. Genistein quickly jumped to the forefront of isoflavone cancer research, but the initial enthusiasm was followed by reports on its contradictory prometastatic and tumor-promoting effects. Use of soy isoflavone mixture has been advocated as an alternative, wherein daidzein can negate harmful effects of genistein. Recent research indicates a novel role of genistein and other isoflavones in the potentiation of radiation therapy, epigenetic regulation of key tumor suppressors and oncogenes, and the modulation of miRNAs, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, and cancer stem cells, which has renewed the interest of cancer researchers in this class of anticancer compounds. This comprehensive review article summarizes our current understanding of the role of isoflavones in prostate cancer research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aamir Ahmad
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 740 HWCRC Bldg, 4100 John R. Street, Detroit, Michigan, 48201,, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Deoxybenzoins (1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)ethanone) are possible precursors or metabolites of isoflavanones which may have xenoestrogenic potential on estrogen receptor (ER). In this study we evaluated three 2'-substituted deoxybenzoin derivatives for their estrogenic effect based upon their ability to affect the proliferation of ERα(+) MCF7 cells, ERβ(+) PC3 cells and Hep2 cells stably transfected and expressing either ERα or ERβ. These compounds designated as CMPD3, CMPD6 and CMPD9 had -COOH, -(CH(2))(4)-CH(3) and -CH(3) substitutions, respectively on the 2'-position of the 2,4-dihydroxyphenyl ring of deoxybenzoin. We found that all three compounds increased the proliferation of ERα(+) MCF7 cells (EC(50)~1-12 μM) and ERα(+) Hep2 cells, while causing apoptosis in ERβ(+) PC3 cells (IC(50)~1-5 μM) and ERβ(+) Hep2 cells. The compounds also up-regulated the expression of estrogen sensitive genes, trefoil factor 1 (TFF1, previously known as pS2) and cathepsin-D (CTSD), in these cells. We performed in vitro ER transcription activation assays using Hep2 cells transiently co-transfected with estrogen response element driven luciferase and either ERα or ERβ vectors to ascertain the mechanism of action of these compounds through the 'classical' genomic pathway of estrogenic activity and to determine their ER subtype selectivity. Molecular docking of the compounds with the Ligand Binding Domain of ERα and ERβ showed similar docking scores (Glidescores of -6.5 to -8.5 kcal/mol) indicating that these compounds were ligands of both ERα and ERβ with similar affinity.
Collapse
|
23
|
Palacios DA, Miyake M, Rosser CJ. Radiosensitization in prostate cancer: mechanisms and targets. BMC Urol 2013; 13:4. [PMID: 23351141 PMCID: PMC3583813 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2490-13-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in American men over the age of 45 years and is the third most common cause of cancer related deaths in American men. In 2012 it is estimated that 241,740 men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer and 28,170 men will succumb to prostate cancer. Currently, radiation therapy is one of the most common definitive treatment options for localized prostate cancer. However, significant number of patients undergoing radiation therapy will develop locally persistent/recurrent tumours. The varying response rates to radiation may be due to 1) tumor microenvironment, 2) tumor stage/grade, 3) modality used to deliver radiation, and 4) dose of radiation. Higher doses of radiation has not always proved to be effective and have been associated with increased morbidity. Compounds designed to enhance the killing effects of radiation, radiosensitizers, have been extensively investigated over the past decade. The development of radiosensitizing agents could improve survival, improve quality of life and reduce costs, thus benefiting both patients and healthcare systems. Herin, we shall review the role and mechanisms of various agents that can sensitize tumours, specifically prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Palacios
- Section of Urologic Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center Orlando, Orlando, FL 32806, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang H, Han S. Determination of Genistein by Flow-injection Chemiluminescence Method Based on Ferricyanide Oxidation Sensitized by Rhodamine 6G. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201100691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
25
|
Yan GR, Yin XF, Xiao CL, Tan ZL, Xu SH, He QY. Identification of novel signaling components in genistein-regulated signaling pathways by quantitative phosphoproteomics. J Proteomics 2011; 75:695-707. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
26
|
Heckman-Stoddard BM, Foster KA, Dunn BK. Update on Phase I/II Breast Cancer Prevention Trials. CURRENT BREAST CANCER REPORTS 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12609-011-0048-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
27
|
Li W, Frame LT, Hoo KA, Li Y, D'Cunha N, Cobos E. Genistein inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma cells in vitro. Leuk Lymphoma 2011; 52:2380-90. [PMID: 21749310 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2011.598251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genistein is one of the major isoflavones in soy products. It has been reported that genistein has apoptotic effects on certain hematological malignancies. However, so far there have been no completely comparative studies of the effect of genistein on malignant hematological diseases, especially multiple myeloma. We investigated genistein's inhibitory effect on the growth of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (RS4;11 and CEM), lymphoma (Toledo and GA10) and multiple myeloma (OPM-2 and U266) cell lines in vitro. We observed that genistein dose- and time-dependently inhibited proliferation of these cells. The cell line sensitivity to genistein treatment based on the 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values in decreasing order of toxicity was found to be as follows: RS4;11 (4.89 ± 4.28 μM) > GA10 (13.08 ± 3.49 μM) > Toledo (16.94 ± 3.89 μM) > CEM (17.31 ± 0.72 μM) > OPM-2 (46.76 ± 2.26 μM) > U266 (128.82 ± 1.90 μM). The mechanism of growth inhibition was through induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. The concomitant altered expression of apoptosis pathway proteins and cell cycle modulators (caspases 9, 3, 7, PARP [poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase], cIAP1 [inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1], Bcl-2 and cyclin B1) were observed by Western blot and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses. In addition, some malignancy-related embryologic pathway proteins, e.g. Notch1 and Gli1, were modulated by genistein treatment in sensitive cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Li
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430-9410, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
A high intake of fruits and vegetables is associated with a lower risk of cancer. In this context, considerable attention is paid to Asian populations who consume high amounts of soy and soy-derived isoflavones, and have a lower risk for several cancer types such as breast and prostate cancers than populations in Western countries. Hence, interest focuses on soyfoods, soy products, and soy ingredients such as isoflavones with regard to their possible beneficial effects that were observed in numerous experiments and studies. The outcomes of the studies are not always conclusive, are often contradictory depending on the experimental conditions, and are, therefore, difficult to interpret. Isoflavone research revealed not only beneficial but also adverse effects, for instance, on the reproductive system. This is also the case with tumor-promoting effects on, for example, breast tissue. Isoflavone extracts and supplements are often used for the treatment of menopausal symptoms and for the prevention of age-associated conditions such as cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. In relation to this, questions about the effectiveness and safety of isoflavones have to be clarified. Moreover, there are concerns about the maternal consumption of isoflavones due to the development of leukemia in infants. In contrast, men may benefit from the intake of isoflavones with regard to reducing the risk of prostate cancer. Therefore, this review examines the risks but also the benefits of isoflavones with regard to various kinds of cancer, which can be derived from animal and human studies as well as from in vitro experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Andres
- Department of Food Safety, Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Kole L, Giri B, Manna SK, Pal B, Ghosh S. Biochanin-A, an isoflavon, showed anti-proliferative and anti-inflammatory activities through the inhibition of iNOS expression, p38-MAPK and ATF-2 phosphorylation and blocking NFκB nuclear translocation. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 653:8-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2010] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
30
|
de Souza PL, Russell PJ, Kearsley JH, Howes LG. Clinical pharmacology of isoflavones and its relevance for potential prevention of prostate cancer. Nutr Rev 2010; 68:542-55. [PMID: 20796219 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflavones are phytoestrogens that have pleiotropic effects in a wide variety of cancer cell lines. Many of these biological effects involve key components of signal transduction pathways within cancer cells, including prostate cancer cells. Epidemiological studies have raised the hypothesis that isoflavones may play an important role in the prevention and modulation of prostate cancer growth. Since randomized phase III trials of isoflavones in prostate cancer prevention are currently lacking, the best evidence for this concept is presently provided by case control studies. However, in vitro data are much more convincing in regard to the activity of a number of isoflavones, and have led to the development of genistein and phenoxodiol in the clinic as potential treatments for cancer. In addition, the potential activity of isoflavones in combination with cytotoxics or radiotherapy warrants further investigation. This review focuses on the clinical pharmacology of isoflavones and its relevance to their development for use in the prevention of prostate cancer, and it evaluates some of the conflicting data in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul L de Souza
- St. George Hospital Clinical School, UNSW, Kogarah, New South Wales, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Farmer RL, Biddle MM, Nibbs AE, Huang X, Bergan RC, Scheidt KA. Concise syntheses of the abyssinones and discovery of new inhibitors of prostate cancer and MMP-2 expression. ACS Med Chem Lett 2010; 1:400-405. [PMID: 21116437 DOI: 10.1021/ml100110x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen-bonding catalysis is an emerging field that facilitates rapid access to medicinally relevant enantioenriched small molecules. Here, we report the first asymmetric total syntheses of four members of the abyssinone class of natural products (I, II, III, and IV 4´-OMe) via quinine- or quinidine-derived thiourea-catalyzed intramolecular conjugate additions of β-keto ester alkylidenes. This concise strategy includes a tandem deprotection/decarboxylation final step that delivers all four natural products and their corresponding antipodes. A preliminary evaluation of all of these small molecules against a metastatic human prostate cancer cell line has identified that these compounds selectively and differentially inhibit cell growth and downregulate the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) at non-toxic concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Silverman Hall, Evanston, Illinois 60208
- Department of Medicine
| | - Margaret M. Biddle
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Silverman Hall, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | - Antoinette E. Nibbs
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Silverman Hall, Evanston, Illinois 60208
| | | | - Raymond C. Bergan
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center
- Department of Medicine
| | - Karl A. Scheidt
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Innovation and Drug Discovery, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Silverman Hall, Evanston, Illinois 60208
- The Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Genistein is a small, biologically active flavonoid that is found in high amounts in soy. This important compound possesses a wide variety of biological activities, but it is best known for its ability to inhibit cancer progression. In particular, genistein has emerged as an important inhibitor of cancer metastasis. Consumption of genistein in the diet has been linked to decreased rates of metastatic cancer in a number of population-based studies. Extensive investigations have been performed to determine the molecular mechanisms underlying genistein's antimetastatic activity, with results indicating that this small molecule has significant inhibitory activity at nearly every step of the metastatic cascade. Reports have demonstrated that, at high concentrations, genistein can inhibit several proteins involved with primary tumor growth and apoptosis, including the cyclin class of cell cycle regulators and the Akt family of proteins. At lower concentrations that are similar to those achieved through dietary consumption, genistein can inhibit the prometastatic processes of cancer cell detachment, migration, and invasion through a variety of mechanisms, including the transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta signaling pathway. Several in vitro findings have been corroborated in both in vivo animal studies and in early-phase human clinical trials, demonstrating that genistein can both inhibit human cancer metastasis and also modulate markers of metastatic potential in humans, respectively. Herein, we discuss the variety of mechanisms by which genistein regulates individual steps of the metastatic cascade and highlight the potential of this natural product as a promising therapeutic inhibitor of metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janet M. Pavese
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Lurie 6-105 303 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
- The Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Rebecca L. Farmer
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Lurie 6-105 303 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
- The Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Raymond C. Bergan
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University, Lurie 6-105 303 E. Superior, Chicago, IL 60611 USA
- The Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
- Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Yan GR, Xiao CL, He GW, Yin XF, Chen NP, Cao Y, He QY. Global phosphoproteomic effects of natural tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, on signaling pathways. Proteomics 2010; 10:976-86. [PMID: 20049867 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200900662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Genistein is a natural protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor that exerts anti-cancer effect by inducing G2/M arrest and apoptosis. However, the phosphotyrosine signaling pathways mediated by genistein are largely unknown. In this study, we combined tyrosine phosphoprotein enrichment with MS-based quantitative proteomics technology to globally identify genistein-regulated tyrosine phosphoproteins aiming to depict genistein-inhibited phosphotyrosine cascades. Our experiments resulted in the identification of 213 phosphotyrosine sites on 181 genistein-regulated proteins. Many identified phosphoproteins, including nine protein kinases, eight receptors, five protein phosphatases, seven transcriptical regulators and four signal adaptors, were novel inhibitory effectors with no previously known function in the anti-cancer mechanism of genistein. Functional analysis suggested that genistein-regulated protein tyrosine phosphorylation mainly by inhibiting the activity of tyrosine kinase EGFR, PDGFR, insulin receptor, Abl, Fgr, Itk, Fyn and Src. Core signaling molecules inhibited by genistein can be functionally categorized into the canonial Receptor-MAPK or Receptor-PI3K/AKT cascades. The method used here may be suitable for the identification of inhibitory effectors and tyrosine kinases regulated by anti-cancer drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Rong Yan
- Institute of Life and Health Engineering, and National Engineering and Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, P R China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kwan W, Duncan G, Van Patten C, Liu M, Lim J. A phase II trial of a soy beverage for subjects without clinical disease with rising prostate-specific antigen after radical radiation for prostate cancer. Nutr Cancer 2010; 62:198-207. [PMID: 20099194 DOI: 10.1080/01635580903305318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the tolerability and effect of a daily soy beverage in prostate cancer patients with biochemical failure after radiotherapy. Patients with rising prostate-specific antigen (PSA) after radical radiation for prostate cancer were instructed to consume 500 ml of soy beverage daily for 6 mo. Tolerability of the soy beverage and compliance were assessed. PSA doubling times before and after the consumption of soy were compared. Thirty-four subjects were enrolled; 5 withdrew before 1 mo of soy for reasons unrelated to soy consumption. All remaining 29 subjects were included in the analysis. Mean consumption of the assigned soy beverage was 93%. Mild gastrointestinal upset (38%) not affecting soy consumption was the commonest side effect. PSA showed a declining trend in 4 patients (13.8%), and there was a > 100% prolongation of PSA doubling time in 8 patients (27.6%). However, PSA doubling time also showed a 50% or more shortening in 5 patients (17.2%). In our cohort of North American subjects, 6 mo of a daily soy beverage was well tolerated and was associated with a declining trend or more than 2 times prolongation of PSA doubling time in 41% of subjects. Confirmatory studies are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Winkle Kwan
- B.C. Cancer Agency: Fraser Valley Centre, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada V3V 1Z2.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Recent investigations on the effects of phyto-oestrogens on various tissues have revealed that these diverse molecules may improve human health, particularly by protecting against certain chronic diseases. After a brief examination of the food sources, structures, and general cellular actions of the major phyto-oestrogens, current research findings on cardiovascular disease, skeletal tissues, and reproductive cancers are reviewed. Phyto-oestrogen concentrations in blood may be maintained at high levels in those consuming soyabean (Glycine max)-based food daily at several meals and exert their effects on target cells through either genomic effects via the classical oestrogen receptors or non-genomic effects mediated by membrane-bound oestrogen receptors or other cellular proteins. The expression of oestrogen receptor (OR) subtypes alpha (a) and beta (beta) varies across tissues, and cells that preferentially express OR-beta, which may include bone cells, are more likely to respond to phyto-oestrogens. Conversely, reproductive tissues contain relatively more OR-a and may, thus, be differently affected by phyto-oestrogens. Soyabean phyto-oestrogens appear to prevent the progression of atherosclerosis through multiple interactions, including lowering of plasma lipids and lipoproteins, increased vasodilatation and, possibly, decreased activation of blood platelets and vascular smooth muscle cells. However, a favourable impact on cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality by a soyabean-enriched western-type diet remains to be shown, and unresolved questions remain regarding dose and form of the phyto-oestrogens in relation to risks and benefits. The isoflavones of soyabean have been shown consistently to have bone-retentive effects in animal studies by several investigators using rodent models, although intakes must be above a relatively high threshold level for a lengthy period of time, and little or no extra benefit is observed with intakes above this threshold level. The reports of modest or no effects on prevention of bone loss in human and non-human primate studies respectively, may be due to the limited doses tested so far. The relationship between soyabean-food intake and cancer risk has been more extensively investigated than for any other disease, but with less certainty about the benefits of long-term consumption of phyto-oestrogen-containing foods on prevention of cancer. The observations that breast and prostate cancer rates are lower in Asian countries, where soyabean foods are consumed at high levels, and the high isoflavone content of soyabeans have led to examination of the potential protective effects of phyto-oestrogens. Establishing diet-cancer relationships has proved difficult, in part because of the conflicting data from various studies of effects of soyabean-diets on cancer. Epidemiological evidence, though not impressive, does suggest that soyabean intake reduces breast cancer risk. The isoflavone genistein has a potent effect on breast cancer cells in vitro, and early exposure of animals to genistein has been effective in reducing later development of mammary cancer. Thus, continuous consumption of soyabean foods in early life and adulthood may help explain the low breast cancer mortality rates in Asian countries. Although the evidence for a protective effect against prostate cancer may be slightly more supportive, more research is needed before any firm conclusions can be made about the phyto-oestrogen-cancer linkages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Anderson
- Department of Nutrition, Schools of Public Health and Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7400, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Xu L, Ding Y, Catalona WJ, Yang XJ, Anderson WF, Jovanovic B, Wellman K, Killmer J, Huang X, Scheidt KA, Montgomery RB, Bergan RC. MEK4 function, genistein treatment, and invasion of human prostate cancer cells. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009; 101:1141-55. [PMID: 19638505 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djp227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary intake of genistein by patients with prostate cancer has been associated with decreased metastasis and mortality. Genistein blocks activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and thus inhibits matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) expression and cell invasion in cultured cells and inhibits metastasis of human prostate cancer cells in mice. We investigated the target for genistein in prostate cancer cells. METHODS Prostate cell lines PC3-M, PC3, 1532NPTX, 1542NPTX, 1532CPTX, and 1542CPTX were used. All cell lines were transiently transfected with a constitutively active mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4 (MEK4) expression vector (to increase MEK4 expression), small interfering RNA against MEK4 (to decrease MEK4 expression), or corresponding control constructs. Cell invasion was assessed by a Boyden chamber assay. Gene expression was assessed by a quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Protein expression was assessed by Western blot analysis. Modeller and AutoDock programs were used for modeling of the structure of MEK4 protein and ligand docking, respectively. MMP-2 transcript levels were assessed in normal prostate epithelial cells from 24 patients with prostate cancer from a phase II randomized trial comparing genistein treatment with no treatment. Statistical significance required a P value of .050 or less. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Overexpression of MEK4 increased MMP-2 expression and cell invasion in all six cell lines. Decreased MEK4 expression had the opposite effects. Modeling showed that genistein bound to the active site of MEK4. Genistein inhibited MEK4 kinase activity with a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 0.40 microM (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.36 to 0.45 muM). The MMP-2 transcript level in normal prostate epithelial cells was statistically significantly higher in the untreated group (100%) than in the genistein-treated group (24%; difference = 76%, 95% CI = 38% to 115%; P = .045). CONCLUSIONS We identified MEK4 as a proinvasion protein in six human prostate cancer cell lines and the target for genistein. We showed, to our knowledge for the first time, that genistein treatment, compared with no treatment, was associated with decreased levels of MMP-2 transcripts in normal prostate cells from prostate cancer-containing tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Department of Medicine, Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center and Center for Drug Discovery and Chemical Biology of Northwestern University, Chicago, IL60610, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhang JL, Fu Y, Zheng L, Li W, Li H, Sun Q, Xiao Y, Geng F. Natural isoflavones regulate the quadruplex-duplex competition in human telomeric DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2009; 37:2471-82. [PMID: 19261597 PMCID: PMC2677859 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkp055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Effects of natural isoflavones on the structural competition of human telomeric G-quadruplex d[AG(3)(T(2)AG(3))(3)] and its related Watson-Crick duplex d[AG(3)(T(2)AG(3))(3)-(C(3)TA(2))(3)C(3)T] are investigated by using circular dichroism (CD), ESI-MS, fluorescence quenching measurement, CD stopped-flow kinetic experiment, UV spectroscopy and molecular modeling methods. It is intriguing to find out that isoflavones can stabilize the G-quadruplex structure but destabilize its corresponding Watson-Crick duplex and this discriminated interaction is intensified by molecular crowding environments. Kinetic experiments indicate that the dissociation rate of quadruplex (k(obs290 nm)) is decreased by 40.3% at the daidzin/DNA molar ratio of 1.0 in K(+), whereas in Na(+) the observed rate constant is reduced by about 12.0%. Furthermore, glycosidic daidzin significantly induces a structural transition of the polymorphic G-quadruplex into the antiparallel conformation in K(+). This is the first report on the recognition of isoflavones with conformational polymorphism of G-quadruplex, which suggests that natural isoflavone constituents potentially exhibit distinct regulation on the structural competition of quadruplex versus duplex in human telomeric DNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering & Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhou H, Lu N, Chen ZQ, Song QL, Yu HM, Li XJ. Osteopontin mediates dense culture-induced proliferation and adhesion of prostate tumour cells: role of protein kinase C, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and calcium. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2008; 104:164-70. [PMID: 19143755 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2008.00348.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cells growing in high density were observed to undergo a variety of responses due to cell-cell contact, pericellular hypoxia, etc. In order to investigate the influence of cell density on cell proliferation and adhesion and to elucidate possible mechanisms, we tested the growth ability of human prostate tumour (PC-3M) cells in dense culture and the influences of density on cell adhesion. Our results demonstrate that increasing cell density exerted stress on PC-3M cells, which decreased cell proliferation in dense cultures, but tended to facilitate tumour metastasis since cell adhesion ability was elevated and the cells showed an increased growth rate after being moved to a favourable growth environment. We conclude that higher cell density-mediated pericellular hypoxia was an important factor inducing expression of the intrinsic hypoxia marker osteopontin, another mechanism contributing to cell adhesion enhancement in PC-3M cells. In addition, cell density enhanced adhesion ability due to the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) and protein kinase C. Intracellular calcium also played positive roles at least partially through activating p38 MAPK.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Natural & Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Katz J, Blake E, Medrano TA, Sun Y, Shiverick KT. Isoflavones and gamma irradiation inhibit cell growth in human salivary gland cells. Cancer Lett 2008; 270:87-94. [PMID: 18585854 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.04.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We studied the effects of isoflavones and irradiation on cell cycle in a human salivary gland cell line (HSG). Genistein and a soy isoflavone conjugate (NS) inhibited DNA synthesis. Cells deconjugated the glucoside form of isoflavones in NS to the aglycones genistein and daidzein. NS, genistein and IR increased phosphorylation of p53 and p21 CIP1 at serine 15 (phos-p53). Irradiation and NS also increased levels of p21 CIP1. In a cologenic survival assay, cells in log phase growth had high radio-sensitivity with 2 Gy causing a reduction in survival (SF2=0.45). CONCLUSION isoflavones and radiation may interact to sensitize cancer cells to radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Katz
- Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida, PO Box 100414, Gainesville, FL 32610-0414, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhang LL, Li L, Wu DP, Fan JH, Li X, Wu KJ, Wang XY, He DL. A novel anti-cancer effect of genistein: reversal of epithelial mesenchymal transition in prostate cancer cells. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2008; 29:1060-8. [PMID: 18718175 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2008.00831.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of the present study was to investigate whether low dose genistein affects the invasion and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) of prostate cancer (PCa) cells. METHODS Human PCa cell lines, IA8-ARCaP and LNCaP/ HIF-1a, were used in this study. The cell lines were found to process EMT in our previous study. The PCa cells were treated with increasing concentrations, from 0.1 to 75 micromol/L. Proliferation was assessed with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. EMT was proven by cell morphological transition and the expression changes of EMT-related markers, which were confirmed by RT-PCR, Western blotting, and indirect immunofluorescence labeling. Transwell invasion assay was used to analyze the invasive potency. RESULTS The addition of genistein to the medium reduced the IA8-ARCaP and LNCaP/HIF-1a viable cell number in a dose-dependent manner (with increasing concentrations from 15 to 75 micromol/L). Less than 15 micromol/L genistein was selected as the low dose concentration, which did not affect cell proliferation. The treatment of cells with low-dose genistein induced the reversal of EMT, which was confirmed by cell morphological transition and the expression changes of EMT-related markers. The reversal of EMT in the PCa cells by low-dose genistein was in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, low-dose genistein effectively inhibited invasion of the PCa cells in vitro. CONCLUSION These results showed that treatment with low-dose genistein may be a potential strategy for the suppression of invasive growth through the reversal of EMT in cancer cells, which justifies the potential use of soybean foods as a practical chemopreventive approach for patients with PCa.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin-lin Zhang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Xioan Jiaotong University, Xioan 710061, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Fang R, Houghton PJ, Hylands PJ. Cytotoxic effects of compounds from Iris tectorum on human cancer cell lines. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 118:257-263. [PMID: 18508214 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/06/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In the course of searching for novel cytotoxic compounds which can be used in chemotherapy, several Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCM) have been screened by bioassay-guided fractionation and isolation. An extract of rhizomes of Iris tectorum Maxim., a TCM used to treat cancer, exhibited highest potency and led to the isolation of two flavonoids, 7-O-methylaromadendrin and tectorigenin, and four iridal-type triterpenes, iritectols A and B, isoiridogermanal and iridobelamal A. The cytotoxicities of the isolated compounds against four human cancer cell lines were evaluated by the SRB assay. Iritectol B, isoiridogermanal and iridobelamal A showed similar cytotoxicity with IG(50) around 11 microM and 23 microM against MCF-7 and C32 cell lines, respectively. Cell cycle-specific inhibition and apoptosis induced by the isolated compounds were determined using flow cytometry with two sets of co-labelling systems: annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide and fluorescein diacetate/propidium iodide. Iritectol B demonstrated dose-dependent apoptotic effect against COR-L23 cells with an apoptotic rate of 33% at 100 microM. Tectorigenin (an analogue of genistein) showed cell cycle specific inhibition and arrested cells at G(2)/M phase up to 400 microM, but did not demonstrate apoptotic effect against COR-L23 cells up to 1 mM. The overall activities of isolated compounds observed in the present study support the traditional use of Iris tectorum Maxim. in the treatment of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Fang
- Centre for Natural Medicines Research, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Multi-targeted therapy of cancer by genistein. Cancer Lett 2008; 269:226-42. [PMID: 18492603 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2008.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2008] [Revised: 03/14/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Soy isoflavones have been identified as dietary components having an important role in reducing the incidence of breast and prostate cancers in Asian countries. Genistein, the predominant isoflavone found in soy products, has been shown to inhibit the carcinogenesis in animal models. There is a growing body of experimental evidence showing that the inhibition of human cancer cell growth by genistein is mediated via the modulation of genes that are related to the control of cell cycle and apoptosis. It has been shown that genistein inhibits the activation of NF-kappaB and Akt signaling pathways, both of which are known to maintain a homeostatic balance between cell survival and apoptosis. Moreover, genistein antagonizes estrogen- and androgen-mediated signaling pathways in the processes of carcinogenesis. Furthermore, genistein has been found to have antioxidant properties, and shown to be a potent inhibitor of angiogenesis and metastasis. Taken together, both in vivo and in vitro studies have clearly shown that genistein, one of the major soy isoflavones is a promising agent for cancer chemoprevention and further suggest that it could be an adjunct to cancer therapy by virtue of its effects on reversing radioresistance and chemoresistance. In this review, we attempt to provide evidence for these preventive and therapeutic effects of genistein in a succinct manner highlighting comprehensive state-of-the-art knowledge regarding its multi-targeted biological and molecular effects in cancer cells.
Collapse
|
43
|
Lakshman M, Xu L, Ananthanarayanan V, Cooper J, Takimoto CH, Helenowski I, Pelling JC, Bergan RC. Dietary genistein inhibits metastasis of human prostate cancer in mice. Cancer Res 2008; 68:2024-32. [PMID: 18339885 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dietary genistein has been linked to lower prostate cancer (PCa) mortality. Metastasis is the ultimate cause of death from PCa. Cell detachment and invasion represent early steps in the metastatic cascade. We had shown that genistein inhibits PCa cell detachment and cell invasion in vitro. Genistein-mediated inhibition of activation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) pathway has been shown by us to regulate PCa cell detachment and invasion effects, respectively. To evaluate the antimetastatic potential of genistein, we developed an animal model suited to evaluating antimetastatic drug efficacy. Orthotopically implanted human PC3-M PCa cells formed lung micrometastasis by 4 weeks in >80% of inbred athymic mice. Feeding mice dietary genistein before implantation led to blood concentrations similar to those measured in genistein-consuming men. Genistein decreased metastases by 96%, induced nuclear morphometric changes in PC3-M cells indicative of increased adhesion (i.e., decreased detachment) but did not alter tumor growth. Genistein increased tumor levels of FAK, p38 MAPK, and HSP27 "promotility" proteins. However, the ratio of phosphorylated to total protein trended downward, indicating a failure to increase relative amounts of activated protein. This study describes a murine model of human PCa metastasis well suited for testing antimetastatic drugs. It shows for the first time that dietary concentrations of genistein can inhibit PCa cell metastasis. Increases in promotility proteins support the notion of cellular compensatory responses to antimotility effects induced by therapy. Studies of antimetastatic efficacy in man are warranted and are under way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minalini Lakshman
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Medical School and Robert H. Lurie Cancer Center of Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Gikas E, Alesta A, Economou G, Karamanos A, Tsarbopoulos A. Determination of Isoflavones in the Aerial Part of Red Clover by HPLC–Diode Array Detection. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/10826070802000723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evagelos Gikas
- a GAIA Research Center, Bioanalytical Department , The Goulandris Natural History Museum , Kifissia, Greece
| | - Alexandra Alesta
- b Agricultural University of Athens, Department of Crop Science , Athens, Greece
| | - Garifalia Economou
- b Agricultural University of Athens, Department of Crop Science , Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas Karamanos
- b Agricultural University of Athens, Department of Crop Science , Athens, Greece
| | - Anthony Tsarbopoulos
- a GAIA Research Center, Bioanalytical Department , The Goulandris Natural History Museum , Kifissia, Greece
- c Department of Pharmacy , Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Analysis, University of Patras , Patras, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Friedman AE. Can a single model explain both breast cancer and prostate cancer? Theor Biol Med Model 2007; 4:28. [PMID: 17678531 PMCID: PMC2014741 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-4-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 08/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Estradiol-Dihydrotestosterone model of prostate cancer (PC) showed how the interaction of hormones with specific hormone receptors affected apoptosis. The same hormone can produce different effects, depending on which hormone receptor it interacts with. MODEL This model proposes that the first step in the development of most PC and breast cancer (BC) occurs when aromatase converts testosterone to estradiol (E2). A sufficiently high enough local level of E2 results in telomerase activity. The telomerase activity allows cell division and may lead to BC or PC, which will proliferate if the rate of cell division is greater than the rate of cell death. The effect of hormones on their hormone receptors will affect the rate of cell death and determine whether or not the cancer proliferates. CONCLUSION By minimizing bcl-2 and maximizing apoptotic proteins, new systemic treatments for BC and PC can be developed that may be more effective than existing treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Edward Friedman
- Department of Mathematics, University of Chicago, 5734 S, University Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lu N, Zhou H, Lin YH, Chen ZQ, Pan Y, Li XJ. Oxidative Stress Mediates CoCl2-Induced Prostate Tumour Cell Adhesion: Role of Protein Kinase C and p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2007; 101:41-6. [PMID: 17577315 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-7843.2007.00074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt chloride (CoCl(2)), an agent demonstrated to stabilize hypoxia-inducible factor-1, has been associated with various hypoxic responses, and recently, some reports have linked it to increasing tumour malignancy. In this study, we observed the alteration of cell adhesion after CoCl(2) treatment and analysed the potential mechanisms responsible for such adaptations in a prostate cancer cell line PC-3 M cell. We found that CoCl(2 )increased the tumour cell adhesion in a dose-dependent manner, which correlated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. When cells were incubated with the thiol reductive agent pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), both the ROS generation and the CoCl(2)-induced cell adhesion were abolished. Moreover, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) was activated in CoCl(2)-treated cells, which could be antagonized by PDTC. And when cells were pre-incubated with specific p38 MAPK inhibitor, SB203580, the cell adhesion induced by CoCl(2 )was diminished. Moreover, the protein kinase C could up-regulate cell adhesion through activating p38 MAPK. In conclusion, CoCl(2) induced ROS generation, thereby placing cells under oxidative stress and up-regulating cell adhesion; p38 MAPK and protein kinase C could be activated in a ROS-dependent fashion, which in turn contributed to cell adhesion induced by CoCl(2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences and State Key Laboratory of Natural & Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Goetzl MA, Van Veldhuizen PJ, Thrasher JB. Effects of soy phytoestrogens on the prostate. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2007; 10:216-23. [PMID: 17310260 DOI: 10.1038/sj.pcan.4500953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2006] [Revised: 11/12/2006] [Accepted: 12/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide disparities exist between geographic regions with regard to prostate cancer incidence and mortality. Countries in East Asia have lower rates of prostate cancer compared with Western countries such as Canada and the US. Some suggest that dietary differences between the two geographic regions, particularly the higher amount of phytoestrogens consumed in East Asia, is responsible for the difference in prostate cancer incidence. The mechanism of action of the soy isoflavones is incompletely understood, but in regards to prostate carcinogenesis likely involves estrogenic effects, cell cycle inhibition, anti-angiogenesis and induction of apoptosis. Recent clinical studies have provided mixed results with regard to a clear association between prostate cancer and soy consumption. Further studies are needed to understand more clearly the relationship between soy consumption and prostatic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Goetzl
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Stantchev TS, Markovic I, Telford WG, Clouse KA, Broder CC. The tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein blocks HIV-1 infection in primary human macrophages. Virus Res 2006; 123:178-89. [PMID: 17030448 PMCID: PMC1847631 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Binding of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) to its cellular receptors elicits a variety of signaling events, including the activation of select tyrosine kinases. To evaluate the potential role of such signaling, we examined the effects of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor, genistein, on HIV-1 entry and infection of human macrophages using a variety of assays. Without altering cell viability, cell surface expression of CD4 and CCR5 or their abilities to interact with Env, genistein inhibited infection of macrophages by reporter gene-encoding, beta-lactamase containing, or wild type virions, as well as Env-mediated cell-fusion. The observation that genistein blocked virus infection if applied before, during or immediately after the infection period, but not 24h later; coupled with a more pronounced inhibition of infection in the reporter gene assays as compared to both beta-lactamase and p24 particle entry assays, imply that genistein exerts its inhibitory effects on both entry and early post-entry steps. These findings suggest that other exploitable targets, or steps, of the HIV-1 infection process may exist and could serve as additional opportunities for the development of new therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tzanko S Stantchev
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University Bethesda, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, MD 20814, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Barve V, Ahmed F, Adsule S, Banerjee S, Kulkarni S, Katiyar P, Anson CE, Powell AK, Padhye S, Sarkar FH. Synthesis, molecular characterization, and biological activity of novel synthetic derivatives of chromen-4-one in human cancer cells. J Med Chem 2006; 49:3800-8. [PMID: 16789737 DOI: 10.1021/jm051068y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of Schiff base derivatives of 3-formylchromone 3-6 (FPA-120 to FPA-123), the minimal biologically active structural motif of soy isoflavone, genistein, and their copper(II) complexes 7-10 (FPA-124 to FPA-127) are reported here. These copper complexes possess distorted square-planar geometries capable of stabilizing Cu2+/Cu+ redox forms. The molecular modeling study revealed that the key interaction of the metal complexes was with amino acids in the pleckstrin homology (PH) and the kinase domain of the PKB (Akt) protein. Copper complex 7 significantly forms stronger charge interactions in the kinase domain than genistein, leading to better stabilization in the active pocket. In vitro evaluation of copper complexes against hormone-independent and metastatic breast (BT20), prostate (PC-3), and K-ras mutant (COLO 357) and K-ras wild-type (BxPC-3) pancreatic cancer cells revealed that 7 was the most potent compound which exhibited PKB (Akt protein) inhibitory activities and caused NF-kappaB inactivation in a well-established orthotopic pancreatic tumor model using COLO 357 cells. An inverse relationship was observed between IC50 values of the anti-proliferative activities and the Cu2+/Cu+ redox couple for these compounds, which may provide a rapid screen for evaluating the efficacy of active metallodrugs affecting redox-sensitive transcription factors such as NF-kappaB and its upstream target, the PKB (Akt) pathway, in multiple cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Barve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pune, Pune 411007, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Li W, Zhang M, Zhang JL, Li HQ, Zhang XC, Sun Q, Qiu CM. Interactions of daidzin with intramolecular G-quadruplex. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:4905-10. [PMID: 16920104 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2006] [Revised: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 08/01/2006] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The potential interaction of daidzin, an ingredient of soy isoflavones, with human telomeric antiparallel G-quadruplex dAG(3)(T(2)AG(3))(3) was studied using ESI-MS, PAGE, CD and molecular simulation. Experimental studies indicated that daidzin molecules interacted with dAG(3)(T(2)AG(3))(3) and formed DNA-daidzin complex with the stoichiometric ratio of 1:1 and 1:2. The transition temperature of the G-quadruplex increased at higher ratio of daidzin to DNA. Under molecular crowding conditions the interactions between daidzin and the G-quadruplex become much stronger. Combining computational simulation and experimental results, it is demonstrated that the dAG(3)(T(2)AG(3))(3)/daidzin complex with a stoichiometric ratio of 1:1 is stabilized through the pi-pi conjugacy interactions and hydrogen bondings between daidzin and the bases of G-quadruplex. This work provides guidance not only on exploring the molecular anti-cancer mechanism of dietary isoflavones, but also searching small natural products as promising anticancer candidates that can inhibit telomerase activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Chemical Technology, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|