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Zhou YZ, Zhang MC, Su WB, Wu CW, Xie Y, Chen T, Wu W, Chen PX, Zhang J. Tracking the extensive three-dimensional motion of single ions by an engineered point-spread function. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6483. [PMID: 39090100 PMCID: PMC11294470 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49701-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) imaging of individual atoms is a critical tool for discovering new physical phenomena and developing new technologies in microscopic systems. However, the current single-atom-resolved 3D imaging methods are limited to static circumstances or a shallow detection range. Here, we demonstrate a generic dynamic 3D imaging method to track the extensive motion of single ions by exploiting the engineered point-spread function (PSF). We show that the image of a single ion can be engineered into a helical PSF, thus enabling single-snapshot acquisition of the position information of the ion in the trap. A preliminary application of this technique is demonstrated by recording the 3D motion trajectory of a single trapped ion and reconstructing the 3D dynamical configuration transition between the zig and zag structures of a 5-ion crystal. This work opens the path for studies on single-atom-resolved dynamics in both trapped-ion and neutral-atom systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Zhuang Zhou
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
| | - Man-Chao Zhang
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
- Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi'an, 710024, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Mechanism and Technology of Quantum Information, Changsha, 410073, China
| | - Wen-Bo Su
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Mechanism and Technology of Quantum Information, Changsha, 410073, China
| | - Chun-Wang Wu
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Mechanism and Technology of Quantum Information, Changsha, 410073, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Mechanism and Technology of Quantum Information, Changsha, 410073, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Mechanism and Technology of Quantum Information, Changsha, 410073, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Mechanism and Technology of Quantum Information, Changsha, 410073, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Ping-Xing Chen
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Mechanism and Technology of Quantum Information, Changsha, 410073, China.
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei, 230088, China.
| | - Jie Zhang
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, 410073, China.
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Mechanism and Technology of Quantum Information, Changsha, 410073, China.
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2
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Wyle Y, Lu N, Hepfer J, Sayal R, Martinez T, Wang A. The Role of Biophysical Factors in Organ Development: Insights from Current Organoid Models. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:619. [PMID: 38927855 PMCID: PMC11200479 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11060619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Biophysical factors play a fundamental role in human embryonic development. Traditional in vitro models of organogenesis focused on the biochemical environment and did not consider the effects of mechanical forces on developing tissue. While most human tissue has a Young's modulus in the low kilopascal range, the standard cell culture substrate, plasma-treated polystyrene, has a Young's modulus of 3 gigapascals, making it 10,000-100,000 times stiffer than native tissues. Modern in vitro approaches attempt to recapitulate the biophysical niche of native organs and have yielded more clinically relevant models of human tissues. Since Clevers' conception of intestinal organoids in 2009, the field has expanded rapidly, generating stem-cell derived structures, which are transcriptionally similar to fetal tissues, for nearly every organ system in the human body. For this reason, we conjecture that organoids will make their first clinical impact in fetal regenerative medicine as the structures generated ex vivo will better match native fetal tissues. Moreover, autologously sourced transplanted tissues would be able to grow with the developing embryo in a dynamic, fetal environment. As organoid technologies evolve, the resultant tissues will approach the structure and function of adult human organs and may help bridge the gap between preclinical drug candidates and clinically approved therapeutics. In this review, we discuss roles of tissue stiffness, viscoelasticity, and shear forces in organ formation and disease development, suggesting that these physical parameters should be further integrated into organoid models to improve their physiological relevance and therapeutic applicability. It also points to the mechanotransductive Hippo-YAP/TAZ signaling pathway as a key player in the interplay between extracellular matrix stiffness, cellular mechanics, and biochemical pathways. We conclude by highlighting how frontiers in physics can be applied to biology, for example, how quantum entanglement may be applied to better predict spontaneous DNA mutations. In the future, contemporary physical theories may be leveraged to better understand seemingly stochastic events during organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yofiel Wyle
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (Y.W.); (N.L.); (J.H.); (R.S.); (T.M.)
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Children’s, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Nathan Lu
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (Y.W.); (N.L.); (J.H.); (R.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Jason Hepfer
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (Y.W.); (N.L.); (J.H.); (R.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Rahul Sayal
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (Y.W.); (N.L.); (J.H.); (R.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Taylor Martinez
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (Y.W.); (N.L.); (J.H.); (R.S.); (T.M.)
| | - Aijun Wang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; (Y.W.); (N.L.); (J.H.); (R.S.); (T.M.)
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Children’s, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Center for Surgical Bioengineering, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, 4625 2nd Ave., Research II, Suite 3005, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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3
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Priel N, Fieguth A, Blakemore CP, Hough E, Kawasaki A, Martin D, Venugopalan G, Gratta G. Dipole moment background measurement and suppression for levitated charge sensors. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo2361. [PMID: 36240282 PMCID: PMC9565793 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo2361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Optically levitated macroscopic objects are a powerful tool in the field of force sensing, owing to high sensitivity, absolute force calibration, environmental isolation, and the advanced degree of control over their dynamics that have been achieved. However, limitations arise from the spurious forces caused by electrical polarization effects that, even for nominally neutral objects, affect the force sensing because of the interaction of dipole moments with gradients of external electric fields. Here, we introduce a technique to measure, model, and eliminate dipole moment interactions, limiting the performance of sensors using levitated objects. This process leads to a noise-limited measurement with a sensitivity of 3.3 × 10-5 e. As a demonstration, this is applied to the search for unknown charges of a magnitude much below that of an electron or for exceedingly small unbalances between electron and proton charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Priel
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | | | - Emmett Hough
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Akio Kawasaki
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- W.W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Denzal Martin
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Giorgio Gratta
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- W.W. Hansen Experimental Physics Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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4
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Qian ZH, Cui JM, Luo XW, Zheng YX, Huang YF, Ai MZ, He R, Li CF, Guo GC. Super-resolved Imaging of a Single Cold Atom on a Nanosecond Timescale. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 127:263603. [PMID: 35029497 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.127.263603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In cold atomic systems, fast and high-resolution microscopy of individual atoms is crucial, since it can provide direct information on the dynamics and correlations of the system. Here, we demonstrate nanosecond-scale two-dimensional stroboscopic pictures of a single trapped ion beyond the optical diffraction limit, by combining the main idea of ground-state depletion microscopy with quantum-state transition control in cold atoms. We achieve a spatial resolution up to 175 nm using a NA=0.1 objective in the experiment, which represents a more than tenfold improvement compared with direct fluorescence imaging. To show the potential of this method, we apply it to observe the secular motion of the trapped ion; we demonstrate a temporal resolution up to 50 ns with a displacement detection sensitivity of 10 nm. Our method provides a powerful tool for probing particle positions, momenta, and correlations, as well as their dynamics in cold atomic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Hua Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Jin-Ming Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Xi-Wang Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yun-Feng Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Ming-Zhong Ai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Ran He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chuan-Feng Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Guang-Can Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
- CAS Center For Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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5
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Cong L, Yuan Z, Bai Z, Wang X, Zhao W, Gao X, Hu X, Liu P, Guo W, Li Q, Fan S, Jiang K. On-chip torsion balances with femtonewton force resolution at room temperature enabled by carbon nanotube and graphene. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/12/eabd2358. [PMID: 33731344 PMCID: PMC7968832 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd2358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The torsion balance, consisting of a rigid balance beam suspended by a fine thread, is an ancient scientific instrument, yet it is still a very sensitive force sensor to date. As the force sensitivity is proportional to the lengths of the beam and thread, but inversely proportional to the fourth power of the diameter of the thread, nanomaterials should be ideal building blocks for torsion balances. Here, we report a torsional balance array on a chip with the highest sensitivity level enabled by using a carbon nanotube as the thread and a monolayer graphene coated with Al nanofilms as the beam and mirror. It is demonstrated that the femtonewton force exerted by a weak laser can be easily measured. The balances on the chip should serve as an ideal platform for investigating fundamental interactions up to zeptonewton in accuracy in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cong
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zi Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zaiqiao Bai
- Department of Physics, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Xinhe Wang
- Fert Beijing Research Institute, School of Microelectronics and Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Big Data and Brain Computing (BDBC), Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- No. 58 Research Institute of China Electronics Technology Research Group Corporation, Wuxi 214035, China
| | - Xinyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaopeng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wanlin Guo
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical Structures, and Institute of Nanoscience, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China.
| | - Qunqing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shoushan Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kaili Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- Frontier Science Center for Quantum Information, Beijing 100084, China
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6
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Blūms V, Scarabel J, Shimizu K, Ghadimi M, Connell SC, Händel S, Norton BG, Bridge EM, Kielpinski D, Lobino M, Streed EW. Laser stabilization to neutral Yb in a discharge with polarization-enhanced frequency modulation spectroscopy. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2020; 91:123002. [PMID: 33379967 DOI: 10.1063/5.0019252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Isotope selective optical excitation of atoms is important for experiments with neutral atoms, metrology, and work with trapped ions, including quantum information processing. Polarization-enhanced absorption spectroscopy is used to frequency stabilize a tunable external cavity laser diode system at 398.9 nm for isotope selective photoionization of neutral Yb atoms. This spectroscopy technique is used to measure isotope resolved dispersive features from transitions within a see-through configuration ytterbium hollow-cathode discharge lamp. This Doppler-free dichroic polarization spectroscopy is realized by retro-reflecting a laser beam through the discharge and analyzing the polarization dependent absorption with balanced detection. The spectroscopy signal is recovered using lock-in detection of frequency modulation induced by current modulation of the external cavity laser diode. Here, we show an order of magnitude improvement in the long-term stability using polarization-enhanced absorption spectroscopy of Yb compared to polarization spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdis Blūms
- Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Jordan Scarabel
- Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Kenji Shimizu
- Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Moji Ghadimi
- Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Steven C Connell
- Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Sylvi Händel
- Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Benjamin G Norton
- Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M Bridge
- Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - David Kielpinski
- Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Mirko Lobino
- Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Erik W Streed
- Centre for Quantum Dynamics, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
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7
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Affolter M, Gilmore KA, Jordan JE, Bollinger JJ. Phase-coherent sensing of the center-of-mass motion of trapped-ion crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A 2020; 102:10.1103/PhysRevA.102.052609. [PMID: 35005329 PMCID: PMC8740538 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.102.052609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Trapped ions are sensitive detectors of weak forces and electric fields that excite ion motion. Here measurements of the center-of-mass motion of a trapped-ion crystal that are phase coherent with an applied weak external force are reported. These experiments are conducted far from the trap motional frequency on a two-dimensional trapped-ion crystal of approximately 100 ions, and determine the fundamental measurement imprecision of our protocol free from noise associated with the center-of-mass mode. The driven sinusoidal displacement of the crystal is detected by coupling the ion crystal motion to the internal spin degree of freedom of the ions using an oscillating spin-dependent optical dipole force. The resulting induced spin precession is proportional to the displacement amplitude of the crystal, and is measured with near-projection-noise-limited resolution. A 49 pm displacement is detected with a signal-to-noise ratio of 1 in a single experimental determination, which is an order-of-magnitude improvement over prior phase-incoherent experiments. This displacement amplitude is 40 times smaller than the zero-point fluctuations. With our repetition rate, an8.4 pm / Hz displacement sensitivity is achieved, which implies12 ( yN/ion ) / Hz and77 ( μ V/m ) / Hz sensitivities to forces and electric fields, respectively. This displacement sensitivity, when applied on-resonance with the center-of-mass mode, indicates the possibility of weak force and electric field detection below 10-3 yN/ion and 1 nV/m, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Affolter
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
| | - K. A. Gilmore
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - J. E. Jordan
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - J. J. Bollinger
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, Colorado 80305, USA
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8
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Zhao X, Zhang Z, Liao Q, Xun X, Gao F, Xu L, Kang Z, Zhang Y. Self-powered user-interactive electronic skin for programmable touch operation platform. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaba4294. [PMID: 32832600 PMCID: PMC7439496 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba4294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
User-interactive electronic skin is capable of spatially mapping touch via electric readout and providing visual output as a human-readable response. However, the high power consumption, complex structure, and high cost of user-interactive electronic skin are notable obstacles for practical application. Here, we report a self-powered, user-interactive electronic skin (SUE-skin), which is simple in structure and low in cost, based on a proposed triboelectric-optical model. The SUE-skin achieves the conversion of touch stimuli into electrical signal and instantaneous visible light at trigger pressure threshold as low as 20 kPa, without external power supply. By integrating the SUE-skin with a microcontroller, a programmable touch operation platform was built that can recognize more than 156 interaction logics for easy control of consumer electronics. This cost-effective technology has potential relevance to gesture control, augmented reality, and intelligent prosthesis applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Qingliang Liao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaochen Xun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fangfang Gao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liangxu Xu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhuo Kang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Materials and Technologies, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
- State Key Laboratory for Advanced Metals and Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
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9
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Wei L, Zayats AV, Rodríguez-Fortuño FJ. Interferometric Evanescent Wave Excitation of a Nanoantenna for Ultrasensitive Displacement and Phase Metrology. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:193901. [PMID: 30468596 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.193901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We propose a method for ultrasensitive displacement and phase measurements based on a nanoantenna illuminated with interfering evanescent waves. We show that with a proper nanoantenna design, tiny displacements and relative phase variations can be converted into changes of the scattering direction in the Fourier space. These sensitive changes stem from the strong position dependence of the orientation of the purely imaginary Poynting vector produced in the interference pattern of evanescent waves. Using strongly confined evanescent standing waves, high sensitivity is demonstrated on the nanoantenna's zero-scattering direction, which varies linearly with displacement over a wide range. With weakly confined evanescent wave interference, even higher sensitivity to tiny displacement or phase changes can be reached near a particular location. The high sensitivity of the proposed method can form the basis for many metrology applications. Furthermore, this concept demonstrates the importance of the imaginary part of the Poynting vector, a property that is related to reactive power and is often ignored in photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wei
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Anatoly V Zayats
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
| | - Francisco J Rodríguez-Fortuño
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
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