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Sun X, Suriyage M, Khan AR, Gao M, Zhao J, Liu B, Hasan MM, Rahman S, Chen RS, Lam PK, Lu Y. Twisted van der Waals Quantum Materials: Fundamentals, Tunability, and Applications. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1992-2079. [PMID: 38335114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Twisted van der Waals (vdW) quantum materials have emerged as a rapidly developing field of two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors. These materials establish a new central research area and provide a promising platform for studying quantum phenomena and investigating the engineering of novel optoelectronic properties such as single photon emission, nonlinear optical response, magnon physics, and topological superconductivity. These captivating electronic and optical properties result from, and can be tailored by, the interlayer coupling using moiré patterns formed by vertically stacking atomic layers with controlled angle misorientation or lattice mismatch. Their outstanding properties and the high degree of tunability position them as compelling building blocks for both compact quantum-enabled devices and classical optoelectronics. This paper offers a comprehensive review of recent advancements in the understanding and manipulation of twisted van der Waals structures and presents a survey of the state-of-the-art research on moiré superlattices, encompassing interdisciplinary interests. It delves into fundamental theories, synthesis and fabrication, and visualization techniques, and the wide range of novel physical phenomena exhibited by these structures, with a focus on their potential for practical device integration in applications ranging from quantum information to biosensors, and including classical optoelectronics such as modulators, light emitting diodes, lasers, and photodetectors. It highlights the unique ability of moiré superlattices to connect multiple disciplines, covering chemistry, electronics, optics, photonics, magnetism, topological and quantum physics. This comprehensive review provides a valuable resource for researchers interested in moiré superlattices, shedding light on their fundamental characteristics and their potential for transformative applications in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqian Sun
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Manuka Suriyage
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Ahmed Raza Khan
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Department of Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology (Rachna College Campus), Gujranwala, Lahore 54700, Pakistan
| | - Mingyuan Gao
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- College of Engineering and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Quantum Science & Technology, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Boqing Liu
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Md Mehedi Hasan
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Sharidya Rahman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Ruo-Si Chen
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Ping Koy Lam
- Department of Quantum Science & Technology, Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Yuerui Lu
- School of Engineering, College of Engineering and Computer Science, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Quantum Computation and Communication Technology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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Pham TD, Chiu CC, Tsai PJ, Chen YH. Multifunction integrated lithium niobate photonic chip for photon pairs generation and manipulation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:3673-3687. [PMID: 38297583 DOI: 10.1364/oe.509229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
We report on a unique photonic quantum source chip highly integrating four-stage photonic elements in a lithium niobate (LN) waveguide circuit platform, where an aperiodically poled LN (APPLN) electro-optic (EO) polarization mode converter (PMC) is sandwiched between two identical type-0 PPLN spontaneous parametric down-converters (SPDCs), followed by an EO phase controller (PC). These core nonlinear optic and EO building blocks on the chip are systematically characterized stage by stage to show its high performance as an integrated quantum source. The APPLN EO PMC, optimally constructed by a genetic algorithm, is characterized to have a broad bandwidth (>13 nm), benefiting an efficient control of broadband type-0 SPDC photon pairs featuring a short correlation time. We demonstrate an efficient conversion of the |VV› photon-pair state generated from the first PPLN SPDC stage to the |HH› state through the APPLN EO PMC stage over its operating bandwidth, a broadband or broadly tunable polarization-entangled state can thus be possibly produced via the superposition of the |VV› state generated from the other PPLN SPDC on the third stage of the chip. Such a state can be further manipulated into two of the Bell states if the relative phases between the two polarization states can be properly modulated through the EO PC on the fourth stage of the chip. Such a multifunction integrated quantum photonic source chip can be of high value to developing a compact, efficient, and high-speed quantum information processor.
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Prencipe A, Gyger S, Baghban MA, Zichi J, Zeuner KD, Lettner T, Schweickert L, Steinhauer S, Elshaari AW, Gallo K, Zwiller V. Wavelength-Sensitive Superconducting Single-Photon Detectors on Thin Film Lithium Niobate Waveguides. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9748-9752. [PMID: 37871304 PMCID: PMC10636877 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Lithium niobate, because of its nonlinear and electro-optical properties, is one of the materials of choice for photonic applications. The development of nanostructuring capabilities of thin film lithium niobate (TFLN) permits fabrication of small footprint, low-loss optical circuits. With the recent implementation of on-chip single-photon detectors, this architecture is among the most promising for realizing on-chip quantum optics experiments. In this Letter, we report on the implementation of superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) based on NbTiN on 300 nm thick TFLN ridge nano-waveguides. We demonstrate a waveguide-integrated wavelength meter based on the photon energy dependence of the superconducting detectors. The device operates at the telecom C- and L-bands and has a footprint smaller than 300 × 180 μm2 and critical currents between ∼12 and ∼14 μA, which ensures operation with minimum heat dissipation. Our results hold promise for future densely packed on-chip wavelength-multiplexed quantum communication systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mohammad Amin Baghban
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Julien Zichi
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Katharina D. Zeuner
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lettner
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Lucas Schweickert
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Stephan Steinhauer
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Ali W. Elshaari
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Katia Gallo
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Val Zwiller
- Department of Applied Physics, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Roslagstullsbacken 21, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
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4
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Stefszky M, Vom Bruch F, Santandrea M, Ricken R, Quiring V, Eigner C, Herrmann H, Silberhorn C. Lithium niobate waveguide squeezer with integrated cavity length stabilisation for network applications. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:34903-34916. [PMID: 37859235 DOI: 10.1364/oe.498423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
We report a titanium indiffused waveguide resonator featuring an integrated electro-optic modulator for cavity length stabilisation that produces close to 5 dB of squeezed light at 1550 nm (2.4 dB directly measured). The resonator is locked on resonance for tens of minutes with 70 mW of SH light incident on the cavity, demonstrating that photorefraction can be mitigated. Squeezed light production concurrent with cavity length stabilisation utilising the integrated EOM is demonstrated. The device demonstrates the suitability of this platform for squeezed light generation in network applications, where stabilisation to the reference field is typically necessary.
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Li D, Huang X, Wu Q, Zhang L, Lu Y, Hong X. Ferroelectric Domain Control of Nonlinear Light Polarization in MoS 2 via PbZr 0.2 Ti 0.8 O 3 Thin Films and Free-Standing Membranes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208825. [PMID: 36462168 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) such as MoS2 exhibit exceptionally strong nonlinear optical responses, while nanoscale control of the amplitude, polar orientation, and phase of the nonlinear light in TMDCs remains challenging. In this work, by interfacing monolayer MoS2 with epitaxial PbZr0.2 Ti0.8 O3 (PZT) thin films and free-standing PZT membranes, the amplitude and polarization of the second harmonic generation (SHG) signal are modulated via ferroelectric domain patterning, which demonstrates that PZT membranes can lead to in-operando programming of nonlinear light polarization. The interfacial coupling of the MoS2 polar axis with either the out-of-plane polar domains of PZT or the in-plane polarization of domain walls tailors the SHG light polarization into different patterns with distinct symmetries, which are modeled via nonlinear electromagnetic theory. This study provides a new material platform that enables reconfigurable design of light polarization at the nanoscale, paving the path for developing novel optical information processing, smart light modulators, and integrated photonic circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588-0299, USA
- School of Optoelectronic Engineering and Instrumentation Science, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, 116024, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588-0511, USA
| | - Qiuchen Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588-0299, USA
| | - Le Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588-0299, USA
| | - Yongfeng Lu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588-0511, USA
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588-0298, USA
| | - Xia Hong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588-0299, USA
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, 68588-0298, USA
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6
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Tseng QH, Niko A, Pham TD, Chung HP, Deng LM, Chen YH. Broadband tunable electro-optic switch/power divider as potential building blocks in integrated lithium niobate photonics. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:19121-19133. [PMID: 36221697 DOI: 10.1364/oe.460414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an electro-optic (EO) switch or in general, an EO controllable power divider based on a periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) polarization mode converter (PMC) and a five-waveguide adiabatic coupler integrated on a Ti:LN photonic circuit chip. In this integrated photonic circuit (IPC) device, the PPLN works as an EO controllable polarization rotator (and therefore a PMC), while the adiabatic coupler functions as a broadband polarization beam splitter (PBS). The 1-cm long PPLN EO PMC of the IPC device is characterized to have a half-wave (or switching) voltage of Vπ∼20 V and a conversion bandwidth of ∼2.6 nm. The splitting ratios of the adiabatic coupler PBS in the IPC device are >99% for both polarization modes over a broad spectral range from 1500-1640 nm. The EO mode of the implemented IPC device is activated when the PPLN EO PMC section is driven by an external voltage; the characterized EO switching/power division behavior of the device is in good agreement with the theoretical fit. The tunability of the EO IPC device in the 100-nm experimental spectral range is also demonstrated via the temperature tuning. The featured broad tunability and high integrability of the EO device presented in this study facilitates it to be an advantageous building block for realizing an on-chip photonic system.
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7
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Varo S, Juska G, Pelucchi E. An intuitive protocol for polarization-entanglement restoral of quantum dot photon sources with non-vanishing fine-structure splitting. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4723. [PMID: 35304526 PMCID: PMC8933574 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08535-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Generation of polarization-entangled photons from quantum dots via the biexciton-exciton recombination cascade is complicated by the presence of an energy splitting between the intermediate excitonic levels, which severely degrades the quality of the entangled photon source. In this paper we present a novel, conceptually simple and straightforward proposal for restoring the entanglement of said source by applying a cascade of time-dependent operations on the emitted photons. This is in striking contrast with the techniques usually employed, that act on the quantum emitter itself in order to remove the fine structure splitting at its root. The feasibility of the implementation with current technology is discussed, and the robustness of the proposed compensation scheme with respect to imperfections of the experimental apparatus is evaluated via a series of Monte Carlo simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Varo
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Dyke Parade, Cork, Republic of Ireland.
| | - Gediminas Juska
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Dyke Parade, Cork, Republic of Ireland
| | - Emanuele Pelucchi
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Dyke Parade, Cork, Republic of Ireland
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8
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Two-Colour Spectrally Multimode Integrated SU(1,1) Interferometer. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14030552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multimode integrated interferometers have great potential for both spectral engineering and metrological applications. However, the material dispersion of integrated platforms constitutes an obstacle that limits the performance and precision of such interferometers. At the same time, two-colour nonlinear interferometers present an important tool for metrological applications, when measurements in a certain frequency range are difficult. In this manuscript, we theoretically developed and investigated an integrated multimode two-colour SU(1,1) interferometer operating in a supersensitive mode. By ensuring the proper design of the integrated platform, we suppressed the dispersion, thereby significantly increasing the visibility of the interference pattern. The use of a continuous wave pump laser provided the symmetry between the spectral shapes of the signal and idler photons concerning half the pump frequency, despite different photon colours. We demonstrate that such an interferometer overcomes the classical phase sensitivity limit for wide parametric gain ranges, when up to 3×104 photons are generated.
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9
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Babushkin I, Demircan A, Kues M, Morgner U. Wave-Shape-Tolerant Photonic Quantum Gates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:090502. [PMID: 35302801 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.090502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photons, acting as "flying qubits" in propagation geometries such as waveguides, appear unavoidably in the form of wave packets (pulses). The actual shape of the photonic wave packet as well as possible temporal and spectral correlations between the photons play a critical role in successful scalable computation. Currently, unentangled indistinguishable photons are considered a suitable resource for scalable photonic circuits. Here we show that using so-called coherent photon conversion, it is possible to construct flying-qubit gates which are not only insensitive to wave shapes of the photons and temporal and spectral correlations between them but which also fully preserve these wave shapes and correlations upon the processing. This allows the use of photons with correlations and purity in a very broad range for a scalable computation. Moreover, such gates can process entangled photonic wave packets even more effectively than unentangled ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Babushkin
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz University Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Max Born Institute, Max-Born-Strasse 2a, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering - Innovation Across Disciplines), Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - A Demircan
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz University Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering - Innovation Across Disciplines), Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - M Kues
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering - Innovation Across Disciplines), Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Photonics, Leibniz University Hannover, Nienburgerstrasse 17, 30519 Hannover, Germany
| | - U Morgner
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Leibniz University Hannover, Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence PhoenixD (Photonics, Optics, and Engineering - Innovation Across Disciplines), Welfengarten 1, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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10
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Wide Bandwidth Silicon Nitride Strip-Loaded Grating Coupler on Lithium Niobate Thin Film. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this research, a vertical silicon nitride strip-loaded grating coupler on lithium niobate thin film was proposed, designed, and simulated. In order to improve the coupling efficiency and bandwidth, the parameters such as the SiO2 cladding layer thickness, grating period, duty cycle, fiber position, and fiber angle were optimized and analyzed. The alignment tolerances of the grating coupler parameters were also calculated. The maximum coupling efficiency and the −3 dB bandwidth were optimized to 33.5% and 113 nm, respectively. In addition, the grating coupler exhibited a high alignment tolerance.
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11
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Yu F, Tian ZN, Piacentini S, Li XY, Chen QD, Osellame R, Sun HB. Resetting directional couplers for high-fidelity quantum photonic integrated chips. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:5181-5184. [PMID: 34653146 DOI: 10.1364/ol.439178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we propose a fabrication technique based on femtosecond laser secondary direct writing (FsLSDW) that allows us to statically reset the beam-splitting ratio of directional couplers. By modifying the interaction region with a second inscription, the coupling coefficient of the reconstructed devices can be indeed changed continuously within the range of 0.49-2.1 rad/mm, thus enabling a complete tunability of the reconstructed splitting ratio from zero to full power transfer between the waveguides. This powerful reconstruction capability facilitates the arbitrary reset of an imperfect device, from any initial splitting ratio to the correct one. In the future, such static control method could potentially solve the fabrication error problem in the manufacturing of high-fidelity large-scale integrated photonic quantum chips.
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12
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Yang G, Sergienko AV, Ndao A. Tunable polarization mode conversion using thin-film lithium niobate ridge waveguide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:18565-18571. [PMID: 34154110 DOI: 10.1364/oe.426672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI) waveguides, as an emerging technology, have proven to offer a promising platform for integrated optics, due to their strong optical confinement comparable to silicon on insulator (SOI) waveguides, while possessing the versatile properties of lithium niobate, such as high electro-optic coefficients. In this paper, we show that mode hybridization, a phenomenon widely found in vertically asymmetric waveguides, can be efficiently modulated in an LNOI ridge waveguide by electro-optic effect, leading to a polarization mode converter with 97% efficiency. Moreover, the proposed device does not require tapering or periodic poling, thereby greatly simplifying the fabrication process. It can also be actively switched by external fields. Such a platform facilitates technological progress of photonics circuits and sensors.
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13
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Delaney M, Zeimpekis I, Du H, Yan X, Banakar M, Thomson DJ, Hewak DW, Muskens OL. Nonvolatile programmable silicon photonics using an ultralow-loss Sb 2Se 3 phase change material. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabg3500. [PMID: 34134978 PMCID: PMC8208718 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg3500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The next generation of silicon-based photonic processors and neural and quantum networks need to be adaptable, reconfigurable, and programmable. Phase change technology offers proven nonvolatile electronic programmability; however, the materials used to date have shown prohibitively high optical losses, which are incompatible with integrated photonic platforms. Here, we demonstrate the capability of the previously unexplored material Sb2Se3 for ultralow-loss programmable silicon photonics. The favorable combination of large refractive index contrast and ultralow losses seen in Sb2Se3 facilitates an unprecedented optical phase control exceeding 10π radians in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. To demonstrate full control over the flow of light, we introduce nanophotonic digital patterning as a previously unexplored conceptual approach with a footprint orders of magnitude smaller than state-of-the-art interferometer meshes. Our approach enables a wealth of possibilities in high-density reconfiguration of optical functionalities on silicon chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Delaney
- Zepler Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK
- Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK
| | - Ioannis Zeimpekis
- Zepler Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK
| | - Han Du
- Zepler Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK
| | - Xingzhao Yan
- Zepler Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK
| | - Mehdi Banakar
- Zepler Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK
| | - David J Thomson
- Zepler Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK
| | - Daniel W Hewak
- Zepler Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK
| | - Otto L Muskens
- Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK.
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14
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Pillai G, Li SS. Controllable multichannel acousto-optic modulator and frequency synthesizer enabled by nonlinear MEMS resonator. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10898. [PMID: 34035360 PMCID: PMC8149383 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90248-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonlinear physics-based harmonic generators and modulators are critical signal processing technologies for optical and electrical communication. However, most optical modulators lack multi-channel functionality while frequency synthesizers have deficient control of output tones, and they additionally require vacuum, complicated setup, and high-power configurations. Here, we report a piezoelectrically actuated nonlinear Microelectromechanical System (MEMS) based Single-Input-Multiple-Output multi-domain signal processing unit that can simultaneously generate programmable parallel information channels (> 100) in both frequency and spatial domain. This significant number is achieved through the combined electromechanical and material nonlinearity of the Lead Zirconate Titanate thin film while still operating the device in an ambient environment at Complementary-Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor compatible voltages. By electrically detuning the operation point along the nonlinear regime of the resonator, the number of electrical and light-matter interaction signals generated based on higher-order non-Eigen modes can be controlled meticulously. This tunable multichannel generation enabled microdevice is a potential candidate for a wide variety of applications ranging from Radio Frequency communication to quantum photonics with an attractive MEMS-photonics monolithic integration ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Pillai
- Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Shian Li
- Institute of NanoEngineering and MicroSystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan. .,Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City, Taiwan.
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15
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Stefszky M, Santandrea M, Vom Bruch F, Krapick S, Eigner C, Ricken R, Quiring V, Herrmann H, Silberhorn C. Waveguide resonator with an integrated phase modulator for second harmonic generation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:1991-2002. [PMID: 33726401 DOI: 10.1364/oe.412824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We report second harmonic generation from a titanium indiffused lithium niobate waveguide resonator device whose cavity length is locked to the fundamental pump laser using an on-chip phase modulator. The device remains locked for more than 5 minutes, producing more than 80% of the initial second harmonic power. The stability of the system is seen to be limited by DC-drift, a known effect in many lithium niobate systems that include deposited electrodes. The presented device explores the suitability of waveguide resonators in this platform for use in larger integrated networks.
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16
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Sun D, Zhang Y, Wang D, Song W, Liu X, Pang J, Geng D, Sang Y, Liu H. Microstructure and domain engineering of lithium niobate crystal films for integrated photonic applications. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:197. [PMID: 33303741 PMCID: PMC7729400 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00434-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recently, integrated photonics has attracted considerable interest owing to its wide application in optical communication and quantum technologies. Among the numerous photonic materials, lithium niobate film on insulator (LNOI) has become a promising photonic platform owing to its electro-optic and nonlinear optical properties along with ultralow-loss and high-confinement nanophotonic lithium niobate waveguides fabricated by the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS)-compatible microstructure engineering of LNOI. Furthermore, ferroelectric domain engineering in combination with nanophotonic waveguides on LNOI is gradually accelerating the development of integrated nonlinear photonics, which will play an important role in quantum technologies because of its ability to be integrated with the generation, processing, and auxiliary detection of the quantum states of light. Herein, we review the recent progress in CMOS-compatible microstructure engineering and domain engineering of LNOI for integrated lithium niobate photonics involving photonic modulation and nonlinear photonics. We believe that the great progress in integrated photonics on LNOI will lead to a new generation of techniques. Thus, there remains an urgent need for efficient methods for the preparation of LNOI that are suitable for large-scale and low-cost manufacturing of integrated photonic devices and systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehui Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China.
| | - Yunwu Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Dongzhou Wang
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Wei Song
- CETC Deqing Huaying Electronics Co., Ltd., Huzhou, 313200, China
| | - Xiaoyan Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Jinbo Pang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China
| | - Deqiang Geng
- Crystrong Photoelectric Technology Co., Ltd., Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yuanhua Sang
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Hong Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Equipment for Biological Diagnosis and Therapy in Universities of Shandong, Institute for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research (iAIR), University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, China.
- Jinan Institute of Quantum Technology, Jinan, 250101, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
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Huang J, Liu W, Wong CW. Hydrodynamical self-interference of a scattered polariton quanta. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:154. [PMID: 32944230 PMCID: PMC7471907 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-00397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have observed the free-propagation of a single microcavity polariton directly and its self-interference when scattering upon a defect. These experimental observations of quantum hydrodynamics in the single polariton limit test the wave-particle duality and aid in the development of polariton-based photonic circuits in quantum information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Huang
- Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Chee Wei Wong
- Mesoscopic Optics and Quantum Electronics Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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18
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Suárez-Forero DG, Ardizzone V, Covre da Silva SF, Reindl M, Fieramosca A, Polimeno L, Giorgi MD, Dominici L, Pfeiffer LN, Gigli G, Ballarini D, Laussy F, Rastelli A, Sanvitto D. Quantum hydrodynamics of a single particle. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2020; 9:85. [PMID: 32435468 PMCID: PMC7221079 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-020-0324-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor devices are strong competitors in the race for the development of quantum computational systems. In this work, we interface two semiconductor building blocks of different dimensionalities with complementary properties: (1) a quantum dot hosting a single exciton and acting as a nearly ideal single-photon emitter and (2) a quantum well in a 2D microcavity sustaining polaritons, which are known for their strong interactions and unique hydrodynamic properties, including ultrafast real-time monitoring of their propagation and phase mapping. In the present experiment, we can thus observe how the injected single particles propagate and evolve inside the microcavity, giving rise to hydrodynamic features typical of macroscopic systems despite their genuine intrinsic quantum nature. In the presence of a structural defect, we observe the celebrated quantum interference of a single particle that produces fringes reminiscent of wave propagation. While this behavior could be theoretically expected, our imaging of such an interference pattern, together with a measurement of antibunching, constitutes the first demonstration of spatial mapping of the self-interference of a single quantum particle impinging on an obstacle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gustavo Suárez-Forero
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione, Università del Salento, Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ardizzone
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Saimon Filipe Covre da Silva
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69, Linz, 4040 Austria
| | - Marcus Reindl
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69, Linz, 4040 Austria
| | - Antonio Fieramosca
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica E. De Giorgi, Università del Salento, Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100 Italy
| | - Laura Polimeno
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica E. De Giorgi, Università del Salento, Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100 Italy
| | - Milena De Giorgi
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Dominici
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Loren N. Pfeiffer
- PRISM, Princeton Institute for the Science and Technology of Materials, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540 USA
| | - Giuseppe Gigli
- Dipartimento di Matematica e Fisica E. De Giorgi, Università del Salento, Campus Ecotekne, via Monteroni, Lecce, 73100 Italy
| | - Dario Ballarini
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Fabrice Laussy
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Wolverhampton, Wulfruna Street, Wolverhampton, WV1 1LY UK
- Russian Quantum Center, Novaya 100, 143025 Skolkovo, Moscow Region, Russia
| | - Armando Rastelli
- Institute of Semiconductor and Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University, Altenbergerstr. 69, Linz, 4040 Austria
| | - Daniele Sanvitto
- CNR NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Campus Ecotekne, Via Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
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Sun CW, Wu SH, Duan JC, Zhou JW, Xia JL, Xu P, Xie Z, Gong YX, Zhu SN. Compact polarization-entangled photon-pair source based on a dual-periodically-poled Ti:LiNbO 3 waveguide. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:5598-5601. [PMID: 31730116 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.005598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental realization of a compact and reliable way to build a nondegenerate polarization-entangled photon-pair source based on a dual-periodically-poled $ {\rm Ti}:{{\rm LiNbO}_3} $Ti:LiNbO3 waveguide, which is in the telecommunication window and compatible with the fiber quantum networks. The dual-periodic structure allows two inherently concurrent quasiphase-matching spontaneous parametric down-conversion processes pumped by a single laser beam, hence enabling our source to be compact and stable. We show that our source has a high brightness of $ B = 1.22{\rm } \times {\rm }{10^7}\;{\rm pairs}/(\rm s \times mW \times nm) $B=1.22×107pairs/(s×mW×nm). With quantum state tomography, we estimate an entanglement fidelity of $ 0.945 \pm 0.003 $0.945±0.003. A violation of Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality with $ S = 2.75 \pm 0.03 $S=2.75±0.03 is also demonstrated.
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20
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Wang M, Wu R, Lin J, Zhang J, Fang Z, Chai Z, Cheng Y. Chemo‐mechanical polish lithography: A pathway to low loss large‐scale photonic integration on lithium niobate on insulator. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/que2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision SpectroscopyEast China Normal University Shanghai China
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Materials ScienceEast China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Rongbo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine MechanicsChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Jintian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine MechanicsChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Jianhao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine MechanicsChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Zhiwei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision SpectroscopyEast China Normal University Shanghai China
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Materials ScienceEast China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Zhifang Chai
- State Key Laboratory of Precision SpectroscopyEast China Normal University Shanghai China
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Materials ScienceEast China Normal University Shanghai China
| | - Ya Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Precision SpectroscopyEast China Normal University Shanghai China
- XXL—The Extreme Optoelectromechanics Laboratory, School of Physics and Materials ScienceEast China Normal University Shanghai China
- State Key Laboratory of High Field Laser Physics, Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine MechanicsChinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme OpticsShanxi University Taiyuan China
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21
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Jin M, Chen JY, Sua YM, Huang YP. High-extinction electro-optic modulation on lithium niobate thin film. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:1265-1268. [PMID: 30821764 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.001265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Integrated nanophotonics using lithium-niobate-on-insulator promises much-awaited solutions for scalable photonics techniques. One of its core functions is electro-optic modulation, which currently suffers limited extinction (<30 dB) due to inevitable fabrication errors. We exploit a cascaded Mach-Zehnder interferometry design to offset those errors, demonstrating up to 53 dB modulation extinction for a wide range of wavelengths between 1500 nm and 1600 nm. Together, its favorable features of chip integration, high extinction, good stability, and being broadband may prove valuable in a plethora of flourishing photonics applications.
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