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Wolniewicz AS, Shen Y, Li Q, Sun Y, Qiao Y, Chen Y, Hu YW, Liu J. An armoured marine reptile from the Early Triassic of South China and its phylogenetic and evolutionary implications. eLife 2023; 12:e83163. [PMID: 37551884 PMCID: PMC10499374 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Sauropterygia was a taxonomically and ecomorphologically diverse clade of Mesozoic marine reptiles spanning the Early Triassic to the Late Cretaceous. Sauropterygians are traditionally divided into two groups representing two markedly different body plans - the short-necked, durophagous Placodontia and the long-necked Eosauropterygia - whereas Saurosphargidae, a small clade of armoured marine reptiles, is generally considered as the sauropterygian sister-group. However, the early evolutionary history of sauropterygians and their phylogenetic relationships with other groups within Diapsida are still incompletely understood. Here, we report a new saurosphargid from the Early Triassic (Olenekian) of South China - Prosaurosphargis yingzishanensis gen. et sp. nov. - representing the earliest known occurrence of the clade. An updated phylogenetic analysis focussing on the interrelationships among diapsid reptiles recovers saurosphargids as nested within sauropterygians, forming a clade with eosauropterygians to the exclusion of placodonts. Furthermore, a clade comprising Eusaurosphargis and Palatodonta is recovered as the sauropterygian sister-group within Sauropterygomorpha tax. nov. The phylogenetic position of several Early and Middle Triassic sauropterygians of previously uncertain phylogenetic affinity, such as Atopodentatus, Hanosaurus, Majiashanosaurus, and Corosaurus, is also clarified, elucidating the early evolutionary assembly of the sauropterygian body plan. Finally, our phylogenetic analysis supports the placement of Testudines and Archosauromorpha within Archelosauria, a result strongly corroborated by molecular data, but only recently recovered in a phylogenetic analysis using a morphology-only dataset. Our study provides evidence for the rapid diversification of sauropterygians in the aftermath of the Permo-Triassic mass extinction event and emphasises the importance of broad taxonomic sampling in reconstructing phylogenetic relationships among extinct taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej S Wolniewicz
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefeiChina
- Institute of Paleobiology, Polish Academy of SciencesWarsawPoland
| | - Yuefeng Shen
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefeiChina
| | - Qiang Li
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefeiChina
- Section Paleontology, Institute of Geosciences, University of BonnBonnGermany
| | - Yuanyuan Sun
- Chengdu Center, China Geological Survey (Southwest China Innovation Center for Geosciences)ChengduChina
| | - Yu Qiao
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefeiChina
| | - Yajie Chen
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefeiChina
| | - Yi-Wei Hu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefeiChina
| | - Jun Liu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of TechnologyHefeiChina
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Fang ZC, Li JL, Yan CB, Zou YR, Tian L, Zhao B, Benton MJ, Cheng L, Lai XL. First filter feeding in the Early Triassic: cranial morphological convergence between Hupehsuchus and baleen whales. BMC Ecol Evol 2023; 23:36. [PMID: 37550649 PMCID: PMC10408079 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-023-02143-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern baleen whales are unique as large-sized filter feeders, but their roles were replicated much earlier by diverse marine reptiles of the Mesozoic. Here, we investigate convergence in skull morphology between modern baleen whales and one of the earliest marine reptiles, the basal ichthyosauromorph Hupehsuchus nanchangensis, from the Early Triassic, a time of rapid recovery of life following profound mass extinction. Two new specimens reveal the skull morphology especially in dorsal view. The snout of Hupehsuchus is highly convergent with modern baleen whales, as shown in a morphometric analysis including 130 modern aquatic amniotes. Convergences in the snout include the unfused upper jaw, specialized intermediate space in the divided premaxilla and grooves around the labial margin. Hupehsuchus had enlarged its buccal cavity to enable efficient filter feeding and probably used soft tissues like baleen to expel the water from the oral cavity. Coordinated with the rigid trunk and pachyostotic ribs suggests low speeds of aquatic locomotion, Hupehsuchus probably employed continuous ram filter feeding as in extant bowhead and right whales. The Early Triassic palaeoenvironment of a restrictive lagoon with low productivity drove Hupehsuchus to feed on zooplankton, which facilitated ecosystem recovery in the Nanzhang-Yuan'an Fauna at the beginning of the Mesozoic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Chen Fang
- School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Paleontology and Geological Environment Evolution, Wuhan Center of China Geological Survey, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Jiang-Li Li
- Hubei Institute of Geosciences, Hubei Geological Bureau, Wuhan, 430034, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Bo Yan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Paleontology and Geological Environment Evolution, Wuhan Center of China Geological Survey, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Rui Zou
- Hubei Institute of Geosciences, Hubei Geological Bureau, Wuhan, 430034, P. R. China
| | - Li Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, P. R. China
| | - Bi Zhao
- Hubei Institute of Geosciences, Hubei Geological Bureau, Wuhan, 430034, P. R. China
| | - Michael J Benton
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Long Cheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Paleontology and Geological Environment Evolution, Wuhan Center of China Geological Survey, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China.
| | - Xu-Long Lai
- School of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, P. R. China
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An injured pachypleurosaur (Diapsida: Sauropterygia) from the Middle Triassic Luoping Biota indicating predation pressure in the Mesozoic. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21818. [PMID: 34750442 PMCID: PMC8575933 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01309-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The Middle Triassic Luoping Biota in south-west China represents the inception of modern marine ecosystems, with abundant and diverse arthropods, fishes and marine reptiles, indicating recovery from the Permian-Triassic mass extinction. Here we report a new specimen of the predatory marine reptile Diandongosaurus, based on a nearly complete skeleton. The specimen is larger than most other known pachypleurosaurs, and the body shape, caniniform teeth, clavicle with anterior process, and flat distal end of the anterior caudal ribs show its affinities with Diandongosaurus acutidentatus, while the new specimen is approximately three times larger than the holotype. The morphological characters indicate that the new specimen is an adult of D. acutidentatus, allowing for ontogenetic variation. The fang-like teeth and large body size confirm it was a predator, but the amputated hind limb on the right side indicate itself had been predated by an unknown hunter. Predation on such a large predator reveals that predation pressure in the early Mesozoic was intensive, a possible early hint of the Mesozoic Marine Revolution.
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Pommery Y, Scheyer TM, Neenan JM, Reich T, Fernandez V, Voeten DFAE, Losko AS, Werneburg I. Dentition and feeding in Placodontia: tooth replacement in Henodus chelyops. BMC Ecol Evol 2021; 21:136. [PMID: 34225664 PMCID: PMC8256584 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-021-01835-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Placodontia is a Triassic sauropterygian reptile group characterized by flat and enlarged crushing teeth adapted to a durophagous diet. The enigmatic placodont Henodus chelyops has numerous autapomorphic character states, including extreme tooth count reduction to only a single pair of palatine and dentary crushing teeth. This renders the species unusual among placodonts and challenges identification of its phylogenetic position. RESULTS The skulls of two Henodus chelyops specimens were visualized with synchrotron tomography to investigate the complete anatomy of their functional and replacement crushing dentition in 3D. All teeth of both specimens were segmented, measured, and statistically compared to reveal that H. chelyops teeth are much smaller than the posterior palatine teeth of other cyamodontoid placodonts with the exception of Parahenodus atancensis from the Iberian Peninsula. The replacement teeth of this species are quite similar in size and morphology to the functional teeth. CONCLUSION As other placodonts, Henodus chelyops exhibits vertical tooth replacement. This suggests that vertical tooth replacement arose relatively early in placodont phylogeny. Analysis of dental morphology in H. chelyops revealed a concave shape of the occlusal surface and the notable absence of a central cusp. This dental morphology could have reduced dental wear and protected against failure. Hence, the concave teeth of H. chelyops appear to be adapted to process small invertebrate items, such as branchiopod crustaceans. Small gastropods were encountered in the matrix close to both studied skulls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Pommery
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment (HEP) an der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Sigwartstraße 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany.,Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.,Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Esplanade Erasme, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Torsten M Scheyer
- Universität Zürich, Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - James M Neenan
- Oxford University Museum of Natural History, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tobias Reich
- Universität Zürich, Paläontologisches Institut und Museum, Karl Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Fernandez
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France.,The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Dennis F A E Voeten
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France.,Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18 A, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.,Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Adrian S Losko
- Forschungs-Neutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Ingmar Werneburg
- Senckenberg Centre for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment (HEP) an der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Sigwartstraße 10, 72076, Tübingen, Germany. .,Fachbereich Geowissenschaften, Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
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de Miguel Chaves C, Ortega F, Pérez-García A. New highly pachyostotic nothosauroid interpreted as a filter-feeding Triassic marine reptile. Biol Lett 2019; 14:rsbl.2018.0130. [PMID: 30068541 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2018.0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Two well-preserved specimens of a new eosauropterygian from the Upper Triassic of Central Spain are attributed to a new taxon, Paludidraco multidentatus gen. et sp. nov. It is a member of Simosauridae that presents several exclusive characters suggesting a highly specialized trophic adaptation. This discovery increases the already high ecological disparity of the Triassic marine reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos de Miguel Chaves
- Grupo de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Paseo de la Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Ortega
- Grupo de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Paseo de la Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adán Pérez-García
- Grupo de Biología Evolutiva, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, Paseo de la Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Cheng L, Motani R, Jiang DY, Yan CB, Tintori A, Rieppel O. Early Triassic marine reptile representing the oldest record of unusually small eyes in reptiles indicating non-visual prey detection. Sci Rep 2019; 9:152. [PMID: 30679783 PMCID: PMC6345829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37754-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The end-Permian mass extinction (EPME) led to reorganization of marine predatory communities, through introduction of air-breathing top predators, such as marine reptiles. We report two new specimens of one such marine reptile, Eretmorhipis carrolldongi, from the Lower Triassic of Hubei, China, revealing superficial convergence with the modern duckbilled platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus), a monotreme mammal. Apparent similarities include exceptionally small eyes relative to the body, snout ending with crura with a large internasal space, housing a bone reminiscent of os paradoxum, a mysterious bone of platypus, and external grooves along the crura. The specimens also have a rigid body with triangular bony blades protruding from the back. The small eyes likely played reduced roles during foraging in this animal, as with extant amniotes (group containing mammals and reptiles) with similarly small eyes. Mechanoreceptors on the bill of the animal were probably used for prey detection instead. The specimens represent the oldest record of amniotes with extremely reduced visual capacity, utilizing non-visual cues for prey detection. The discovery reveals that the ecological diversity of marine predators was already high in the late Early Triassic, and challenges the traditional view that the ecological diversification of marine reptiles was delayed following the EPME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Cheng
- Wuhan Centre of China Geological Survey, Wuhan, Hubei, 430023, P. R. China.
| | - Ryosuke Motani
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Da-Yong Jiang
- Laboratory of Orogenic Belt and Crustal Evolution, MOE, Department of Geology and Geological Museum, Peking University, Yiheyuan Str. 5, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Bo Yan
- Wuhan Centre of China Geological Survey, Wuhan, Hubei, 430023, P. R. China
| | - Andrea Tintori
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli, 34-20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Olivier Rieppel
- Center of Integrative Research, The Field Museum, Chicago, IL, 60605-2496, USA
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How the Land Became the Locus of Major Evolutionary Innovations. Curr Biol 2017; 27:3178-3182.e1. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Extreme Modification of the Tetrapod Forelimb in a Triassic Diapsid Reptile. Curr Biol 2016; 26:2779-2786. [PMID: 27693141 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The tetrapod forelimb is one of the most versatile structures in vertebrate evolution, having been co-opted for an enormous array of functions. However, the structural relationships between the bones of the forelimb have remained largely unchanged throughout the 375 million year history of Tetrapoda, with a radius and ulna made up of elongate, paralleling shafts contacting a series of shorter carpal bones. These features are consistent across nearly all known tetrapods, suggesting that the morphospace encompassed by these taxa is limited by some sort of constraint(s). Here, we report on a series of three-dimensionally preserved fossils of the small-bodied (<1 m) Late Triassic diapsid reptile Drepanosaurus, from the Chinle Formation of New Mexico, USA, which dramatically diverge from this pattern. Along with the crushed type specimen from Italy, these specimens have a flattened, crescent-shaped ulna with a long axis perpendicular to that of the radius and hyperelongate, shaft-like carpal bones contacting the ulna that are proximodistally longer than the radius. The second digit supports a massive, hooked claw. This condition has similarities to living "hook-and-pull" digging mammals and demonstrates that specialized, modern ecological roles had developed during the Triassic Period, over 200 million years ago. The forelimb bones in Drepanosaurus represent previously unknown morphologies for a tetrapod and, thus, a dramatic expansion of known tetrapod forelimb morphospace.
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