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Dawkins RB, Hong M, You C, Magaña-Loaiza OS. The quantum Gaussian-Schell model: a link between classical and quantum optics. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:4242-4245. [PMID: 39090904 DOI: 10.1364/ol.520444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The quantum theory of the electromagnetic field uncovered that classical forms of light were indeed produced by distinct superpositions of nonclassical multiphoton wave packets. This situation prevails for partially coherent light, the most common kind of classical light. Here, for the first time, to our knowledge, we demonstrate the extraction of the constituent multiphoton quantum systems of a partially coherent light field. We shift from the realm of classical optics to the domain of quantum optics via a quantum representation of partially coherent light using its complex-Gaussian statistical properties. Our formulation of the quantum Gaussian-Schell model (GSM) unveils the possibility of performing photon-number-resolving (PNR) detection to isolate the constituent quantum multiphoton wave packets of a classical light field. We experimentally verified the coherence properties of isolated vacuum systems and wave packets with up to 16 photons. Our findings not only demonstrate the possibility of observing quantum properties of classical macroscopic objects but also establish a fundamental bridge between the classical and quantum worlds.
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Li JJ, Chen J, Qi GZ, Li JZ. Identifying the twist factor of twisted partially coherent optical beams. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2024; 41:1221-1228. [PMID: 38856440 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.522975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Twisted partially coherent light, characterized by its unique twist factor, offers novel control over the statistical properties of random light. However, the recognition of the twist factor remains a challenge due to the low coherence and the stochastic nature of the optical beam. This paper introduces a method for the recognition of twisted partially coherent beams by utilizing a circular aperture at the source plane. This aperture produces a characteristic hollow intensity structure due to the twist phase. A deep learning model is then trained to identify the twist factor of these beams based on this signature. The model, while simple in structure, effectively eliminates the need for complex optimization layers, streamlining the recognition process. This approach offers a promising solution for enhancing the detection of twisted light and paves the way for future research in this field.
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3
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Li W, Liu Y, Chen Y, Cai Y, Korotkova O, Wang F. Fast measurement of coherence-orbital angular momentum matrices of random light beams using off-axis holography and coordinate transformation. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:1173-1176. [PMID: 38426966 DOI: 10.1364/ol.514954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
We propose an effective protocol to measure the coherence-orbital angular momentum (COAM) matrix of an arbitrary partially coherent beam. The method is based on an off-axis holography scheme and the Cartesian-polar coordinate transformation, which enables to simultaneously deal with all the COAM matrix elements of interest. The working principle is presented and discussed in detail. A proof-of-principle experiment is carried out to reconstruct the COAM matrices of partially coherent beams with spatially uniform and non-uniform coherence states. We find an excellent agreement between the experimental results and the theoretical predictions. In addition, we show that the OAM spectrum of a partially coherent beam can also be directly acquired from the measured COAM matrix.
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Katariya V, Bhusal N, You C. Experimental Guesswork with Quantum Side Information Using Twisted Light. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6570. [PMID: 37514864 PMCID: PMC10383366 DOI: 10.3390/s23146570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Guesswork is an information-theoretic quantity which can be seen as an alternate security criterion to entropy. Recent work has established the theoretical framework for guesswork in the presence of quantum side information, which we extend both theoretically and experimentally. We consider guesswork when the side information consists of the BB84 states and their higher-dimensional generalizations. With this side information, we compute the guesswork for two different scenarios for each dimension. We then performed a proof-of-principle experiment using Laguerre-Gauss modes to experimentally compute the guesswork for higher-dimensional generalizations of the BB84 states. We find that our experimental results agree closely with our theoretical predictions. This work shows that guesswork can be a viable security criterion in cryptographic tasks and is experimentally accessible in a number of optical setups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Katariya
- Hearne Institute for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics & Astronomy, and Center for Computation & Technology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Narayan Bhusal
- Quantum Photonics Laboratory, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Chenglong You
- Quantum Photonics Laboratory, Department of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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5
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Wang F, Li W, Wu D, Liu L, Korotkova O, Cai Y. Propagation of coherence-OAM matrix of an optical beam in vacuum and turbulence. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:20796-20811. [PMID: 37381195 DOI: 10.1364/oe.489324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Propagation of the coherence-orbital angular momentum (COAM) matrix of partially coherent beams in homogeneous and isotropic turbulence, e.g., atmosphere, is formulated using the extended Huygens-Fresnel principle. It is found that under the effect of turbulence the elements in the COAM matrix will generally be affected by other elements, resulting in certain OAM mode dispersion. We show that if turbulence is homogeneous and isotropic, there exists an analytic "selection rule" for governing such a dispersion mechanism, which states that only the elements having the same index difference, say l - m, may interact with each other, where l and m denote OAM mode indices. Further, we develop a wave-optics simulation method incorporating modal representation of random beams, multi-phase screen method and the coordinate transformation to simulate propagation of the COAM matrix of any partially coherent beam propagating in free space or in turbulent medium. The simulation method is thoroughly discussed. As examples, the propagation characteristics of the most representative COAM matrix elements of circular and elliptical Gaussian Schell-model beams in free space and in turbulent atmosphere are studied, and the selection rule is numerically demonstrated.
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6
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Tomography of ultrarelativistic nuclei with polarized photon-gluon collisions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eabq3903. [PMID: 36598973 PMCID: PMC9812379 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq3903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A linearly polarized photon can be quantized from the Lorentz-boosted electromagnetic field of a nucleus traveling at ultrarelativistic speed. When two relativistic heavy nuclei pass one another at a distance of a few nuclear radii, the photon from one nucleus may interact through a virtual quark-antiquark pair with gluons from the other nucleus, forming a short-lived vector meson (e.g., ρ0). In this experiment, the polarization was used in diffractive photoproduction to observe a unique spin interference pattern in the angular distribution of ρ0 → π+π- decays. The observed interference is a result of an overlap of two wave functions at a distance an order of magnitude larger than the ρ0 travel distance within its lifetime. The strong-interaction nuclear radii were extracted from these diffractive interactions and found to be 6.53 ± 0.06 fm (197Au) and 7.29 ± 0.08 fm (238U), larger than the nuclear charge radii. The observable is demonstrated to be sensitive to the nuclear geometry and quantum interference of nonidentical particles.
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Lollie MLJ, Mostafavi F, Bhusal N, Hong M, You C, León-Montiel RDJ, Magaña-Loaiza OS, Quiroz-Juárez MA. High-dimensional encryption in optical fibers using spatial modes of light and machine learning. MACHINE LEARNING: SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1088/2632-2153/ac7f1b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The ability to engineer the spatial wavefunction of photons has enabled a variety of quantum protocols for communication, sensing, and information processing. These protocols exploit the high dimensionality of structured light enabling the encoding of multiple bits of information in a single photon, the measurement of small physical parameters, and the achievement of unprecedented levels of security in schemes for cryptography. Unfortunately, the potential of structured light has been restrained to free-space platforms in which the spatial profile of photons is preserved. Here, we make an important step forward to using structured light for fiber optical communication. We introduce a classical encryption protocol in which the propagation of high-dimensional spatial modes in multimode fibers is used as a natural mechanism for encryption. This provides a secure communication channel for data transmission. The information encoded in spatial modes is retrieved using artificial neural networks, which are trained from the intensity distributions of experimentally detected spatial modes. Our on-fiber communication platform allows us to use single spatial modes for information encoding as well as the high-dimensional superposition modes for bit-by-bit and byte-by-byte encoding respectively. This protocol enables one to recover messages and images with almost perfect accuracy. Our classical smart protocol for high-dimensional encryption in optical fibers provides a platform that can be adapted to address increased per-photon information capacity at the quantum level, while maintaining the fidelity of information transfer. This is key for quantum technologies relying on structured fields of light, particularly those that are challenged by free-space propagation.
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8
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Abbas A, Wang LG. Hanbury Brown and Twiss effect in spatiotemporal domain. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:32077-32086. [PMID: 33115170 DOI: 10.1364/oe.405726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hanbury Brown and Twiss (HBT) effect has broad applications in optics and other branches of physics, and traditionally this effect is considered in pure spatial or temporal domain. Here we investigate the spatiotemporal HBT effect, extending this phenomenon from spatial or temporal to spatiotemporal domain. By assuming the Gaussian statistics of partially coherent spatiotemporal pulsed sources, we find the generalized analytical results for spatiotemporal HBT effect in the compact form, with the help of the matrix-optics method, which can consider the HBT effect in spatial and temporal domain simultaneously. Furthermore, for Gaussian Schell-model pulsed beams (GSMPBs) used as a spatiotemporal correlated source, we have obtained the generalized expression to calculate spatiotemporal HBT effect, which is useful for up to three-dimensional cases in any second-order linear dispersive medium. By taking a simple two-dimensional case and using air as an example of a linear dispersive medium, we numerically illustrate the properties of the spatiotemporal HBT effect by adjusting the spatial and temporal parameters of the GSMPB source, and reveal the influence of both the spatial and temporal parameters on the spatiotemporal HBT effect. This work paves the path towards the detailed study of HBT effect for a source containing spatiotemporal information with Gaussian statistics.
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Magaña-Loaiza OS, Boyd RW. Quantum imaging and information. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2019; 82:124401. [PMID: 31639774 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab5005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The maturity of fields such as optical physics and quantum optics has brought with it a new era where the photon represents a promising information resource. In the past few years, scientists and engineers have exploited multiple degrees of freedom of the photon to perform information processing for a wide variety of applications. Of particular importance, the transverse spatial degree of freedom has offered a flexible platform to test complex quantum information protocols in a relatively simple fashion. In this regard, novel imaging techniques that exploit the quantum properties of light have also been investigated. In this review article, we define the fundamental parameters that describe the spatial wavefunction of the photon and establish their importance for applications in quantum information processing. More specifically, we describe the underlying physics behind remarkable protocols in which information is processed through high-dimensional spatial states of photons with sub-shot-noise levels or where quantum images with unique resolution features are formed. We also discuss the fundamental role that certain imaging techniques have played in the development of novel methods for quantum information processing and vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar S Magaña-Loaiza
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States of America
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Shen Y, Meng Y, Fu X, Gong M. Hybrid topological evolution of multi-singularity vortex beams: generalized nature for helical-Ince-Gaussian and Hermite-Laguerre-Gaussian modes. JOURNAL OF THE OPTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA. A, OPTICS, IMAGE SCIENCE, AND VISION 2019; 36:578-587. [PMID: 31044977 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.36.000578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A generalized family of scalar structured Gaussian modes including helical-Ince-Gaussian (HIG) and Hermite-Laguerre-Gaussian (HLG) beams is presented with physical insight upon the hybrid topological evolution nature of multi-singularity vortex beams carrying orbital angular momentum. Considering the physical origins of intrinsic coordinates aberration and the Gouy phase shift, a closed-form expression is derived to characterize the general modes in astigmatic optical systems. Moreover, a graphical representation, singularities hybrid evolution nature (SHEN) sphere, is proposed to visualize the topological evolution of the multi-singularity beams, accommodating HLG, HIG, and other typical subfamilies as characteristic curves on the sphere surface. The salient properties of SHEN sphere for describing the precise singularities splitting phenomena, exotic structured light fields, and Gouy phase shift are illustrated with adequate experimental verifications.
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Shen Y, Wang X, Xie Z, Min C, Fu X, Liu Q, Gong M, Yuan X. Optical vortices 30 years on: OAM manipulation from topological charge to multiple singularities. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:90. [PMID: 31645934 PMCID: PMC6804826 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0194-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Thirty years ago, Coullet et al. proposed that a special optical field exists in laser cavities bearing some analogy with the superfluid vortex. Since then, optical vortices have been widely studied, inspired by the hydrodynamics sharing similar mathematics. Akin to a fluid vortex with a central flow singularity, an optical vortex beam has a phase singularity with a certain topological charge, giving rise to a hollow intensity distribution. Such a beam with helical phase fronts and orbital angular momentum reveals a subtle connection between macroscopic physical optics and microscopic quantum optics. These amazing properties provide a new understanding of a wide range of optical and physical phenomena, including twisting photons, spin-orbital interactions, Bose-Einstein condensates, etc., while the associated technologies for manipulating optical vortices have become increasingly tunable and flexible. Hitherto, owing to these salient properties and optical manipulation technologies, tunable vortex beams have engendered tremendous advanced applications such as optical tweezers, high-order quantum entanglement, and nonlinear optics. This article reviews the recent progress in tunable vortex technologies along with their advanced applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijie Shen
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, 100084 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Xuejiao Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Public Safety Risk Perception and Control by Big Data (NEL-PSRPC), China Academy of Electronics and Information Technology of CETC, China Electronic Technology Group Corporation, 100041 Beijing, China
| | - Zhenwei Xie
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Changjun Min
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
| | - Xing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, 100084 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, 100084 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Mali Gong
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, 100084 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | - Xiaocong Yuan
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Shenzhen University, 518060 Shenzhen, China
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12
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Li W, Zhao S. Bell's inequality tests via correlated diffraction of high-dimensional position-entangled two-photon states. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4812. [PMID: 29556069 PMCID: PMC5859148 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23310-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Bell inequality testing, a well-established method to demonstrate quantum non-locality between remote two-partite entangled systems, is playing an important role in the field of quantum information. The extension to high-dimensional entangled systems, using the so-called Bell-CGLMP inequality, points the way in measuring joint probabilities, the kernel block to construct high dimensional Bell inequalities. Here we show that in theory the joint probability of a two-partite system entangled in a Hilbert space can be measured by choosing a set of basis vectors in its dual space that are related by a Fourier transformation. We next propose an experimental scheme to generate a high-dimensional position-entangled two-photon state aided by a combination of a multiple-slit and a 4 f system, and describe a method to test Bell’s inequality using correlated diffraction. Finally, we discuss in detail consequences of such Bell-test violations and experimental requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Institute of Signal Processing and Transmission, Nanjing, 210003, China. .,Sunwave Communications CO, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Shengmei Zhao
- Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Institute of Signal Processing and Transmission, Nanjing, 210003, China.,Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Key Lab Broadband Wireless Communication and Sensor, Network, Ministy of Education, Nanjing, 210003, China
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13
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Hu X, Zhao Q, Yu P, Li X, Wang Z, Li Y, Gong L. Dynamic shaping of orbital-angular-momentum beams for information encoding. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:1796-1808. [PMID: 29402048 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.001796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Shaping complex fields with a digital micromirror device (DMD) has attracted much attention recently due to its potential application in optical communication and microscopy. In this paper, we present an optimized Lee method to achieve dynamic shaping of orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) beams using a binary DMD. An error diffusion algorithm is introduced to enhance the accuracy for binary-amplitude hologram design, making it possible to achieve high fidelity wavefront shaping while retaining a high resolution. As a proof of concept, we apply this method to create different classes of OAM beams. The numerical simulations verify that a fidelity of F > 0.985 can be achieved for all the test OAM fields with fully independent phase and amplitude modulation. Moreover, we experimentally demonstrate the dynamic shaping of different OAM beams including pure modes and mixed modes with a switching rate of up to 17.8 kHz. On this basis, accurate information encoding into the generated multiplexed OAM beams is accomplished, which provides access to high speed classical and quantum communications that employ spatial mode encoding.
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Xie G, Song H, Zhao Z, Milione G, Ren Y, Liu C, Zhang R, Bao C, Li L, Wang Z, Pang K, Starodubov D, Lynn B, Tur M, Willner AE. Using a complex optical orbital-angular-momentum spectrum to measure object parameters. OPTICS LETTERS 2017; 42:4482-4485. [PMID: 29088193 DOI: 10.1364/ol.42.004482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Light beams can be characterized by their complex spatial profiles in both intensity and phase. Analogous to time signals, which can be decomposed into multiple orthogonal frequency functions, a light beam can also be decomposed into a set of spatial modes that are taken from an orthogonal basis. Such decomposition can potentially provide a tool for spatial spectrum analysis, which may enable stable, accurate, and robust extraction of physical object information that may not be readily achievable using traditional approaches. As a proof-of-concept example, we measure an object's opening angle using orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) -based complex spectrum, achieving a >15 dB signal-to-noise ratio. Moreover, the dip (i.e., notch) positions of the OAM intensity spectrum are dependent on an object's opening angle but independent of the opening's angular orientation, whereas the slope of the OAM phase spectrum is dependent on the opening's orientation but independent of the opening angle.
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15
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Yang Z, Magaña-Loaiza OS, Mirhosseini M, Zhou Y, Gao B, Gao L, Rafsanjani SMH, Long GL, Boyd RW. Digital spiral object identification using random light. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2017; 6:e17013. [PMID: 30167270 PMCID: PMC6062229 DOI: 10.1038/lsa.2017.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Photons that are entangled or correlated in orbital angular momentum have been extensively used for remote sensing, object identification and imaging. It has recently been demonstrated that intensity fluctuations give rise to the formation of correlations in the orbital angular momentum components and angular positions of random light. Here we demonstrate that the spatial signatures and phase information of an object with rotational symmetries can be identified using classical orbital angular momentum correlations in random light. The Fourier components imprinted in the digital spiral spectrum of the object, as measured through intensity correlations, unveil its spatial and phase information. Sharing similarities with conventional compressive sensing protocols that exploit sparsity to reduce the number of measurements required to reconstruct a signal, our technique allows sensing of an object with fewer measurements than other schemes that use pixel-by-pixel imaging. One remarkable advantage of our technique is that it does not require the preparation of fragile quantum states of light and operates at both low- and high-light levels. In addition, our technique is robust against environmental noise, a fundamental feature of any realistic scheme for remote sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Low-dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Omar S Magaña-Loaiza
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Mohammad Mirhosseini
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Yiyu Zhou
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Boshen Gao
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
| | - Lu Gao
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- School of Science, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | | | - Gui-Lu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Low-dimensional Quantum Physics and Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Tsinghua National Laboratory for Information Science and Technology, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Robert W Boyd
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa ON K1N 6N5, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Bai B, Zhou Y, Liu R, Zheng H, Wang Y, Li F, Xu Z. Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect without two-photon interference in photon counting regime. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2145. [PMID: 28526891 PMCID: PMC5438356 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02408-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
From quantum point of view, Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect is a result of constructive-destructive two-photon interference. There should be no Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect if there was no two-photon interference. In this paper, we observed Hanbury Brown- Twiss effect in a specially designed experiment, in which two-photon interference is impossible by keeping only one two-photon probability amplitude in the experimental scheme. However, our experimental results can still be interpreted by Glauber's quantum optical coherence theory. The researches in our paper are helpful to understand the physics of the second-order coherence of light, especially the physics of Hanbury Brown-Twiss effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Bai
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Ruifeng Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Huaibin Zheng
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yunlong Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Fuli Li
- MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter and Department of Applied Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhuo Xu
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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