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Zhang Z, Han WQ. From Liquid to Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries: Fundamental Issues and Recent Developments. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 16:24. [PMID: 37985522 PMCID: PMC10661211 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01234-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The widespread adoption of lithium-ion batteries has been driven by the proliferation of portable electronic devices and electric vehicles, which have increasingly stringent energy density requirements. Lithium metal batteries (LMBs), with their ultralow reduction potential and high theoretical capacity, are widely regarded as the most promising technical pathway for achieving high energy density batteries. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of fundamental issues related to high reactivity and migrated interfaces in LMBs. Furthermore, we propose improved strategies involving interface engineering, 3D current collector design, electrolyte optimization, separator modification, application of alloyed anodes, and external field regulation to address these challenges. The utilization of solid-state electrolytes can significantly enhance the safety of LMBs and represents the only viable approach for advancing them. This review also encompasses the variation in fundamental issues and design strategies for the transition from liquid to solid electrolytes. Particularly noteworthy is that the introduction of SSEs will exacerbate differences in electrochemical and mechanical properties at the interface, leading to increased interface inhomogeneity-a critical factor contributing to failure in all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. Based on recent research works, this perspective highlights the current status of research on developing high-performance LMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Qiang Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Dixit MB, Vishugopi BS, Zaman W, Kenesei P, Park JS, Almer J, Mukherjee PP, Hatzell KB. Polymorphism of garnet solid electrolytes and its implications for grain-level chemo-mechanics. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:1298-1305. [PMID: 36050382 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01333-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Understanding and mitigating filament formation, short-circuit and solid electrolyte fracture is necessary for advanced all-solid-state batteries. Here, we employ a coupled far-field high-energy diffraction microscopy and tomography approach for assessing the chemo-mechanical behaviour for dense, polycrystalline garnet (Li7La3Zr2O12) solid electrolytes with grain-level resolution. In situ monitoring of grain-level stress responses reveals that the failure mechanism is stochastic and affected by local microstructural heterogeneity. Coupling high-energy X-ray diffraction and far-field high-energy diffraction microscopy measurements reveals the presence of phase heterogeneity that can alter local chemo-mechanics within the bulk solid electrolyte. These local regions are proposed to be regions with the presence of a cubic polymorph of LLZO, potentially arising from local dopant concentration variation. The coupled tomography and FF-HEDM experiments are combined with transport and mechanics modelling to illustrate the degradation of polycrystalline garnet solid electrolytes. The results showcase the pathways for processing high-performing solid-state batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marm B Dixit
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Electrification and Energy Infrastructures Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
| | - Bairav S Vishugopi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Wahid Zaman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Peter Kenesei
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Jun-Sang Park
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Jonathan Almer
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Partha P Mukherjee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kelsey B Hatzell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
- Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
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Sha M, Zhao H, Lei Y. Updated Insights into 3D Architecture Electrodes for Micropower Sources. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2103304. [PMID: 34561923 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Microbatteries (MBs) and microsupercapacitors (MSCs) are primary on-chip micropower sources that drive autonomous and stand-alone microelectronic devices for implementation of the Internet of Things (IoT). However, the performance of conventional MBs and MSCs is restricted by their 2D thin-film electrode design, and these devices struggle to satisfy the increasing IoT energy demands for high energy density, high power density, and long lifespan. The energy densities of MBs and MSCs can be improved significantly through adoption of a 2D thick-film electrode design; however, their power densities and lifespans deteriorate with increased electrode thickness. In contrast, 3D architecture electrodes offer remarkable opportunities to simultaneously improve MB and MSC energy density, power density, and lifespan. To date, various 3D architecture electrodes have been designed, fabricated, and investigated for MBs and MSCs. This review provides an update on the principal superiorities of 3D architecture electrodes over 2D thick-film electrodes in the context of improved MB and MSC energy density, power density, and lifespan. In addition, the most recent and representative progress in 3D architecture electrode development for MBs and MSCs is highlighted. Finally, present challenges are discussed and key perspectives for future research in this field are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Sha
- Fachgebiet Angewandte Nanophysik, Institut für Physik & IMN MacroNano, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Huaping Zhao
- Fachgebiet Angewandte Nanophysik, Institut für Physik & IMN MacroNano, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693, Ilmenau, Germany
| | - Yong Lei
- Fachgebiet Angewandte Nanophysik, Institut für Physik & IMN MacroNano, Technische Universität Ilmenau, 98693, Ilmenau, Germany
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Wang Z, Lin H, Zhang X, Li J, Chen X, Wang S, Gong W, Yan H, Zhao Q, Lv W, Gong X, Xiao Q, Li F, Ji D, Zhang X, Dong H, Li L, Hu W. Revealing molecular conformation-induced stress at embedded interfaces of organic optoelectronic devices by sum frequency generation spectroscopy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/16/eabf8555. [PMID: 33853785 PMCID: PMC8050595 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf8555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Interface stresses are pervasive and critical in conventional optoelectronic devices and generally lead to many failures and reliability problems. However, detection of the interface stress embedded in organic optoelectronic devices is a long-standing problem, which causes the unknown relationship between interface stress and organic device stability (one key and unsettled issue for practical applications). In this study, a kind of previously unknown molecular conformation-induced stress is revealed at the organic embedded interface through sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy technique. This stress can be greater than 10 kcal/mol per nm2 and is sufficient to induce molecular disorder in the organic semiconductor layer (with energy below 8 kcal/mol per nm2), finally causing instability of the organic transistor. This study not only reveals interface stress in organic devices but also correlates instability of organic devices with the interface stress for the first time, offering an effective solution for improving device stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwu Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hongzhen Lin
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jie Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaosong Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shuguang Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenbin Gong
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Hui Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252059, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- College of Science, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
| | - Weibang Lv
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xue Gong
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qingbo Xiao
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Fujin Li
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Deyang Ji
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaotao Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Huanli Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Liqiang Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
- Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China
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Zhu Z, Kan R, Hu S, He L, Hong X, Tang H, Luo W. Recent Advances in High-Performance Microbatteries: Construction, Application, and Perspective. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2003251. [PMID: 32870600 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202003251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High-performance miniaturized energy storage devices have developed rapidly in recent years. Different from conventional energy storage devices, microbatteries assume the main responsibility for micropower supply, functionalization, and characterization platforms. Evolving from the essential goals for battery design of high power density, high energy density, and long lifetime, further practical demands for microbatteries (MBs) have been raised for the microfabrication technique and device design. Numerous studies have generally focused on specific aspects of the microelectrode structures or certain microfabrication techniques, while the connection from techniques to functional applications is rarely involved. This Review generally fills such blanks from an application-oriented perspective. First, some basic micromachining techniques with different compatible features are summarized. Afterward, device designs including diversified battery reaction types, configuration, and assembly are highlighted, as well as microbatteries serving powering resources or further complicated functional systems. Finally, through providing the overall design concept based on requirements in application, this Review offers innovative insights for further development of microbatteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Ruyu Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Song Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Liang He
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Xufeng Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P. R. China
| | - Hui Tang
- School of Materials and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Wen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, International School of Materials Science and Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P. R. China
- Department of Physics, School of Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, P. R. China
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Krauskopf T, Richter FH, Zeier WG, Janek J. Physicochemical Concepts of the Lithium Metal Anode in Solid-State Batteries. Chem Rev 2020; 120:7745-7794. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thorben Krauskopf
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Felix H. Richter
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang G. Zeier
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Correnstrasse 30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Janek
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
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Li Z, Jiang K, Khan F, Goswami A, Liu J, Passian A, Thundat T. Anomalous interfacial stress generation during sodium intercalation/extraction in MoS 2 thin-film anodes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav2820. [PMID: 30613783 PMCID: PMC6314870 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav2820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Although the generation of mechanical stress in the anode material is suggested as a possible reason for electrode degradation and fading of storage capacity in batteries, only limited knowledge of the electrode stress and its evolution is available at present. Here, we show real-time monitoring of the interfacial stress of a few-layer MoS2 system under the sodiation/desodiation process using microcantilever electrodes. During the first sodiation with a voltage plateau of 1.0 to 0.85 V, the MoS2 exhibits a compressive stress (2.1 Nm-1), which is substantially smaller than that measured (9.8 Nm-1) during subsequent plateaus at 0.85 to 0.4 V due to the differential volume expansion of the MoS2 film. The conversion reaction to Mo below 0.1 V generates an anomalous compressive stress of 43 Nm-1 with detrimental effects. These results also suggest the existence of a separate discharge stage between 0.6 and 0.1 V, where the generated stress is only approximately one-third of that observed below 0.1 V. This approach can be adapted to help resolve the localized stress in a wide range of electrode materials, to gain additional insights into mechanical effects of charge storage, and for long-lifetime battery design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Keren Jiang
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Faheem Khan
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ankur Goswami
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jun Liu
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ali Passian
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Thomas Thundat
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
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