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Besleaga I, Raptová R, Stoica AC, Milunovic MNM, Zalibera M, Bai R, Igaz N, Reynisson J, Kiricsi M, Enyedy ÉA, Rapta P, Hamel E, Arion VB. Are the metal identity and stoichiometry of metal complexes important for colchicine site binding and inhibition of tubulin polymerization? Dalton Trans 2024; 53:12349-12369. [PMID: 38989784 PMCID: PMC11264232 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01469c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Quite recently we discovered that copper(II) complexes with isomeric morpholine-thiosemicarbazone hybrid ligands show good cytotoxicity in cancer cells and that the molecular target responsible for this activity might be tubulin. In order to obtain better lead drug candidates, we opted to exploit the power of coordination chemistry to (i) assemble structures with globular shape to better fit the colchicine pocket and (ii) vary the metal ion. We report the synthesis and full characterization of bis-ligand cobalt(III) and iron(III) complexes with 6-morpholinomethyl-2-formylpyridine 4N-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)-3-thiosemicarbazone (HL1), 6-morpholinomethyl-2-acetylpyridine 4N-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl)-3-thiosemicarbazone (HL2), and 6-morpholinomethyl-2-formylpyridine 4N-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazone (HL3), and mono-ligand nickel(II), zinc(II) and palladium(II) complexes with HL1, namely [CoIII(HL1)(L1)](NO3)2 (1), [CoIII(HL2)(L2)](NO3)2 (2), [CoIII(HL3)(L3)](NO3)2 (3), [FeIII(L2)2]NO3 (4), [FeIII(HL3)(L3)](NO3)2 (5), [NiII(L1)]Cl (6), [Zn(L1)Cl] (7) and [PdII(HL1)Cl]Cl (8). We discuss the effect of the metal identity and metal complex stoichiometry on in vitro cytotoxicity and antitubulin activity. The high antiproliferative activity of complex 4 correlated well with inhibition of tubulin polymerization. Insights into the mechanism of antiproliferative activity were supported by experimental results and molecular docking calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iuliana Besleaga
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Renáta Raptová
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, SK-81237 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/II, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Alexandru-Constantin Stoica
- Inorganic Polymers Department, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41 A, Iasi 700487, Romania
| | - Miljan N M Milunovic
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Michal Zalibera
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, SK-81237 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ruoli Bai
- Molecular Pharmacology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Nóra Igaz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Jóhannes Reynisson
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Mónika Kiricsi
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Newcastle-under-Lyme, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Éva A Enyedy
- Department of Molecular and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7-8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Peter Rapta
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Chemical Physics, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, SK-81237 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ernest Hamel
- Molecular Pharmacology Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment, National Cancer Institute, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Vladimir B Arion
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
- Inorganic Polymers Department, "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Aleea Gr. Ghica Voda 41 A, Iasi 700487, Romania
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2
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Agarwal DS, Sakhuja R, Beteck RM, Legoabe LJ. Steroid-triazole conjugates: A brief overview of synthesis and their application as anticancer agents. Steroids 2023:109258. [PMID: 37330161 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Steroids are biomolecules that play pivotal roles in various physiological and drug discovery processes. Abundant research has been fuelled towards steroid-heterocycles conjugates over the last few decades as potential therapeutic agents against various diseases especially as anticancer agents. In this context various steroid-triazole conjugates have been synthesized and studied for their anticancer potential against various cancer cell lines. A thorough search of the literatures revealed that a concise review pertaining the present topic is not compiled. Therefore, in thus review we summarize the synthesis, anticancer activity against various cancer cell lines and structure activity relationship (SAR) of various steroid-triazole conjugates. This review can lay down the path towards the development of various steroid-heterocycles conjugates with lesser side effects and profound efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesh S Agarwal
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Rajeev Sakhuja
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333 031, India
| | - Richard M Beteck
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Lesetja J Legoabe
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
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3
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Zefirov NA, Korotkova PD, Shevtsova EF, Shevtsov PN, Mamaeva AV, Milaeva ER, Zefirova ON. Role of structural components of the 2-methoxyestradiol—chlorambucil conjugate in microtubule stabilization. Russ Chem Bull 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-022-3682-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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4
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Sekar P, Ravitchandirane R, Khanam S, Muniraj N, Cassinadane AV. Novel molecules as the emerging trends in cancer treatment: an update. Med Oncol 2022; 39:20. [PMID: 34982273 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01615-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
As per World Health Organization cancer remains as a leading killer disease causing nearly 10 million deaths in 2020. Since the burden of cancer increases worldwide, warranting an urgent search for anti-cancer compounds from natural sources. Secondary metabolites from plants, marine organisms exhibit a novel chemical and structural diversity holding a great promise as therapeutics in cancer treatment. These natural metabolites target only the cancer cells and the normal healthy cells are left unharmed. In the emerging trends of cancer treatment, the natural bioactive compounds have long become a part of cancer chemotherapy. In this review, we have tried to compile about eight bioactive compounds from plant origin viz. combretastatin, ginsenoside, lycopene, quercetin, resveratrol, silymarin, sulforaphane and withaferin A, four marine-derived compounds viz. bryostatins, dolastatins, eribulin, plitidepsin and three microorganisms viz. Clostridium, Mycobacterium bovis and Streptococcus pyogenes with their well-established anticancer potential, mechanism of action and clinical establishments are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Sekar
- Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Pondicherry, 605102, India
| | | | - Sofia Khanam
- Calcutta Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Allied Health Sciences, Howrah, WB, 711316, India
| | - Nethaji Muniraj
- Centre for Cancer Immunology Research, Children's National Hospital, Children's National Research Institute, 111 Michigan Ave NW, Washington, D.C, 20010, USA.
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5
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Gutman H, Bazylevich A, Prasad C, Dorfman O, Hesin A, Marks V, Patsenker L, Gellerman G. Discovery of Dolastatinol: A Synthetic Analog of Dolastatin 10 and Low Nanomolar Inhibitor of Tubulin Polymerization. ACS Med Chem Lett 2021; 12:1596-1604. [PMID: 34676042 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.1c00432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a highly potent anticancer agent, dolastatinol, which is a methylene hydroxyl derivative of dolastatin 10. Dolastatinol is a synthetic analog of dolastatin 10, synthesized by a solid-phase peptide Fmoc chemistry protocol on 2-chlorotrityl chloride resin utilizing a pH-triggering self-immolative monosuccinate linker. The introduction of the C-terminus hydroxyl methylene functionality preserves the anticancer properties of the parent dolastatin 10, including strong suppression of the cell proliferation, migration, high cytotoxicity. Our research establishes a new facile route toward the further development of C-terminus-modified dolastatin-10-based microtubule inhibitors for anticancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hodaya Gutman
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Andrii Bazylevich
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | | | - Ortal Dorfman
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Arkadi Hesin
- Department of Molecular Biology, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Vered Marks
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Leonid Patsenker
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
| | - Gary Gellerman
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel
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6
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Chen H, Miao L, Huang F, Yu Y, Peng Q, Liu Y, Li X, Liu H. Glochidiol, a natural triterpenoid, exerts its anti-cancer effects by targeting the colchicine binding site of tubulin. Invest New Drugs 2020; 39:578-586. [PMID: 33026557 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-020-01013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glochidiol has been shown to have potentially antiproliferative activity in vitro, however its anticancer mechanisms specifically against lung cancer remain unknown. This study aimed to investigate the anti-lung cancer effects of glochidiol in HCC-44 cells in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, glochidiol was found to have potent antiproliferative activity against lung cancer cell lines NCI-H2087, HOP-62, NCI-H520, HCC-44, HARA, EPLC-272H, NCI-H3122, COR-L105 and Calu-6 with IC50 values of 4.12 µM, 2.01 µM, 7.53 µM, 1.62 µM, 4.79 µM, 7.69 µM, 2.36 µM, 6.07 µM and 2.10 µM, respectively. In vivo, glochidiol was found to effectively inhibit lung cancer HCC-44 xenograft tumor growth in nude mice. Docking analysis found that glochidiol forms hydrogen bonds with residues of tubulin. Glochidiol was also found to inhibit tubulin polymerization in vitro with an IC50 value of 2.76 µM. Immunofluorescence staining and EBI competition assay suggest that glochidiol may interact with tubulin by targeting the colchicine binding site. Thus, glochidiol might be a novel colchicine binding site inhibitor with the potential to treat lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Lijun Miao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Fengxiang Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Yali Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Qiang Peng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Xixi Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China.
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7
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Jonasson EM, Mauro AJ, Li C, Labuz EC, Mahserejian SM, Scripture JP, Gregoretti IV, Alber M, Goodson HV. Behaviors of individual microtubules and microtubule populations relative to critical concentrations: dynamic instability occurs when critical concentrations are driven apart by nucleotide hydrolysis. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 31:589-618. [PMID: 31577530 PMCID: PMC7202068 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-02-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The concept of critical concentration (CC) is central to understanding the behavior of microtubules (MTs) and other cytoskeletal polymers. Traditionally, these polymers are understood to have one CC, measured in multiple ways and assumed to be the subunit concentration necessary for polymer assembly. However, this framework does not incorporate dynamic instability (DI), and there is work indicating that MTs have two CCs. We use our previously established simulations to confirm that MTs have (at least) two experimentally relevant CCs and to clarify the behavior of individuals and populations relative to the CCs. At free subunit concentrations above the lower CC (CCElongation), growth phases of individual filaments can occur transiently; above the higher CC (CCNetAssembly), the population’s polymer mass will increase persistently. Our results demonstrate that most experimental CC measurements correspond to CCNetAssembly, meaning that “typical” DI occurs below the concentration traditionally considered necessary for polymer assembly. We report that [free tubulin] at steady state does not equal CCNetAssembly, but instead approaches CCNetAssembly asymptotically as [total tubulin] increases, and depends on the number of stable MT nucleation sites. We show that the degree of separation between CCElongation and CCNetAssembly depends on the rate of nucleotide hydrolysis. This clarified framework helps explain and unify many experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin M Jonasson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry.,Department of Natural Sciences, Saint Martin's University, Lacey, WA 98503
| | - Ava J Mauro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry.,Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, and.,Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Chunlei Li
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, and
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark Alber
- Department of Applied and Computational Mathematics and Statistics, and.,Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521
| | - Holly V Goodson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN 46556
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8
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Kudo Y, Goto H. Applications of Natural Purple from <i>Dolabella </i><i>au</i><i>ricularia</i>: Colouration of Cholesteric Liquid Crystals. INTERNATIONAL LETTERS OF NATURAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.56431/p-ut262h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) as a cholesteric liquid crystal was coloured with purple ink from Dolabella auricularia as a sea hare. Optical texture of the liquid crystal mixture was confirmed with a polarising optical microscope.
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9
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Kudo Y, Goto H. Applications of Natural Purple from <i>Dolabella </i><i>au</i><i>ricularia</i>: Colouration of Cholesteric Liquid Crystals. INTERNATIONAL LETTERS OF NATURAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.50.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) as a cholesteric liquid crystal was coloured with purple ink from Dolabella auricularia as a sea hare. Optical texture of the liquid crystal mixture was confirmed with a polarising optical microscope.
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10
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Ballatore C, Smith AB, Lee VMY, Trojanowski JQ, Brunden KR. Microtubule-Stabilizing Agents for Alzheimer’s and Other Tauopathies. TOPICS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/7355_2016_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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11
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Negi AS, Gautam Y, Alam S, Chanda D, Luqman S, Sarkar J, Khan F, Konwar R. Natural antitubulin agents: importance of 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl fragment. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 23:373-89. [PMID: 25564377 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules are polar cytoskeletal filaments assembled from head-to-tail and comprised of lateral associations of α/β-tubulin heterodimers that play key role in various cellular processes. Because of their vital role in mitosis and various other cellular processes, microtubules have been attractive targets for several disease conditions and especially for cancer. Antitubulin is the most successful class of antimitotic agents in cancer chemotherapeutics. The target recognition of antimitotic agents as a ligand is not much explored so far. However, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl fragment has been much highlighted and discussed in such type of interactions. In this review, some of the most important naturally occurring antimitotic agents and their interactions with microtubules are discussed with a special emphasis on the role of 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl unit. At last, some emerging naturally occurring antimitotic agents have also been tabulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind S Negi
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, PO CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India.
| | - Yashveer Gautam
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, PO CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Sarfaraz Alam
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, PO CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Debabrata Chanda
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, PO CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Suaib Luqman
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, PO CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Jayanta Sarkar
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Feroz Khan
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (CSIR-CIMAP), Kukrail Picnic Spot Road, PO CIMAP, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Rituraj Konwar
- CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), B.S. 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
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12
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Shamsuzzaman, Mashrai A, Khanam H, Mabkhot YN, Frey W. 3β-Acetoxy-6-nitrocholest-5-ene: Crystal structure, thermal, optical and dielectrical behavior. J Mol Struct 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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13
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Gajula PK, Asthana J, Panda D, Chakraborty TK. A Synthetic Dolastatin 10 Analogue Suppresses Microtubule Dynamics, Inhibits Cell Proliferation, and Induces Apoptotic Cell Death. J Med Chem 2013; 56:2235-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3009629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jayant Asthana
- Department
of Biosciences and
Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076,
India
| | - Dulal Panda
- Department
of Biosciences and
Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076,
India
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14
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Iványi Z, Szabó N, Huber J, Wölfling J, Zupkó I, Szécsi M, Wittmann T, Schneider G. Synthesis of D-ring-substituted (5'R)- and (5'S)-17β-pyrazolinylandrostene epimers and comparison of their potential anticancer activities. Steroids 2012; 77:566-74. [PMID: 22342542 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Various steroidal benzylidenes were synthetized from pregnenolone with benzaldehyde and p-substituted benzaldehydes. The resulting 17β-chalconyl derivatives of pregnenolone were reacted with hydrazine hydrate in acetic acid solution. Regardless of the starting material, the ring-closure reaction afforded (in contrast with the literature data) a mixture of two steroidal pyrazoline epimers. The epimers were critical isomer pairs, which could be separated only in their acetylated form; their structures were investigated by NMR techniques. The in vitro inhibition of rat testicular C(17,20)-lyase activity and the antiproliferative effects on four human cancer cell lines were measured, and the results obtained from the two epimer series were compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Iványi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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15
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Panchapakesan G, Dhayalan V, Dhatchana Moorthy N, Saranya N, Mohanakrishnan AK. Synthesis of 2-substituted 17β-hydroxy/17-methylene estratrienes and their in vitro cytotoxicity in human cancer cell cultures. Steroids 2011; 76:1491-504. [PMID: 21872616 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of various types of 2-(alkylaminomethyl) and 2-(aroyl) 17β-estradiol analogs are reported. The synthesis of similar types of 2-substituted 17-methylene estratriene analogs was also achieved. Synthesis of chalcone derivatives of 17β-estradiol and 17-methylene estratriene were also realized. All these 2-substituted estratrienes were tested for their antiproliferative activity by using four different cell lines from colon, lung, glioma and breast cancers. Among the various 2-substituted estratrienes, the compounds 10d, 14a-h and 17e were found to have in vitro antiproliferative activity comparable to that of parent analogs 1-4. Comparison of the SAR pattern of these 2-susbtituted estratriene derivatives confirmed that relatively, 17-methylene estratrienes are more active than that of 17β-estradiol analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganapathy Panchapakesan
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India
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16
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Sackett DL, Fojo T. Taccalonolides: a microtubule stabilizer poses a new puzzle with old pieces. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:3233-4. [PMID: 21946521 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.19.17126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dan L Sackett
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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17
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Frank É, Molnár J, Zupkó I, Kádár Z, Wölfling J. Synthesis of novel steroidal 17α-triazolyl derivatives via Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, and an evaluation of their cytotoxic activity in vitro. Steroids 2011; 76:1141-8. [PMID: 21600229 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Regioselective Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of steroidal 17α-azides with different terminal alkynes afforded novel 1,4-disubstituted triazolyl derivatives in good yields in both the estrone and the androstane series. The antiproliferative activities of the structurally related triazoles were determined in vitro on three malignant human cell lines (HeLa, MCF7 and A431), with the microculture tetrazolium assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Frank
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 8., H-6720 Szeged, Hungary.
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18
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Zhu W, Lee CY, Johnson RL, Wichterman J, Huang R, DePamphilis ML. An image-based, high-throughput screening assay for molecules that induce excess DNA replication in human cancer cells. Mol Cancer Res 2011; 9:294-310. [PMID: 21257818 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-10-0570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown DNA re-replication can be induced in cells derived from human cancers under conditions in which it is not possible for cells derived from normal tissues. Because DNA re-replication induces cell death, this strategy could be applied to the discovery of potential anticancer therapeutics. Therefore, an imaging assay amenable to high-throughput screening was developed that measures DNA replication in excess of four genomic equivalents in the nuclei of intact cells and indexes cell proliferation. This assay was validated by screening a library of 1,280 bioactive molecules on both normal and tumor-derived cells where it proved more sensitive than current methods for detecting excess DNA replication. This screen identified known inducers of excess DNA replication, such as inhibitors of microtubule dynamics, and novel compounds that induced excess DNA replication in both normal and cancer cells. In addition, two compounds were identified that induced excess DNA replication selectively in cancer cells and one that induced endocycles selectively in cancer cells. Thus, this assay provides a new approach to the discovery of compounds useful for investigating the regulation of genome duplication and for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenge Zhu
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-2753, USA
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Nam HJ, Kang JK, Kim SK, Ahn KJ, Seok H, Park SJ, Chang JS, Pothoulakis C, Lamont JT, Kim H. Clostridium difficile toxin A decreases acetylation of tubulin, leading to microtubule depolymerization through activation of histone deacetylase 6, and this mediates acute inflammation. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:32888-32896. [PMID: 20696758 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.162743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Clostridium difficile toxin A is known to cause actin disaggregation through the enzymatic inactivation of intracellular Rho proteins. Based on the rapid and severe cell rounding of toxin A-exposed cells, we speculated that toxin A may be involved in post-translational modification of tubulin, leading to microtubule instability. In the current study, we observed that toxin A strongly reduced α-tubulin acetylation in human colonocytes and mouse intestine. Fractionation analysis demonstrated that toxin A-induced α-tubulin deacetylation yielded monomeric tubulin, indicating the presence of microtubule depolymerization. Inhibition of the glucosyltransferase activity against Rho proteins of toxin A by UDP-2',3'-dialdehyde significantly abrogated toxin A-induced α-tubulin deacetylation. In colonocytes treated with trichostatin A (TSA), an inhibitor of the HDAC6 tubulin deacetylase, toxin A-induced α-tubulin deacetylation and loss of tight junction were completely blocked. Administration of TSA also attenuated proinflammatory cytokine production, mucosal damage, and epithelial cell apoptosis in mouse intestine exposed to toxin A. These results suggest that toxin A causes microtubule depolymerization by activation of HDAC6-mediated tubulin deacetylation. Indeed, blockage of HDAC6 by TSA markedly attenuates α-tubulin deacetylation, proinflammatory cytokine production, and mucosal damage in a toxin A-induced mouse enteritis model. Tubulin deacetylation is an important component of the intestinal inflammatory cascade following toxin A-mediated Rho inactivation in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jung Nam
- From the Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Daejin University, Pocheon, Gyeonggido 487-711, Korea
| | - Jin Ku Kang
- From the Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Daejin University, Pocheon, Gyeonggido 487-711, Korea
| | - Sung-Kuk Kim
- From the Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Daejin University, Pocheon, Gyeonggido 487-711, Korea
| | - Keun Jae Ahn
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 102-752, Korea
| | - Heon Seok
- School of Nano-Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798, Korea
| | - Sang Joon Park
- Department of Veterinary Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Taeku 702-701, Korea
| | - Jong Soo Chang
- From the Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Daejin University, Pocheon, Gyeonggido 487-711, Korea
| | - Charalabos Pothoulakis
- Division of Digestive Diseases, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - John Thomas Lamont
- Division of Gastroenterology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Ho Kim
- From the Department of Life Science, College of Natural Science, Daejin University, Pocheon, Gyeonggido 487-711, Korea.
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Calligaris D, Verdier-Pinard P, Devred F, Villard C, Braguer D, Lafitte D. Microtubule targeting agents: from biophysics to proteomics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:1089-104. [PMID: 20107862 PMCID: PMC11115596 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0245-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review explores various aspects of the interaction between microtubule targeting agents and tubulin, including binding site, affinity, and drug resistance. Starting with the basics of tubulin polymerization and microtubule targeting agent binding, we then highlight how the three-dimensional structures of drug-tubulin complexes obtained on stabilized tubulin are seeded by precise biological and biophysical data. New avenues opened by thermodynamics analysis, high throughput screening, and proteomics for the molecular pharmacology of these drugs are presented. The amount of data generated by biophysical, proteomic and cellular techniques shed more light onto the microtubule-tubulin equilibrium and tubulin-drug interaction. Combining these approaches provides new insight into the mechanism of action of known microtubule interacting agents and rapid in-depth characterization of next generation molecules targeting the interaction between microtubules and associated modulators of their dynamics. This will facilitate the design of improved and/or alternative chemotherapies targeting the microtubule cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Calligaris
- INSERM UMR 911, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et en Oncopharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - P. Verdier-Pinard
- INSERM UMR 911, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et en Oncopharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - F. Devred
- INSERM UMR 911, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et en Oncopharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - C. Villard
- INSERM UMR 911, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et en Oncopharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - D. Braguer
- INSERM UMR 911, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et en Oncopharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
| | - Daniel Lafitte
- INSERM UMR 911, Centre de Recherche en Oncologie biologique et en Oncopharmacologie, Faculté de Pharmacie, Aix-Marseille Université, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille Cedex 05, France
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Shwe H, Aye M, Sein M, Htay K, Kreitmeier P, Gertsch J, Reiser O, Heilmann J. Cytotoxic Steroidal Saponins from the Rhizomes ofTacca integrifolia. Chem Biodivers 2010; 7:610-22. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200900042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Drug discovery from marine natural products has enjoyed a renaissance in the past few years. Ziconotide (Prialt; Elan Pharmaceuticals), a peptide originally discovered in a tropical cone snail, was the first marine-derived compound to be approved in the United States in December 2004 for the treatment of pain. Then, in October 2007, trabectedin (Yondelis; PharmaMar) became the first marine anticancer drug to be approved in the European Union. Here, we review the history of drug discovery from marine natural products, and by describing selected examples, we examine the factors that contribute to new discoveries and the difficulties associated with translating marine-derived compounds into clinical trials. Providing an outlook into the future, we also examine the advances that may further expand the promise of drugs from the sea.
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Tofovic SP, Zhang X, Zhu H, Jackson EK, Rafikova O, Petrusevska G. 2-Ethoxyestradiol is antimitogenic and attenuates monocrotaline-induced pulmonary hypertension and vascular remodeling. Vascul Pharmacol 2008; 48:174-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2007] [Revised: 01/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Shin Y, Fournier JH, Brückner A, Madiraju C, Balachandran R, Raccor BS, Edler MC, Hamel E, Sikorski RP, Vogt A, Day BW, Curran DP. Synthesis and biological evaluation of (-)-dictyostatin and stereoisomers. Tetrahedron 2007; 63:8537-8562. [PMID: 18728696 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Total syntheses of (-)-dictyostatin, 6,16-bis-epi-dictyostatin, 6,14,19-tris-epi-dictyostatin and a number of other isomers and analogs are reported. Three main fragments-top, middle and bottom-were first assembled and then joined by olefination or anionic addition reactions. After appending the two dienes at either end of the molecule, macrolactonization and deprotection completed the syntheses. The work proves both the relative and absolute configurations of (-)-dictyostatin. The compounds were evaluated by cell-based measurements of increased microtubule mass and antiproliferative activity, and in vitro tubulin polymerization assays as well as competitive assays with paclitaxel for its binding site on microtubules. These assays showed dictyostatin to be the most potent of the agents and further showed that the structural alterations caused from 20- to >1000-fold decreases in activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youseung Shin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
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25
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Fong YC, Yang WH, Hsu SF, Hsu HC, Tseng KF, Hsu CJ, Lee CY, Scully SP. 2-methoxyestradiol induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in human chondrosarcoma cells. J Orthop Res 2007; 25:1106-14. [PMID: 17415781 DOI: 10.1002/jor.20364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME) is an endogenous metabolite with estrogen receptor-independent anti-tumor activity. The current study seeks to determine the mechanism of anti-tumor activity of 2ME on human chondrosarcoma. 2ME caused a time- and dose-dependent cytotoxity in chondrosarcoma cells, while primary chondrocytes were minimally affected. Cells accumulated in G0/G1 phase in response to 2ME and DAPI stain indicated an induction of apoptosis. Bax, Cytochrome C, and Caspase-3 protein expression were increased, while p53 expression was decreased. A higher Bax/Bcl-2 ratio followed 2ME treatment. 2ME has a potentially promising role as a systemic therapy of chondrosarcoma when the mechanism of action is better delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chin Fong
- China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
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Altmann KH, Gertsch J. Anticancer drugs from nature--natural products as a unique source of new microtubule-stabilizing agents. Nat Prod Rep 2007; 24:327-57. [PMID: 17390000 DOI: 10.1039/b515619j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This review article provides an overview on the current state of research in the area of microtubule-stabilizing agents from natural sources, with a primary focus on the biochemistry, biology, and pharmacology associated with these compounds. A variety of natural products have been discovered over the last decade to inhibit human cancer cell proliferation through a taxol-like mechanism. These compounds represent a whole new range of structurally diverse lead structures for anticancer drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Altmann
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), HCI H405, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, CH-8093, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Eichenlaub-Ritter U, Winterscheidt U, Vogt E, Shen Y, Tinneberg HR, Sorensen R. 2-methoxyestradiol induces spindle aberrations, chromosome congression failure, and nondisjunction in mouse oocytes. Biol Reprod 2007; 76:784-93. [PMID: 17229934 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.106.055111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME) is a metabolite of 17beta-estradiol and a natural component of follicular fluid. Local concentrations of 2-ME may be increased by exposure to environmental pollutants that activate the expression of enzymes in the metabolic pathway from 17beta-estradiol to 2-ME. It has been suspected that this may have adverse effects on spindle formation in maturing oocytes, which would affect embryo quality. To study the dose-response patterns, we exposed denuded mouse oocytes to 2-ME during in vitro maturation. Meiotic progression, spindle morphology, centrosome integrity, and chromosome congression were examined by immunofluorescence and noninvasive polarizing microscopy (PolScope). Chromosomal constituents were assessed after spreading and C-banding. 2-ME sustained MAD2L1 expression at the centromeres and increased the number of meiosis I-blocked oocytes in a dose-dependent manner. 2-ME also caused dramatic dose-dependent increases in the hyperploidy of metaphase II oocytes. Some of these meiosis II oocytes contained anaphase I-like chromosomes, which suggests that high concentrations of the catecholestradiol interfere with the physical separation of chromosomes. Noninvasive PolScope analysis and tubulin immunofluorescence revealed that perturbations in spindle organization, which resulted in severe disturbances of the chromosome alignment at the spindle equator (congression failure), were caused by 2-ME at meiosis I and II. Pericentrin-positive centrosomes failed to align at the spindle poles, and multipolar spindles and prominent arrays of cytoplasmic microtubule asters were induced in 2-ME-exposed metaphase II oocytes. In conclusion, a micromolar level of 2-ME is aneugenic for mammalian oocytes. Therefore, exposure to 2-ME and conditions that increase the intrinsic local concentration of 2-ME in the ovary may affect fertility and increase risks for chromosomal aberrations in the oocyte and embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Eichenlaub-Ritter
- University of Bielefeld, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Gene Technology/Microbiology, D-33501 Bielefeld, Germany.
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Caron JM, Herwood M. Vinblastine, a chemotherapeutic drug, inhibits palmitoylation of tubulin in human leukemic lymphocytes. Chemotherapy 2007; 53:51-8. [PMID: 17202812 DOI: 10.1159/000098419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 01/17/2006] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously shown that tubulin, the major protein of microtubules, is posttranslationally modified by palmitoylation. In addition, we demonstrated that palmitoylation of tubulin is inhibited in vitro by stoichiometric levels of the chemotherapeutic drug, vinblastine. Here, we sought to determine whether a clinically relevant dose of vinblastine inhibits palmitoylation of tubulin in vivo. METHODS Human CEM leukemic lymphocytes were incubated with [3H]palmitate in the presence and absence of a low, clinically relevant dose of vinblastine. [3H]palmitoylated tubulin was identified by two-dimensional PAGE and autoradiography. RESULTS We found, first, that tubulin was palmitoylated in CEM cells. Second, the clinically relevant dose of vinblastine inhibited palmitoylation of tubulin in vivo in CEM cells. In addition, microtubules were disassembled and cells became apoptotic. CONCLUSION This study identifies a previously unknown mechanism of action of vinblastine, the depalmitoylation of tubulin, and suggests that depalmitoylation of tubulin may be a target for new chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan M Caron
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA.
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Zhang X, Jia Y, Jackson EK, Tofovic SP. 2-Methoxyestradiol and 2-Ethoxyestradiol Retard the Progression of Renal Disease in Aged, Obese, Diabetic ZSF1 Rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2007; 49:56-63. [PMID: 17261964 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e31802cb88e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic syndrome is a main cause for cardiovascular disease and for the accelerating epidemic of chronic renal failure. Previous studies show that 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-HE), an estradiol metabolite with little estrogenic activity, decreases obesity and arterial blood pressure and attenuates the development of renal disease in young, obese, diabetic ZSF1 rats. In humans, however, diabetic renal disease is more frequent and severe in older patients. In vivo, 2-HE is readily converted to 2-methoxyestradiol (2-ME), an estradiol metabolite with no estrogenic activity. Accordingly, one purpose of this study was to determine whether 2-ME would provide benefit in aged rats with a very severe form of diabetic renal disease. Another objective was to determine whether synthetic analogs of estradiol metabolites might be beneficial in diabetic renal disease. To achieve these objectives we examined the effects of 2-ME and its analog 2-ethoxyestradiol (2-EE) in aged (35-week-old), obese ZSF1 rats. Animals were treated for 9 weeks with vehicle (PEG-400, 0.5 microL per hour), 2-ME or 2-EE (18 microg/kg per hour). Metabolic and renal function were measured at weeks 0, 3, 6, and 9, and renal hemodynamics and excretory function were assessed at week 9. Aged ZSF1 rats had elevated levels of glycosylated hemoglobin; increased renal cortical expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF); glycosuria, hypertension; and proteinuria. 2-ME and 2-EE did not affect obesity or hypertension and had variable effects on glucose homeostasis, yet they attenuated proteinuria; increased renal blood flow and glomerular filtration; and reduced renal cortical expression of PCNA, NFkappaB, and VEGF. We conclude that 2ME and 2EE are strikingly renoprotective even in aged animals with severe diabetic renal disease. The present study warrants further investigation of 2-ME and analogs of estradiol metabolites for treatment of kidney disease associated with the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchen Zhang
- Center for Clinical Pharmacolog, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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Characterizing Ligand-Microtubule Binding by Competition Methods. METHODS IN MOLECULAR MEDICINE™ 2007; 137:245-60. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-59745-442-1_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Sharma S, Ganesh T, Kingston DGI, Bane S. Promotion of tubulin assembly by poorly soluble taxol analogs. Anal Biochem 2006; 360:56-62. [PMID: 17097592 PMCID: PMC1868410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2006.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Revised: 10/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Promotion or inhibition of tubulin assembly into microtubules is the standard in vitro assay for evaluating potential antimicrotubule agents. Many agents to be tested are poorly soluble in aqueous solution and require a cosolvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). However, DMSO itself can promote tubulin assembly, and its inclusion in assays for compounds that induce tubulin assembly complicates interpretation of the results. Substituting GDP for GTP in the exchangeable nucleotide binding site of tubulin produces a less active form of the protein, tubulin-GDP. Here it is shown that tubulin-GDP can be assembled into normal microtubules in DMSO concentrations up to 15% (v/v), and polymerization assays performed under these conditions can be compared with assays run under more standard conditions. Assays for measuring the effective concentration of a ligand for promotion of tubulin assembly (EC(50)), measuring the concentration for inhibition of tubulin assembly (IC(50)) by a colchicine site ligand, and measuring tubulin critical concentrations in the presence of poorly soluble taxol derivatives are illustrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhada Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
| | - Thota Ganesh
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - David G. I. Kingston
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA
| | - Susan Bane
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel. 607-777-2927; FAX: 607-777-4478; E-mail address: (S.Bane)
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Hamel E, Day BW, Miller JH, Jung MK, Northcote PT, Ghosh AK, Curran DP, Cushman M, Nicolaou KC, Paterson I, Sorensen EJ. Synergistic effects of peloruside A and laulimalide with taxoid site drugs, but not with each other, on tubulin assembly. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 70:1555-64. [PMID: 16887932 DOI: 10.1124/mol.106.027847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies on the drug content of pelleted tubulin polymers suggest that peloruside A binds in the laulimalide site, which is distinct from the taxoid site. In a tubulin assembly system containing microtubule-associated proteins and GTP, however, peloruside A was significantly less active than laulimalide, inducing assembly in a manner that was most similar to sarcodictyins A and B. Because peloruside A thus far seems to be the only compound that mimics the action of laulimalide, we examined combinations of microtubule-stabilizing agents for synergistic effects on tubulin assembly. We found that peloruside A and laulimalide showed no synergism but that both compounds could act synergistically with a number of taxoid site agents [paclitaxel, epothilones A/B, discodermolide, dictyostatin, eleutherobin, the steroid derivative 17beta-acetoxy-2-ethoxy-6-oxo-B-homo-estra-1,3,5(10)-trien-3-ol, and cyclostreptin]. None of the taxoid site compounds showed any synergism with each other. From an initial study with peloruside A and cyclostreptin, we conclude that the synergism phenomenon derives, at least in part, from an apparent lowering of the tubulin critical concentration with drug combinations compared with single drugs. The apparent binding of peloruside A in the laulimalide site led us to attempt construction of a pharmacophore model based on superposition of an energy-minimized structure of peloruside A on the crystal structure of laulimalide. Although the different sizes of the macrocycles limited our ability to superimpose the two molecules, atom correspondences that were observed were consistent with the difficulty so far experienced in creation of fully active analogs of laulimalide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Hamel
- Toxicology and Pharmacology Branch, Developmental Threapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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Buey RM, Barasoain I, Jackson E, Meyer A, Giannakakou P, Paterson I, Mooberry S, Andreu JM, Díaz JF. Microtubule interactions with chemically diverse stabilizing agents: thermodynamics of binding to the paclitaxel site predicts cytotoxicity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:1269-79. [PMID: 16356844 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2005.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2005] [Revised: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 09/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The interactions of microtubules with most compounds described as stabilizing agents have been studied. Several of them (lonafarnib, dicumarol, lutein, and jatrophane polyesters) did not show any stabilizing effect on microtubules. Taccalonolides A and E show paclitaxel-like effects in cells, but they were not able to modulate in vitro tubulin assembly or to bind microtubules, which suggests that other factors are involved in their cellular effects. The binding constants of epothilones, eleutherobin, discodermolide, sarcodictyins, 3,17beta-diacetoxy-2-ethoxy-6-oxo-B-homo-estra-1,3,5(10)-triene, and dictyostatin to the paclitaxel site; the critical concentrations of ligand-induced assembly; and their cytotoxicity in carcinoma cells have been measured, and correlations between these parameters have been determined. The inhibition of cell proliferation correlates better with the binding enthalpy change than with the binding constants, suggesting that large, favorable enthalpic contribution to the binding is desired to design paclitaxel site drugs with higher cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén M Buey
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Kindler HL, Tothy PK, Wolff R, McCormack RA, Abbruzzese JL, Mani S, Wade-Oliver KT, Vokes EE. Phase II trials of dolastatin-10 in advanced pancreaticobiliary cancers. Invest New Drugs 2005; 23:489-93. [PMID: 16133801 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-005-2909-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreaticobiliary malignancies respond poorly to conventional chemotherapy, and novel agents are needed. Dolatstatin-10 is a potent antimitotic pentapeptide isolated from the marine mollusk Dolabella auricularia that inhibits microtubule assembly. We conducted 2 parallel phase II trials of dolastatin-10 in patients with advanced hepatobiliary cancers and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eligible patients had histologically-confirmed metastatic pancreatic adenocarcinoma or metastatic, locally advanced or recurrent cancer of the liver, bile duct or gallbladder, and had received no prior chemotherapy for advanced disease. Dolastatin-10 400 microg/m(2) was administered intravenously by bolus every 21 days. Restaging CT scans were obtained every 2 cycles. RESULTS Twenty-eight patients (16 hepatobiliary, including 7 hepatomas, 6 cholangiocarcinomas, 2 gallbladder carcinomas, and 12 pancreatic carcinomas) enrolled; 27 were evaluable for response. There were no objective responses. Grade 3/4 neutropenia occurred in 59% of patients and neutropenic fever in 18%. Median and 1-year survival were 5.0 months and 17% for the pancreatic cancer patients, and 3.0 months and 29% for the hepatobiliary patients. Median time to progression was 1.3 months for the pancreatic cancer patients and 1.6 months for the hepatobiliary patients. CONCLUSIONS Dolastatin-10 is inactive against hepatobiliary and pancreatic carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedy L Kindler
- Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago Medical Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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Leese MP, Hejaz HAM, Mahon MF, Newman SP, Purohit A, Reed MJ, Potter BVL. A-ring-substituted estrogen-3-O-sulfamates: potent multitargeted anticancer agents. J Med Chem 2005; 48:5243-56. [PMID: 16078843 DOI: 10.1021/jm050066a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and flexible syntheses of 2-substituted estrone, estradiol and their 3-O-sulfamate (EMATE) derivatives have been developed using directed ortho-lithiation methodology. 2-Substituted EMATEs display a similar antiproliferative activity profile to the corresponding estradiols against a range of human cancer cell lines. 2-Methoxy (3, 4), 2-methylsulfanyl (20, 21) and 2-ethyl EMATEs (32, 33) proved the most active compounds with 2-ethylestradiol-3-O-sulfamate (33), displaying a mean activity over the NCI 55 cell line panel 80-fold greater than the established anticancer agent 2-methoxyestradiol (2). 2-Ethylestradiol-3-O-sulfamate (33) was also an effective inhibitor of angiogenesis using three in vitro markers, and various 2-substituted EMATEs also proved to be inhibitors of steroid sulfatase (STS), a therapeutic target for the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer. The potential of this novel class of multimechanism anticancer agents was confirmed in vivo with good activity observed in the NCI hollow fiber assay and in a MDA-MB-435 xenograft mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew P Leese
- Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, U.K
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36
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Nguyen TL, McGrath C, Hermone AR, Burnett JC, Zaharevitz DW, Day BW, Wipf P, Hamel E, Gussio R. A common pharmacophore for a diverse set of colchicine site inhibitors using a structure-based approach. J Med Chem 2005; 48:6107-16. [PMID: 16162011 DOI: 10.1021/jm050502t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Modulating the structure and function of tubulin and microtubules is an important route to anticancer therapeutics, and therefore, small molecules that bind to tubulin and cause mitotic arrest are of immense interest. A large number of synthetic and natural compounds with diverse structures have been shown to bind at the colchicine site, one of the major binding sites on tubulin, and inhibit tubulin assembly. Using the recently determined X-ray structure of the tubulin:colchicinoid complex as the template, we employed docking studies to determine the binding modes of a set of structurally diverse colchicine site inhibitors. These binding models were subsequently used to construct a comprehensive, structure-based pharmacophore that in combination with molecular dynamics simulations confirms and extends our understanding of binding interactions at the colchicine site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tam Luong Nguyen
- Target Structure-Based Drug Discovery Group, Developmental Therapeutics Program, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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37
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Roussi F, Ngo QA, Thoret S, Guéritte F, Guénard D. The Design and Synthesis of New Steroidal Compounds as Potential Mimics of Taxoids. European J Org Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200500203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Sutherland TE, Schuliga M, Harris T, Eckhardt BL, Anderson RL, Quan L, Stewart AG. 2-methoxyestradiol is an estrogen receptor agonist that supports tumor growth in murine xenograft models of breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11:1722-32. [PMID: 15755993 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE 2-Methoxyestradiol (2MEO) is being developed as a novel antitumor agent based on its antiangiogenic activity, tumor cell cytotoxicity, and apparent lack of toxicity. However, pharmacologic concentrations of 2MEO bind to estrogen receptors (ER). We have therefore examined the ER activity of 2MEO. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Estrogenic actions of 2MEO were evaluated by changes in gene expression of the ER-positive (MCF7) breast tumor cell line and, in vivo, estrogenicity was assessed in breast tumor xenograft models and by measuring endocrine responses in uterus and liver. RESULTS In the ER-positive breast tumor cell line (MCF7), microarray experiments revealed that 269 of 279 changes in gene expression common to 2MEO and estradiol were prevented by the ER antagonist, ICI 182,780. Changes in the expression of selected genes and their sensitivity to inhibition by ICI 182,780 were confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR measurement. Activation of ER in MCF7 cells by 2MEO was further confirmed by stimulation of an estrogen response element-dependent reporter gene that was blocked by ICI 182,780 (1 micromol/L). Doses of 2MEO (15-150 mg/kg) that had no antitumor efficacy in either nu/nu BALB/c or severe combined immunodeficient mice bearing ER-negative MDA-MB-435 tumors had uterotropic and hepatic estrogen-like actions. In female nu/nu BALB/c mice inoculated with the estrogen-dependent MCF7 tumor cells, 2MEO (50 mg/kg/d) supported tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS Tumor growth enhancement by 2MEO at doses generating serum levels (100-500 nmol/L) that have estrogenic activity suggests that a conservative approach to the further clinical evaluation of this agent should be adopted and that its evaluation in breast cancer is inappropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara E Sutherland
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Zask A, Birnberg G, Cheung K, Kaplan J, Niu C, Norton E, Yamashita A, Beyer C, Krishnamurthy G, Greenberger LM, Loganzo F, Ayral-Kaloustian S. D-piece modifications of the hemiasterlin analog HTI-286 produce potent tubulin inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:4353-8. [PMID: 15261301 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2004] [Accepted: 05/05/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Modifications of the D-piece carboxylic acid group of the hemiasterlin analog HTI-286 gave tubulin inhibitors which were potent cytotoxic agents in taxol resistant cell lines expressing P-glycoprotein. Amides derived from proline had potency comparable to HTI-286. Reduction of the carboxylic acid to ketones and alcohols or its conversion to acidic heterocycles also gave potent analogs. Synthetic modifications of the carboxylic acid could be carried out selectively using a wide range of synthetic reagents. Proline analog 3 was found to be effective in a human xenograft model in athymic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Zask
- Wyeth Research, Chemical and Screening Sciences, 401 North Middletown Road, Pearl River, NY 10965, USA.
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Pettit GR, Tan R. Isolation and structure of phakellistatin 14 from the Western Pacific marine sponge Phakellia sp. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2005; 68:60-63. [PMID: 15679318 DOI: 10.1021/np040092w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A new cycloheptapeptide, phakellistatin 14, was isolated in 8.8 x 10(-7)% yield from Phakellia sp., a marine sponge from Chuuk, Federated States of Micronesia. The structure (1), cyclo-Phe-beta-OMe-Asp-Ala-Met(SO)-Ala-Ile-Pro, was elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectral analyses augmented by HRFABMS. The chirality of each amino acid unit was determined to be S using chiral HPLC methods. Phakellistatin 14 showed cancer cell growth inhibitory activity (ED(50) 5 microg/mL) against the murine lymphocytic leukemia P388 cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R Pettit
- Cancer Research Institute and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 872404, Tempe, Arizona 85287-2404, USA.
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41
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Amant F, Lottering ML, Joubert A, Thaver V, Vergote I, Lindeque BG. 2-methoxyestradiol strongly inhibits human uterine sarcomatous cell growth. Gynecol Oncol 2003; 91:299-308. [PMID: 14599859 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-8258(03)00542-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective was to test the hypothesis that uterine sarcomatous cells are hormone-sensitive. We included 2-methoxyestradiol, an endogenous metabolite of estradiol with antiproliferative properties. METHODS Proliferation assays assessed the effects of estradiol, progesterone, tamoxifen, raloxifen, [D-Trp(6)]leuteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH), ICI 182,780 (faslodex or fulvestrant), and 2-methoxyestradiol on cell growth of a cell line derived from uterine carcinosarcoma, but consisting solely of mesenchymal cells (SK-UT-1). Morphological changes of SK-UT-1 cells after exposure to 2-methoxyestradiol were evaluated and fluorescence immunohistochemistry for tubulin was used to detect changes in the mitotic spindle. Flow cytometry was used to assess the influence of 2-methoxyestradiol on the SK-UT-1 cell cycle as well as the role of p53 in apoptosis. RESULTS Cell proliferation analysis revealed that SK-UT-1 cells were stimulated by progesterone, tamoxifen, and [D-Trp(6)]LHRH. Cells were insensitive to estradiol, raloxifen, and ICI 182,780. Inhibition occurred after exposure to 2-methoxyestradiol and was accompanied by a threefold increase in the G2/M population, with a concomitant decrease in the G1 population, as shown by cell cycle analysis. SK-UT-1 cells exposed to 2-methoxyestradiol showed morphological changes indicative of apoptosis. Examination of signaling pathways that mediate 2-methoxyestradiol-induced apoptosis showed p53-independent growth inhibition. The inhibition of SK-UT-1 cell growth by arresting the cells during G2/M progression could be attributed to interference with the microtubule system, as determined by fluorescence immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS The stimulatory effect of progesterone, tamoxifen, and [D-Trp(6)]LHRH suggests that uterine sarcomatous cells are hormone-sensitive. Our finding that 2-methoxyestradiol-mediated growth inhibition of uterine sarcomatous cells occurred in a p53-independent manner may have considerable clinical significance. The inadequate armature against uterine sarcomas and the limited toxicity of 2-methoxyestradiol may render these observations especially important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Amant
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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Sattler M, Quinnan LR, Pride YB, Gramlich JL, Chu SC, Even GC, Kraeft SK, Chen LB, Salgia R. 2-methoxyestradiol alters cell motility, migration, and adhesion. Blood 2003; 102:289-96. [PMID: 12637335 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-03-0729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of 2-methoxyestradiol, 2ME2, an endogenous metabolite of 17beta-estradiol (E2), on cell growth and cytoskeletal functions in a BCR-ABL-transformed cell line model was investigated. We determined the interaction of 2ME2 with STI571 (Gleevec, imatinib mesylate) in STI571 drug-sensitive and -resistant cell lines. In cells expressing BCR-ABL, STI571 cooperated with 2ME2 in reducing cell growth, and STI571-resistant cells were sensitive to 2ME2 treatment. 2ME2 also inhibited growth of several cancer cell lines by a mechanism independent of BCR-ABL. BCR-ABL transformation leads to altered motility, increased adhesion, and spontaneous migration in different in vitro model systems. 2ME2 was found to specifically inhibit the spontaneous motility of BCRABL-transformed Ba/F3 cells and to change the morphology and volume of treated cells. Cells attached to fibronectin-coated surfaces showed a reduced number of filipodia and lamellipodia. In addition, 2ME2 significantly reduced BCRABL-mediated adhesion to fibronectin. The spontaneous migration of BCR-ABL-transformed cells through a transwell membrane also was found to be significantly decreased by 2ME2. Cytoskeletal changes were accompanied by alteration of tubulin formation, distinct from paclitaxel treatment. These results demonstrate that 2ME2 treatment of transformed cells strongly reduces cytoskeletal functions and may also be useful for the treatment of cancers with high metastatic potential. Combination of 2ME2 with other anticancer drugs may be beneficial to treatment of drug-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sattler
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Zhou Y, Hileman EO, Plunkett W, Keating MJ, Huang P. Free radical stress in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and its role in cellular sensitivity to ROS-generating anticancer agents. Blood 2003; 101:4098-104. [PMID: 12531810 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-08-2512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME), a new anticancer agent currently in clinical trials, has been demonstrated to inhibit superoxide dismutase (SOD) and to induce apoptosis in leukemia cells through a free radical-mediated mechanism. Because the accumulation of superoxide (O(2)-) by inhibition of SOD depends on the cellular generation of O(2)-, we hypothesized that the endogenous production of superoxide may be a critical factor that affects the antileukemia activity of 2-ME. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between cellular O(2)- contents and the cytotoxic activity of 2-ME in primary leukemia cells from 50 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Quantitation of O(2)- revealed that the basal cellular O(2)- contents are heterogeneous among patients with CLL. The O(2)- levels were significantly higher in CLL cells from patients with prior chemotherapy. CLL cells with higher basal O(2)- contents were more sensitive to 2-ME in vitro than those with lower O(2)- contents. There was a significant correlation between the 2-ME-induced O(2)- increase and the loss of cell viability. Importantly, addition of arsenic trioxide, a compound capable of causing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, significantly enhanced the activity of 2-ME, even in the CLL cells that were resistant to 2-ME alone. These results suggest that the cellular generation of O(2)- plays an important role in the cytotoxic action of 2-ME and that it is possible to use exogenous ROS-producing agents such as arsenic trioxide in combination with 2-ME to enhance the antileukemia activity and to overcome drug resistance. Such a combination strategy may have potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhou
- Department of Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Abstract
Tubulin is the target for an ever increasing number of structurally unusual peptides and depsipeptides isolated from a wide range of organisms. Since tubulin is the subunit protein of microtubules, the compounds are usually potently toxic to mammalian cells. Without exception, these (depsi)peptides disrupt cellular microtubules and prevent spindle formation. This causes cells to accumulate at the G2/M phase of the cell cycle through inhibition of mitosis. In biochemical assays, the compounds inhibit microtubule assembly from tubulin and suppress microtubule dynamics at low concentrations. Most of the (depsi)peptides inhibit the binding of Catharanthus alkaloids to tubulin in a noncompetitive manner, GTP hydrolysis by tubulin, and nucleotide turnover at the exchangeable GTP site on beta-tubulin. In general, the (depsi)peptides induce the formation of tubulin oligomers of aberrant morphology. In all cases tubulin rings appear to be formed, but these rings differ in diameter, depending on the (depsi)peptide present during their formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Hamel
- Screening Technologies Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, MD 21702, USA.
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45
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Cushman M, Mohanakrishnan AK, Hollingshead M, Hamel E. The effect of exchanging various substituents at the 2-position of 2-methoxyestradiol on cytotoxicity in human cancer cell cultures and inhibition of tubulin polymerization. J Med Chem 2002; 45:4748-54. [PMID: 12361402 DOI: 10.1021/jm020218r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new set of estradiol derivatives bearing various substituents at the 2-position were synthesized in order to further elucidate the structural parameters associated with the antitubulin activity and cytotoxicity of 2-substituted estradiols. The potencies of the new compounds as inhibitors of tubulin polymerization were determined, and the cytotoxicities of the analogues in human cancer cell cultures were investigated. The substituents introduced into the 2-position of estradiol included E-3'-hydroxy-1'-propenyl, 2'-hydroxyethoxy, 3-N,N-dimethylaminoethylideneamino, 2'-hydroxyethylineneamino, (beta-3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)ethenyl, phenylethynyl, ethynly, 1'-propynyl, and cyano. The substituents conferring the ability to inhibit tubulin polymerization included E-3'-hydroxy-1'-propenyl, 2'-hydroxyethoxy, ethynyl, and 1'-propynyl. The remaining compounds were all inactive as inhibitors of tubulin polymerization when tested at concentrations of up to 40 microM. All of the compounds were cytotoxic in a panel of 55 human cancer cell cultures, and in general, the most cytotoxic compounds were also the most potent as inhibitors of tubulin polymerization. 2-(1'-Propynyl)estradiol displayed significant anticancer activity in the in vivo hollow fiber animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Cushman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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Hughes RA, Harris T, Altmann E, McAllister D, Vlahos R, Robertson A, Cushman M, Wang Z, Stewart AG. 2-Methoxyestradiol and analogs as novel antiproliferative agents: analysis of three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships for DNA synthesis inhibition and estrogen receptor binding. Mol Pharmacol 2002; 61:1053-69. [PMID: 11961123 DOI: 10.1124/mol.61.5.1053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol (2-MEO), a metabolite of estrogen, is an attractive lead compound for the development of novel antitumor and anti-inflammatory agents, because it embodies antiproliferative and antiangiogenic activities in one molecule. However, the affinity of 2-MEO for the estrogen receptor would lead to undesirable side effects. As a prelude to the design of 2-MEO-like compounds with an optimal activity profile, we assayed 2-MEO and a series of analogs for their ability to cause G(1) cell-cycle arrest (by measuring inhibition of DNA synthesis in human cultured airway smooth muscle) and to inhibit binding of [(3)H]estradiol at the estrogen receptor (ER; from rat uterine smooth muscle). One compound, a diacetoxy enediol derivative, was identified with reasonable potency for DNA synthesis (pIC(50) = 5.97) but showed negligible affinity for the ER (pIC(50) < 5). Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationships were developed for these activities using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) techniques. Comparison of optimized CoMFA models revealed distinct structural requirements for DNA synthesis inhibition and ER binding. For example, DNA synthesis inhibition is enhanced by electropositive substitutions in the 2-position below the plane of the steroid A-ring, whereas ER binding is favored by electronegative substitution in this position. Similarly, DNA synthesis inhibition correlates negatively with increased steric bulk in regions clustered around the A and B rings; changes in steric bulk in these regions has little correlation with ER binding. These observations will guide the design of new analogs with improved potency for desired characteristics (e.g., DNA synthesis inhibition) with minimal unwanted activities (e.g., ER binding).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Hughes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Abstract
The non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) are characterized by initial responsiveness to a variety of chemotherapeutic regimens. Nevertheless, most patients progress and die from their disease. A number of new agents with unique mechanisms of action are in clinical development. Agents that are currently considered to be the most promising include those that induce apoptosis; those that interfere with cell cycling, tumor-associated angiogenesis, farnesylation of the Ras gene, and histone deacetylase; and those that inhibit the proteasome, among others. Increasing insights into the differences between tumors and among patients will lead to more individualized therapeutic strategies using agents directed at specific genetic and immunologic targets. More rapid accrual to high-quality clinical studies will facilitate dissemination of new agents to patients and lead to an increased cure rate for NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Cheson
- National Cancer Institute, Executive Plaza North, Room 741, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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48
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Wang Z, Yang D, Mohanakrishnan AK, Fanwick PE, Nampoothiri P, Hamel E, Cushman M. Synthesis of B-ring homologated estradiol analogues that modulate tubulin polymerization and microtubule stability. J Med Chem 2000; 43:2419-29. [PMID: 10882369 DOI: 10.1021/jm0001119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
2-Methoxyestradiol is a cytotoxic human metabolite of estradiol with the ability to bind to the colchicine site of tubulin and inhibit its polymerization, and its 2-ethoxy analogue is even more potent. On the basis of a hypothetical relationship between the structures of colchicine and 2-methoxyestradiol, a B-ring-expanded 2-ethoxyestradiol analogue was synthesized in which the B-ring of the steroid is replaced by the B-ring of colchicine. The synthesis relied on the B-ring expansion of available 6-keto estradiol derivatives as opposed to a total synthesis of the homologated steroid framework. The relative configurations of the acetamido substituents in both epimers of the final product were determined by NOESY NMR and confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The epimer having the 6alpha-acetamido substituent was more active as an inhibitor of tubulin polymerization, and it was also more cytotoxic than the 6beta-epimer. These results are consistent with the proposed structural resemblance of 2-methoxyestradiol and colchicine. Several of the synthetic intermediates proved to be potent inhibitors of tubulin polymerization. On the other hand, a 3,17beta-diacetylated, B-ring-expanded analogue of 2-ethoxyestradiol having a ketone at C-6 resembled paclitaxel (Taxol) in its ability to enhance tubulin polymerization and stabilize microtubules. The corresponding 3-acetate and the 17beta-acetate were both synthesized, and it was determined that the 17beta-acetate, but not the 3-acetate, conferred on the steroid derivative its paclitaxel-like activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmacal Sciences, and Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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