Satellite tidal magnetic signals constrain oceanic lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary

Tidal transports from satellite observations of earth's magnetic field

The tides are a major driver of global oceanic mixing. While global tidal elevations are very well observed by satellite altimetry, the global tidal transports are much less well known. For twenty years, magnetic signals induced by the ocean tides have been detectable in satellite magnetometer observations, such as Swarm or CHAMP. Here, we demonstrate how satellite magnetometer observations can be used to directly derive global ocean tidal transports. As an advantage over other tidal transport estimates, our tidal estimates base on very few and very loose constraints from numerical forward models.

In Search of Subsurface Oceans Within the Uranian Moons

The Galileo mission to Jupiter discovered magnetic signatures associated with hidden subsurface oceans at the moons Europa and Callisto using the phenomenon of magnetic induction. These induced magnetic fields originate from electrically conductive layers within the moons and are driven by Jupiter's strong time-varying magnetic field. The ice giants and their moons are also ideal laboratories for magnetic induction studies. Both Uranus and Neptune have a strongly tilted magnetic axis with respect to their spin axis, creating a dynamic and strongly variable magnetic field environment at the orbits of their major moons. Although Voyager 2 visited the ice giants in the 1980s, it did not pass close enough to any of the moons to detect magnetic induction signatures. However, Voyager 2 revealed that some of these moons exhibit surface features that hint at recent geologically activity, possibly associated with subsurface oceans. Future missions to the ice giants may therefore be capable of discovering subsurface oceans, thereby adding to the family of known "ocean worlds" in our Solar System. Here, we assess magnetic induction as a technique for investigating subsurface oceans within the major moons of Uranus. Furthermore, we establish the ability to distinguish induction responses created by different interior characteristics that tie into the induction response: ocean thickness, conductivity and depth, and ionospheric conductance. The results reported here demonstrate the possibility of single-pass ocean detection and constrained characterization within the moons of Miranda, Ariel, and Umbriel, and provide guidance for magnetometer selection and trajectory design for future missions to Uranus.

Co-Seismic Magnetic Field Perturbations Detected by Swarm Three-Satellite Constellation

The first 5.3 years of magnetic data from three Swarm satellites have been systematically analyzed, and possible co-seismic magnetic disturbances in the ionosphere were investigated just a few minutes after the occurrence of large earthquakes. We preferred to limit the investigation to a subset of earthquakes selected in function of depth and magnitude. After a systematic inspection of the available data around (in time and space) the seismic events, we found 12 Swarm satellite tracks with co-seismic disturbances possibly produced by ten earthquakes from Mw5.6 to Mw6.9. The distance of the satellite to the earthquake epicenter corresponds to the measured distance-time arrival of the disturbance from the surface to the ionosphere, confirming that the identified disturbances are most likely produced by the seismic events. Secondly, we found a good agreement with a model that combined a propagation of the disturbance to the F2 ionospheric layer with an acoustic gravity wave at a velocity of about (2.2 ± 0.3) km/s and a second faster phenomenon that transmits the disturbance from F2 layer to the Swarm satellite with a velocity of about (16 ± 3) km/s as an electromagnetic scattering propagation.

On the modelling of M2 tidal magnetic signatures: effects of physical approximations and numerical resolution

The magnetic signatures of ocean M 2 tides have been successfully detected by the low-orbit satellite missions CHAMP and Swarm. They have been also used to constrain the electrical conductivity in the uppermost regions of the Earth's mantle. Here, we concentrate on the problem of accurate numerical modelling of tidally induced magnetic field, using two different three-dimensional approaches: the contraction integral equation method and the spherical harmonic-finite element method. In particular, we discuss the effects of numerical resolution, self-induction, the galvanic and inductive coupling between the oceans and the underlying mantle. We also study the applicability of a simplified two-dimensional approximation, where the ocean is approximated by a single layer with vertically averaged conductivity and tidal forcing. We demonstrate that the two-dimensional approach is sufficient to predict the large-scale tidal signals observable on the satellite altitude. However, for accurate predictions of M 2 tidal signals in the areas with significant variations of bathymetry, and close to the coastlines, full three-dimensional calculations are required. The ocean-mantle electromagnetic coupling has to be treated in the full complexity, including the toroidal magnetic field generated by the vertical currents flowing from and into the mantle.

Electrical conductivity of the global ocean

The electrical conductivity of the ocean is a fundamental parameter in the electrodynamics of the Earth System. This parameter is involved in a number of applications ranging from the calibration of in situ ocean flow meters, through extensions of traditional induction studies, and into quite new opportunities involving the remote sensing of ocean flow and properties from space-borne magnetometers such as carried aboard the three satellites of the Swarm mission launched in 2013. Here, the first ocean conductivity data set calculated directly from observed temperature and salinity measurements is provided. These data describe the globally gridded, three-dimensional mean conductivity as well as seasonal variations, and the statistics of spatial and seasonal variations are shown. This "climatology" data set of ocean conductivity is offered as a standard reference similar to the ocean temperature and salinity climatologies that have long been available.

Joint inversion of satellite-detected tidal and magnetospheric signals constrains electrical conductivity and water content of the upper mantle and transition zone

We present a new global electrical conductivity model of Earth's mantle. The model was derived by using a novel methodology, which is based on inverting satellite magnetic field measurements from different sources simultaneously. Specifically, we estimated responses of magnetospheric origin and ocean tidal magnetic signals from the most recent Swarm and CHAMP data. The challenging task of properly accounting for the ocean effect in the data was addressed through full three-dimensional solution of Maxwell's equations. We show that simultaneous inversion of magnetospheric and tidal magnetic signals results in a model with much improved resolution. Comparison with laboratory-based conductivity profiles shows that obtained models are compatible with a pyrolytic composition and a water content of 0.01 wt% and 0.1 wt% in the upper mantle and transition zone, respectively.