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Wang M, Chen L, Choi DY, Huang S, Wang Q, Tu C, Cheng H, Tian J, Li Y, Chen S, Wang HT. Characterization of Orbital Angular Momentum Quantum States Empowered by Metasurfaces. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:3921-3928. [PMID: 37102437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Twisted photons can in principle carry a discrete unbounded amount of orbital angular momentum (OAM), which are of great significance for quantum communication and fundamental tests of quantum theory. However, the methods for characterization of the OAM quantum states present a fundamental limit for miniaturization. Metasurfaces can exploit new degrees of freedom to manipulate optical fields beyond the capabilities of bulk optics, opening a broad range of novel and superior applications in quantum photonics. Here we present a scheme to reconstruct the density matrix of the OAM quantum states of single photons with all-dielectric metasurfaces composed of birefringent meta-atoms. We have also measured the Schmidt number of the OAM entanglement by the multiplexing of multiple degrees of freedom. Our work represents a step toward the practical application of quantum metadevices for the measurement of OAM quantum states in free-space quantum imaging and communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Lieyu Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Duk-Yong Choi
- Laser Physics Centre, Research School of Physics and Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Central Territory 2601, Australia
- College of Information Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuangyin Huang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenghou Tu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongnan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuqi Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
- School of TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, People's Republic of China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Tian Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and School of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, People's Republic of China
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Zhang F, Kong LJ, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Zhang X. Laguerre Gaussian mode holography and its application in optical encryption. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:12922-12931. [PMID: 37157441 DOI: 10.1364/oe.488116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Holography provides an approach to reconstructing both intensity and phase information, and has many applications for microscopic imaging, optical security, and data storage. Recently, the azimuthal Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) mode index, orbital angular momentum (OAM), has been implemented in holography technologies as an independent degree of freedom for high-security encryption. The radial index (RI) of LG mode, however, has not been implemented as an information carrier in holography. Here we propose and demonstrate the RI holography by using strong RI selectivity in the spatial-frequency domain. Furthermore, the LG holography is realized theoretically and experimentally with the (RI, OAM) spanning from (1, -15) to (7, 15), which leads to a 26bit LG-multiplexing hologram for high-security optical encryption. Based on LG holography, a high-capacity holographic information system can be constructed. In our experiments, a LG-multiplexing holography with a span of 217 independent LG channels has been realized, which is inaccessible at present for the OAM holography.
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Kong LJ, Sun Y, Zhang F, Zhang J, Zhang X. High-Dimensional Entanglement-Enabled Holography. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:053602. [PMID: 36800449 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.053602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As an important imaging technique, holography has been realized with different physical dimensions of light, including polarization, wavelength, and time. Recently, quantum holography has been demonstrated by utilizing polarization entangled state with the advantages of high robustness and enhanced spatial resolution, comparing with classical holography. However, the polarization is only a two-dimensional degree of freedom, which greatly limits the capacity of quantum holography. Here, we propose a method to realize high-dimensional quantum holography by using high-dimensional orbital angular momentum (OAM) entanglement. A high-capacity OAM-encoded quantum holographic system can be obtained by multiplexing a wide range of OAM-dependent holographic images. Proof-of-principle experiments with four- and six-dimensional OAM entangled states have been implemented and verify the feasibility of our idea. Our experimental results also demonstrate that the high-dimensional quantum holography shows a high robustness to classical noise. What is more, the level of security of the holographic imaging encryption system can be greatly improved in our high-dimensional quantum holography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Jun Kong
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Furong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Jingfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
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Li Y, Huang SY, Wang M, Tu C, Wang XL, Li Y, Wang HT. Two-Measurement Tomography of High-Dimensional Orbital Angular Momentum Entanglement. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:050805. [PMID: 36800454 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.050805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
High-dimensional (HD) entanglement enables an encoding of more bits than in the two-dimensional case and promises to increase communication capacity over quantum channels and to improve robustness to noise. In practice, however, one of the central challenges is to devise efficient methods to quantify the HD entanglement explicitly. Full quantum state tomography is a standard technology to obtain all the information about the quantum state, but it becomes impractical because the required measurements increase exponentially with the dimension in HD systems. Hence, it is highly anticipated that a new method will be found for characterizing the HD entanglement with as few measurements as possible and without introducing unwarranted assumptions. Here, we present and demonstrate a scan-free tomography method independent of dimension, which only requires two measurements for the characterization of two-photon HD orbital angular momentum (OAM) entanglement. Taking Laguerre-Gaussian modes of photons as an example, the density matrices of OAM entangled states are experimentally reconstructed with very high fidelity. Our method is also generalized to the mixed HD OAM entanglement. Our results provide realistic approaches for quantifying more complex OAM entanglement in many scientific and engineering fields such as multiphoton HD quantum systems and quantum process tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuang-Yin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chenghou Tu
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xi-Lin Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yongnan Li
- Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics and School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hui-Tian Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Liu ZF, Chen C, Xu JM, Cheng ZM, Ren ZC, Dong BW, Lou YC, Yang YX, Xue ST, Liu ZH, Zhu WZ, Wang XL, Wang HT. Hong-Ou-Mandel Interference between Two Hyperentangled Photons Enables Observation of Symmetric and Antisymmetric Particle Exchange Phases. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:263602. [PMID: 36608177 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.263602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Two-photon Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interference is a fundamental quantum effect with no classical counterpart. The existing research on two-photon interference was mainly limited in one degree of freedom (DOF); hence, it is still a challenge to realize quantum interference in multiple DOFs. Here, we demonstrate HOM interference between two hyperentangled photons in two DOFs of polarization and orbital angular momentum (OAM) for all 16 hyperentangled Bell states. We observe hyperentangled two-photon interference with a bunching effect for ten symmetric states (nine boson-boson states and one fermion-fermion state) and an antibunching effect for six antisymmetric states (three boson-fermion states and three fermion-boson states). More interestingly, expanding the Hilbert space by introducing an extra DOF for two photons enables one to transfer the unmeasurable external phase in the initial DOF to a measurable internal phase in the expanded two DOFs. We directly measured the symmetric exchange phases being 0.012±0.002, 0.025±0.002, and 0.027±0.002 in radian for the three boson states in OAM and the antisymmetric exchange phase being 0.991π±0.002 in radian for the other fermion state, as theoretical predictions. Our Letter may not only pave the way for more wide applications of quantum interference, but also develop new technologies by expanding Hilbert space in more DOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Chao Chen
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jia-Min Xu
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zi-Mo Cheng
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Ren
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Bo-Wen Dong
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yan-Chao Lou
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Yang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Shu-Tian Xue
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Zhi-Hong Liu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Wen-Zheng Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Xi-Lin Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Hui-Tian Wang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing 210093, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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Zeng Z. General scheme for complete high-dimensional Bell state measurement. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:5817-5820. [PMID: 37219111 DOI: 10.1364/ol.476425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We theoretically propose a simple and efficient scheme for the complete analysis of high-dimensional Bell states in N dimensions. The mutually orthogonal high-dimensional entangled states can be unambiguously distinguished by obtaining the parity and relative phase information of entanglement independently. Based on this approach, we present the physical realization of photonic four-dimensional Bell state measurement with the current technology. The proposed scheme will be useful for quantum information processing tasks that utilize high-dimensional entanglement.
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