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Miller F, Chen R, Fröch J, Fang Z, Tara V, Geiger S, Majumdar A. Rewritable Photonic Integrated Circuit Canvas Based on Low-Loss Phase Change Material and Nanosecond Pulsed Lasers. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:6844-6849. [PMID: 38804726 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Programmable photonic integrated circuits (PICs) are an increasingly important platform in optical science and engineering. However, current programmable PICs are mostly formed through subtractive fabrication techniques, which limits the reconfigurability of the device and makes prototyping costly and time-consuming. A rewritable PIC architecture can circumvent these drawbacks, where PICs are repeatedly written and erased on a single PIC canvas. We demonstrate such a rewritable PIC platform by selective laser writing a layer of wide-band-gap phase change material (PCM) Sb2S3 with a low-cost benchtop setup. We show arbitrary patterning with resolution up to 300 nm and write dielectric assisted waveguides with a low optical loss of 0.0172 dB/μm. We envision that using this inexpensive benchtop platform thousands of PIC designs can be written, tested, and erased on the same chip without the need for lithography/etching tools or a nanofabrication facility, thus reducing manufacturing cost and increasing accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest Miller
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, 185 E. Stevens Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Draper Scholar, The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, 555 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, 185 E. Stevens Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Johannes Fröch
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, 185 E. Stevens Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, 3910 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Zhuoran Fang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, 185 E. Stevens Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Virat Tara
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, 185 E. Stevens Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Sarah Geiger
- The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, 555 Technology Square, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Arka Majumdar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Washington, 185 E. Stevens Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, 3910 15th Ave. NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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Miller F, Chen R, Fröch JE, Rarick H, Geiger S, Majumdar A. Rewritable photonic integrated circuits using dielectric-assisted phase-change material waveguides. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:2385-2388. [PMID: 37126279 DOI: 10.1364/ol.486403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photonic integrated circuits (PICs) can drastically expand the capabilities of quantum and classical optical information science and engineering. PICs are commonly fabricated using selective material etching, a subtractive process. Thus, the chip's functionality cannot be substantially altered once fabricated. Here, we propose to exploit wide-bandgap non-volatile phase-change materials (PCMs) to create rewritable PICs. A PCM-based PIC can be written using a nanosecond pulsed laser without removing any material, akin to rewritable compact disks. The whole circuit can then be erased by heating, and a new circuit can be rewritten. We designed a dielectric-assisted PCM waveguide consisting of a thick dielectric layer on top of a thin layer of wide-bandgap PCMs Sb2S3 and Sb2Se3. The low-loss PCMs and our designed waveguides lead to negligible optical loss. Furthermore, we analyzed the spatiotemporal laser pulse shape to write the PICs. Our proposed platform will enable low-cost manufacturing and have a far-reaching impact on the rapid prototyping of PICs, validation of new designs, and photonic education.
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Meng Y, Chen Y, Lu L, Ding Y, Cusano A, Fan JA, Hu Q, Wang K, Xie Z, Liu Z, Yang Y, Liu Q, Gong M, Xiao Q, Sun S, Zhang M, Yuan X, Ni X. Optical meta-waveguides for integrated photonics and beyond. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2021; 10:235. [PMID: 34811345 PMCID: PMC8608813 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-021-00655-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The growing maturity of nanofabrication has ushered massive sophisticated optical structures available on a photonic chip. The integration of subwavelength-structured metasurfaces and metamaterials on the canonical building block of optical waveguides is gradually reshaping the landscape of photonic integrated circuits, giving rise to numerous meta-waveguides with unprecedented strength in controlling guided electromagnetic waves. Here, we review recent advances in meta-structured waveguides that synergize various functional subwavelength photonic architectures with diverse waveguide platforms, such as dielectric or plasmonic waveguides and optical fibers. Foundational results and representative applications are comprehensively summarized. Brief physical models with explicit design tutorials, either physical intuition-based design methods or computer algorithms-based inverse designs, are cataloged as well. We highlight how meta-optics can infuse new degrees of freedom to waveguide-based devices and systems, by enhancing light-matter interaction strength to drastically boost device performance, or offering a versatile designer media for manipulating light in nanoscale to enable novel functionalities. We further discuss current challenges and outline emerging opportunities of this vibrant field for various applications in photonic integrated circuits, biomedical sensing, artificial intelligence and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yizhen Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing and School of Information, Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Longhui Lu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yimin Ding
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Andrea Cusano
- Optoelectronic Division, Department of Engineering, University of Sannio, I-82100, Benevento, Italy
| | - Jonathan A Fan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Qiaomu Hu
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Kaiyuan Wang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zhenwei Xie
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Zhoutian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanmu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Mali Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Qirong Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology, Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
| | - Shulin Sun
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Ultra-Precision Optical Manufacturing and School of Information, Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Chengbei Road, Yiwu City, 322000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Minming Zhang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, Hubei, China.
| | - Xiaocong Yuan
- Nanophotonics Research Centre, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xingjie Ni
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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Xiong L, Li Y, Halbertal D, Sammon M, Sun Z, Liu S, Edgar JH, Low T, Fogler MM, Dean CR, Millis AJ, Basov DN. Polaritonic Vortices with a Half-Integer Charge. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:9256-9261. [PMID: 34709832 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Topological spin textures are field arrangements that cannot be continuously deformed to a fully polarized state. In particular, merons are topological textures characterized by half-integer topological charge ±1/2 and vortex-like swirling patterns at large distances. Merons have been studied previously in the context of cosmology, fluid dynamics, condensed matter physics and plasmonics. Here, we visualized optical spin angular momentum of phonon polaritons that resembles nanoscale meron spin textures. Phonon polaritons, hybrids of infrared photons and phonons in hexagonal boron nitride, were excited by circularly polarized light incident on a ring-shaped antenna and imaged using infrared near-field techniques. The polariton field reveals a half-integer topological charge determined by the handedness of the incident beam. Our phonon polaritonic platform opens up new pathways to create, control, and visualize topological textures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiong
- Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Yutao Li
- Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dorri Halbertal
- Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael Sammon
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Sun
- Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Song Liu
- Kansas State University, Manhattan, New York 66506, United States
| | - James H Edgar
- Kansas State University, Manhattan, New York 66506, United States
| | - Tony Low
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Michael M Fogler
- University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Cory R Dean
- Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Andrew J Millis
- Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
- Center for Computational Quantum Physics, The Flatiron Institute, New York, New York 10010, United States
| | - D N Basov
- Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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Towards New Chiroptical Transitions Based on Thought Experiments and Hypothesis. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13061103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied supramolecular chirality induced by circularly polarized light. Photoresponsive azopolymers form a helical intermolecular network. Furthermore, studies on photochemical materials using optical vortex light will also attract attention in the future. In contrast to circularly polarized light carrying spin angular momentum, an optical vortex with a spiral wave front and carrying orbital angular momentum may impart torque upon irradiated materials. In this review, we summarize a few examples, and then theoretically and computationally deduce the differences in spin angular momentum and orbital angular momentum depending on molecular orientation not on, but in, polymer films. UV-vis absorption and circular dichroism (CD) spectra are consequences of electric dipole transition and magnetic dipole transition, respectively. However, the basic effect of vortex light is postulated to originate from quadrupole transition. Therefore, we explored the simulated CD spectra of azo dyes with the aid of conventional density functional theory (DFT) calculations and preliminary theoretical discussions of the transition of CD. Either linearly or circularly polarized UV light causes the trans–cis photoisomerization of azo dyes, leading to anisotropic and/or helically organized methyl orange, respectively, which may be detectable by CD spectroscopy after some technical treatments. Our preliminary theoretical results may be useful for future experiments on the irradiation of UV light under vortex.
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Lamperska W, Masajada J, Drobczyński S, Wasylczyk P. Optical vortex torque measured with optically trapped microbarbells. APPLIED OPTICS 2020; 59:4703-4707. [PMID: 32543580 DOI: 10.1364/ao.385167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Optical vortex beams carry orbital angular momentum and thus exert torque on illuminated objects. A dielectric microtool-a microbarbell-is used in two-laser optical tweezers to measure the torque of a focused optical vortex. The tool was either freely rotating due to the applied torque or set into oscillations by the counteracting force. Four different trapping configurations provided different ways of sensing the torque and gave consistent results. The value of torque was determined by confronting the experimental results with numerical and analytical models.
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Kaviani H, Ghobadi R, Behera B, Wu M, Hryciw A, Vo S, Fattal D, Barclay P. Optomechanical detection of light with orbital angular momentum. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:15482-15496. [PMID: 32403575 DOI: 10.1364/oe.389170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present the design of an optomechanical device that allows sensitive transduction of the orbital angular momentum of light. An optically induced twist imparted on the device is detected using a photonic crystal cavity optomechanical system. This device allows the measurement of the orbital angular momentum of light when photons are absorbed by the mechanical element or the detection of the presence of photons when they are scattered into new orbital angular momentum states by a sub-wavelength grating patterned on the device. Such a system allows the detection of optical pulses with an l = 1 orbital angular momentum field that have an average photon number of 3.9 × 103 at a 5 MHz repetition rate, assuming that detector noise is not limiting measurement sensitivity. This scheme can be extended to higher order orbital angular momentum states.
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Ahn J, Xu Z, Bang J, Ju P, Gao X, Li T. Ultrasensitive torque detection with an optically levitated nanorotor. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 15:89-93. [PMID: 31932762 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-019-0605-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Torque sensors such as the torsion balance enabled the first determination of the gravitational constant by Henri Cavendish1 and the discovery of Coulomb's law. Torque sensors are also widely used in studying small-scale magnetism2,3, the Casimir effect4 and other applications5. Great effort has been made to improve the torque detection sensitivity by nanofabrication and cryogenic cooling. Until now, the most sensitive torque sensor has achieved a remarkable sensitivity of 2.9 × 10-24 N m Hz-1/2 at millikelvin temperatures in a dilution refrigerator6. Here, we show a torque sensor reaching sensitivity of (4.2 ± 1.2) × 10-27 N m Hz-1/2 at room temperature. It is created by an optically levitated nanoparticle in vacuum. Our system does not require complex nanofabrication. Moreover, we drive a nanoparticle to rotate at a record high speed beyond 5 GHz (300 billion r.p.m.). Our calculations show that this system will be able to detect the long sought after vacuum friction7-10 near a surface under realistic conditions. The optically levitated nanorotor will also have applications in studying nanoscale magnetism2,3 and the quantum geometric phase11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghoon Ahn
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zhujing Xu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jaehoon Bang
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Peng Ju
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Xingyu Gao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tongcang Li
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Purdue Quantum Science and Engineering Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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Li W, Liu J, Gao Y, Zhou K, Liu S. Dynamics of angular momentum-torque conversion in silicon waveguides. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:10208-10220. [PMID: 31045165 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.010208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We present a refined theoretical analysis on the relationship between the optical total angular momenta (TAM) and the optical torque (OT) in a birefringent silicon waveguide. By using the vector angular spectrum method, we demonstrate the dynamic evolutions of the OT, TAM, spin angular momentum (SAM), and orbital angular momentum (OAM). The SAM and OAM coexist and evolve simultaneously in the propagation. The ratio between the OAM and TAM is related to the incident wavelength and the size of waveguide. Moreover, we design a three-layer waveguide structure to convert the light chirality and generate high torque. The performance of such torque-generator is analyzed numerically in detail.
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Fenton EF, Khan A, Solano P, Orozco LA, Fatemi FK. Spin-optomechanical coupling between light and a nanofiber torsional mode. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:1534-1537. [PMID: 29601023 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.001534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Light that carries linear or angular momentum can interact with a mechanical object, giving rise to optomechanical effects. In particular, a photon can transfer its intrinsic angular momentum to an object when the object either absorbs the photon or changes the photon polarization, as in an action/reaction force pair. Here, we demonstrate resonant driving of torsional mechanical modes of a single-mode tapered optical nanofiber using spin angular momentum. The nanofiber torsional mode spectrum is characterized by polarimetry, showing narrow natural resonances (Q≈2,000). By sending amplitude-modulated light through the nanofiber, we resonantly drive individual torsional modes as a function of the light polarization. By varying the input polarization to the fiber, we find the largest amplification of a mechanical oscillation (>35 dB) is observed when driving the system with light containing longitudinal spin on the nanofiber waist. These results present optical nanofibers as a platform suitable for quantum spin-optomechanics experiments.
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Errando-Herranz C, Das S, Gylfason KB. Suspended polarization beam splitter on silicon-on-insulator. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:2675-2681. [PMID: 29401805 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.002675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Polarization handling in suspended silicon photonics has the potential to enable new applications in fields such as optomechanics, photonic microelectromechanical systems, and mid-infrared photonics. In this work, we experimentally demonstrate a suspended polarization beam splitter on a silicon-on-insulator waveguide platform, based on an asymmetric directional coupler. Our device presents polarization extinction ratios above 10 and 15 dB, and insertion losses below 5 and 1 dB, for TM and TE polarized input, respectively, across a 40 nm wavelength range at 1550 nm, with a device length below 8 µm. These results make our suspended polarization beam splitter a promising building block for future systems based on polarization diversity suspended photonics.
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